Controlled synthesis of L-lactide-b-epsilon-caprolactone block copolymers using a rare earth complex as catalyst

Well-defined block copolymers of L-lactide-b-epsilon-caprolactone were synthesized by sequential polymerization using a rare earth complex, Y(CF3COO)(3)/Al(iso-Bu)(3), as catalyst system. The compositions of the block copolymers could be adjusted by manipulating the feeding ratio of comonomers. The characterizations by GPC, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, and DSC displayed that the block copolymer, poly(epsilon-caprolactone-b-L-lactide) [P(CL-b-LLA)], had a narrow molecular weight distribution and well-controlled sequences without random placement.

Syndiotactic polystyrene/thermoplastic polyurethane blends using poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer as a compatibilizer

The effect of adding diblock copolymer poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) (P(S-b-4VPy), to immiscible blends of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) on the morphology, thermal transition, crystalline structure, and rheological and mechanical properties of the blends has been investigated. The diblock copolymer was synthesized by sequential anionic copolymerization and was melt-blended with sPS and TPU. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the added block copolymer reduced the domain size of the dispersed phase in the blends. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) revealed that the extent of compatibility between sPS and TPU affected the crystallization of the sPS in the blends. Tensile strength and elongation at break increased, while the dynamic modulus and complex viscosity decreased with the amount of P(S-b-4VPy) in the blend. The compatibilizing effect of the diblock copolymer is the result of its location at the interface between the sPS and the TPU phases and penetration of the blocks into the: corresponding phases, i.e. the polystyrene block enters the noncrystalline regions of the sPS, and the poly(4-vinylpyridine) block interacts with TPU through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Compatibilization of blends of polystyrene and zinc salt of sulfonated polystyrene by poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer

The compatibilizing effect and mechanism of poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer, P(S-b-4VPy), on the immiscible blend of polystyrene (PS)/zinc salt of sulphonated polystyrene (Zn-SPS) were studied. SEM results show that the domains of the dispersed phase in the blend become finer. DSC experiments reveal that the difference between the two T-g's corresponding to the phases in the blends becomes larger on addition of P(S-b-4VPy), mainly resulting from dissolving of the poly(4-vinylpyridine (P4VPy) block in the Zn-SPS phase. FTIR analysis shows that compatibility of P4VPy and Zn-SPS arises from the stoichiometric coordination of the zinc ions of Zn-SPS and pyridine nitrogens of P4VPy. SAXS analysis indicates the effect of the P(S-b-4VPy) content on the structure of the compatibilized blends. When the content of the block copolymer is lower than 4.1 wt%, the number of ion pairs in an aggregate in the Zn-SPS becomes smaller, and aggregates in ionomer in the blend become less organized with increasing P(S-b-4VPy). When the P(S-b-4VPy) content in the blend is up to 7.4 wt%, a fraction of P(S-b-4VPy) form a separate domain in the blend. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect and mechanism in compatibilization of poly(styrene-b-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) diblock copolymer in poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) poly(ethylene-ran-acrylic acid) blends

The compatibilization effect of poly(styrene-b-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) diblock copolymer, P(S-b-EOx), on immiscible blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA) is examined in terms of phase structure and thermal, rheological and mechanical properties, and its compatibilizing mechanism is investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The block copolymer, synthesized by a mechanism transformation copolymerization, is used in solution blending of PPO/EAA. Scanning electron micrographs show that the blends exhibit a more regular and finer dispersion on addition of a small amount of P(S-b-EOx). Thermal analysis indicates that the grass transition of PPO and the lower endothermic peal; of EAA components become closer on adding P(S-b-EOx), and the added diblock copolymer is mainly located at the interface between the PPO and EAA phases. The interfacial tension estimated by theological measurement is significantly reduced on addition of a small amount of P(S-b-EOx). The tensile strength and elongation at break increase with the addition of the diblock copolymer for PPO-rich blends, whereas the tensile strength increases but the elongation at break decreases for EAA-rich blends. This effect is interpreted in terms of interfacial activity and the reinforcing effect of the diblock copolymer, and it is concluded that the diblock copolymer plays a role as an effective compatibilizer for PPO/EAA blends. The specific interaction between EAA and polar parts of P(S-b-EOx) is mainly hydrogen bonding. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Compatibilizing effect of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) for poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneoxide) chlorinated polyethylene blends

The compatibilizing effect and mechanism of compatibilization of the diblock copolymer polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) P(S-b-4VPy) on immiscible blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO)/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical properties and FTIR measurements. The block copolymer was synthesized by sequential anionic polymerization and melt-blended with PPO and CPE. The results show that the P(S-b-4VPy) added acts as an effective compatibilizer, located at the interface between the PPO and the CPE phase, reducing the interfacial tension, and improving the interfacial adhesion. The tensile strength and modulus of all blends increase with P(S-b-4VPy) content, whereas the elongation at break increases for PPO-rich blends, but decreases for CPE-rich blends. The polystyrene block of the diblock copolymer is compatible with PPO, and the poly(4-vinylpyridine) block and CPE are partially miscible.

Blends of linear low-density polyethylene and a diblock copolymer of hydrogenated polybutadiene and methyl methacrylate

Blends of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and a diblock copolymer of hydrogenated polybutadiene and methyl methacrylate [P(HB-b-MMA)] were studied by transimission electron microscope (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). At 10 wt% block copolymer content, block copolymer chains exist as spherical micelles and cylindrical micelles in LLDPE matrix. At 50 wt% block copolymer content, block copolymer chains mainly form cylindrical micelles. The core and corona of micelles consist of PMMA and PHB blocks, respectively. DSC results show that the total enthalpy of crystallization of the blends varies linearly with LLDPE weight percent, indicating no interactions in the crystalline phase. In the blends, no distortion of the unit cell is observed in WAXD tests.

Molecular dynamics simulation of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate)

Molecular dynamics is applied to the system of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate). The simulation shows that for the block copolymer system, a layered structure, which reflects microphase separation, is obtained and this structure is stable. In order to elucidate that the formation of the layered structure is reasonable, some static properties such as the radial distribution function and the dipole moment are analyzed in some detail.

Crystallization of micelles and matrix in dilute diblock copolymer/homopolymer solutions

The crystallization, morphology, and crystalline structure of dilute solid solutions of tetrahydrofuran-methyl methacrylate diblock copolymer (PTHF-b-PMMA) in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and PTHF have been studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray, and optical microscopy. This study provides a new insight into the crystallization behavior of block copolymers. For the dilute PTHF-b-PMMA/PEO system containing only 2 to 7 wt % of PTHF content, crystallization of the PTHF micellar core was detected both on cooling and on heating. Compared the crystallization of the PTHF in the dilute solutions with that in the pure copolymer, it was found that the crystallizability of the PTHF micellar core in the solution is much greater than that of the dispersed PTHF microdomain in the pure copolymer. The stronger crystallizability in the solution was presumably due to a softened PMMA corona formed in the solution of the copolymer with PEG. However, the "soft" micelles formed in the solution (meaning that the glass transition temperatures (T-g) of the micelle is lower than the T-m of the matrix phase) showed almost no effects on the spherulitic morphology of the PEO component, compared with that of the pure PEO sample. In contrast, significant effects of the micelles with a "hard" PMMA core (meaning that the T-g of the core is higher than the T-m of the PTHF homopolymer) on the nucleation, crystalline structure, and spherulitic morphology were observed for the dilute PTHF-b-PMMA/PTHF system. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Poly(vinyl methyl ether) poly(methyl methacrylate) blends using diblock copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate as compatibilizer

Blends of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) compatibilized by poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) (P(S-b-MMA)) ale studied by FT-IR, DSC, excimer fluorescence spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In FT-IR measurement the ratio of absorption intensity at 1107 cm(-1) to that at 1085 cm(-1) (I-1107/I-1085) reaches a minimum at about 10wt% block copolymer content. DSC results show that the glass transition temperature of PVME in the blends has a maximum at 10 wt% copolymer content. In plots of the ratio of excimer-to-monomer fluorescence emission intensities (I-E/I-M) VS block copolymer content, I-E/I-M increases rapidly above 10%. Ail these phenomena show that PS block chains penetrate into PVME: domains on addition of block copolymer. Above 10% copolymer content, block copolymer chains tend to form micelles in bulk phase.

Crystallization and intriguing morphologies of compatible mixtures of tetrahydrofuran-methyl methacrylate diblock copolymer with poly(tetrahydrofuran)

The crystallization and unusual crystalline morphologies of compatible mixtures of tetrahydrofuran-methyl methacrylate diblock copolymer with tetrahydrofuran homopolymer were studied. It is shown that the PTHF [poly(tetrahydrofuran)] block of the copolymer cocrystalizes with the PTHF homopolymer in the PTHF microphase of the blend. However, the degree of crystallinity of the PTHF block is always lower than that of the PTHF homopolymer in the PTHF microphase. The crystallizability of the PTHF microphase increases appreciably with increasing PTHF microphase size and PTHF homopolymer weight fraction in the microphase. The morphology study of the blends shows that the crystalline morphology is strongly dependent on blend composition, copolymer composition and PTHF block length, as well as crystallization temperature. When alternating PTHF and PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] lamellae are formed, the macroscopic crystalline morphology could be only observed when the thickness of the PTHF lamellae is large enough (similar to 20 nm). In the blend where PMMA spherical or cylindrical microphases are formed, the crystalline morphology changes dramatically with the change in the PTHF microdomain size and PMMA interdomain distance. Many unusual crystalline morphologies have been observed. A study of the solution-crystallized morphology of the blends at different temperatures shows that the morphology is also strongly dependent on the isothermal crystallization temperature, suggesting that the PMMA microdomains may have different effects on the morphology formation when the blend is crystallized at different rates.

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer .1. Isothermal crystallization and melting behavior

The isothermal crystallization and melting behavior of the poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) diblock copolymer has been studied by WAXD, SAXS, and DSC methods. Only the PCL block is crystallizable; the PEO block of weight fraction 20% cannot crystallize, although its corresponding homopolymer has strong crystallizability. The long period, amorphous layer, and crystalline lamella of the PCL/PEO block copolymer all increase with the rise in the crystallization temperature, and the thickness of the amorphous layer is much larger than that of crystalline lamella due to the existence of the PEO block in the amorphous region. The isothermal crystallization of the PCL/PEO block copolymer is investigated by using the theory of Turnbull and Fischer. It is found that the amorphous PEO block has a great influence on the nucleation of PCL block crystallization, and the extent of this influence depends on crystallization conditions, especially temperature. The outstanding characteristics are the phenomenon of the double melting peaks in the melting process of the PCL/PEO block copolymer after isothermal crystallization at different temperatures and the transformation of melting peaks from double peaks to a single peak with variations in the crystallization condition. They are related mainly to the existence of the PEO block bonding chemically with the PCL block. In summing up results of investigations into the crystallization and melting behavior of the PCL/PEO block copolymer, it is interesting to notice that when the PCL/PEO block copolymer crystallizes at three different crystallization temperatures, i.e., below 0 degrees C, between 0 and 35 degrees C, and above 35 degrees C, the variation of peak melting temperature is similar to that of overall crystallization rates in the process of isothermal crystallization. The results can be elucidated by the effect of the PEO block on the crystallization of the PCL block, especially its nucleation. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

NMR-STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MISCIBILITY AND ANTIAGING PERFORMANCE OF BLENDS CONTAINING BLOCK-COPOLYMERS

The anti-aging performance of blends of polystyrene (PS), styrene-butadiene triblock copolymers (SBS), and PS/styrene-butadiene (SB)-4A (Carm star SE block copolymer) has been studied by means of C-13 NMR techniques. It is found that the anti-aging performance of these kinds of blends largely depends on their miscibility with PS of different molecular weight M(PS). The larger the quantities of PS solubilized in polybutadiene (PBD) domains, the better the anti-aging performance of the blends. It is also found that the anti-aging performance of these blends has dependence on molecular architectures of the SE block copolymers. For the aged blends, the double bonds of PBD were broken, meanwhile serious cross-linking networks formed in the blends. The proposed anti-aging mechanism is that the PS solubilized in PBD domains can efficiently prevent oxygen molecules from diffusing into PBD domains, therefore, successfully stop the oxidative process of PBD.

COMPATIBILITY AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF TETRAHYDROFURAN-METHYL METHACRYLATE DIBLOCK COPOLYMER/POLYTETRAHYDROFURAN BLENDS

The compatibility and crystallization of tetrahydrofuran-methyl methacrylate diblock copolymer (PTHF-b-PMMA)/tetrahydrofuran homopolymer (PTHF) blends were studied. Our results showed that the crystallization and morphology of compatible PTHF-b-PMMA/PTHF

Crystallization Behavior of Poly(tetrahydrofuran-b-methyl methacrylate) Diblock Copolymer

Crystallization behavior of a series of newly synthesized poly (tetrahydrofuran-b-methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray scattering and diffraction techniques. The results show that the

THE COMPATIBILITY AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE MIXTURES OF POLY (TETRAHYDROFURAN-b-METHYL METHACRYLATE) DIBLOCK COPOLYMER WITH POLYVINYL CHLORIDE HOMOPOLYMER

The compatibility and crystallization behaviour of the mixtures of poly (tetrahydrofuran-methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer (PTHF-b-PMMA) with polyvinyl chloride has been studied. We found that the compatibility of these blends, in which there is special interaction between the homopolymer and the PMMA block of the copolymer, is much better than that of the AB/A type blends; and that the crystallization rate and crystallinity of PTHF microdomain changed greatly due to the swollen by PVC homopolymer. In this paper, these changes in cryatallization are well explained according to the theories of block copolymer blends and the density gradient model presented by JIANG Ming.