888 resultados para Amido nativo


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This research evaluated corn grains with flint and dent texture (ensiled high-moisture or dried), submitted to grinding degrees, using the in situ ruminal degradation technique. Three rumen canulated adult sheeps were used in a complete randomized design, using a factorial outline 2 x 2 x 3, with two corn hybrids (flint and dent texture), two conservation methods (ensiled high-moisture and dry) and three grinding degress (whole, coarsely and finely ground, corresponding to the sieve of 12; 10 and 8 mm). Starch soluble fraction (A) of the dent hybrid ensiled corn grains was greater comparing to the dry materials and in both conservation forms this fraction was reduced in the flint texture hybrid, while the insoluble fraction potentially degradable (B) the opposite occurred. The degradation potential was higher in grains ensiled in two textures. The ensiled allowed more starch effective degradation in relation to dry grain in two textures and the grains dent texture hybrid also increased such degradation in both conservation methods. The dent texture and the ensiled high-moisture grains proved the best option considering the starch degradability. Regardless of the conservation forms, the grains of corn hybrid flint texture should be finely ground, for providing higher ruminal degradation, while for the dent texture hybrid, the coarsely and whole grinding are the most suitable for ensiled and dry grain, respectively.

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Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of starch and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) apparent availability were evaluated in five cereal grain products and byproducts (corn, wheat meal, rice grain, rice bran and sorghum) for Nile tilapia. Chromic oxide was used as an external digestibility marker. The highest Ca and P apparent availability, respectively, were obtained for rice grain (43.03 and 64.79%), sorghum (39.89 and 58.09%) and corn (22.18 and 19.48%), while rice bran (-31.49 and 3.25%) and wheat meal (5.80 and 1.18%) showed the lowest values. Starch digestibility varied between 99.45 and 95.59% among the evaluated ingredients. This high ADC of starch observed in this study confirms that Nile tilapia is able to efficiently digest and utilize complex carbohydrates.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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In questo lavoro di tesi abbiamo studiato la relazione esistente tra la concentrazione di drogante in un wafer di silicio e l’energia superficiale del suo ossido nativo. 
La strumentazione utilizzata per la misura dell’energia superficiale è il tensiometro ottico, uno strumento semplice ma efficace per valutare le proprietà chimico-fisiche dell’interfaccia liquido-solido.
 Il tensiometro ottico misura l’angolo di contatto statico e dinamico. La misura dell’angolo statico ci ha permesso di valutare l’energia superficiale dell’ossido nativo attraverso il metodo di Owen-Wendt. Per valutare l’omogeneità chimica/fisica dell’ossido abbiamo invece misurato l’isteresi dell’angolo di contatto in configurazione dinamica. Le misure di angolo statico e dinamico sono state realizzate su 10 frammenti di wafer di silicio a concentrazione crescente da 10^13 a 10^19 atomi/cm^3 di entrambi i tipi di drogante (ossia di tipo p - boro - e di tipo n - fosforo -). E’ stato osservato che, per i substrati drogati con boro, l’energia superficiale presenta un picco corrispondente ad una concentrazione di circa 10^15 atomi/cm^3 nell’intervallo di concentrazione 2 · 10^13 − 1.6 · 10^16 atomi/cm^3. Mentre i campioni drogati con fosforo presentano un andamento dell’energia superficiale leggermente crescente al crescere della concentrazione di drogaggio nell’intervallo di concentrazione 6.5 · 10^14 − 1.5 · 10^19 atomi/cm^3. Questo risultato è stato correlato alla diffusione degli atomi di drogante nell’ossido che raggiunge l’interfaccia SiO2 − Aria. 
 L’osservazione sperimentale che l’energia superficiale dell’ossido dipenda dalla concentrazione di drogante è avvalorata dal confronto fra la componente polare e dispersiva, in particolare la componente polare presenta lo stesso picco osservato nell’energia superficiale. Le impurità nell’ossido, determinate dagli atomi di drogante, conferiscono quindi polarità alla superficie aumentando l’energia superficiale totale. 
Dal confronto fra le misure dei campioni as received con le misure dell’ossido ricostruito dopo 7 e 21 giorni di esposizione all’aria, ricaviamo che gli atomi di drogante diffondono nel tempo e, in particolare, la polarità superficiale ritorna alle con- dizioni as recived dopo 21 giorni dalla rimozione dell’ossido. 
E’ stata simulata numericamente una goccia su una superficie, comprendendo come il picco osservato nell’energia superficiale corrisponde ad un minimo dell’energia di Gibbs per i campioni di tipo p. 
Infine, l’isteresi aumenta in valor medio per i campioni con ossido ricostruito rispetto ai campioni as recived, ad indicare una possibile variazione dell’omogeneità chimico-fisica delle superfici.

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The thesis presented here describes methodologies to produce pendant group functionalized polyesters from amido-functionalized α-hydroxy acids. The synthetic methods used to produce the functionalized α-hydroxy acids are compatible with a wide array of functional groups, making this technique highly versatile. The synthesis of functionalized polyesters was investigated to develop polymers with properties that may improve the capabilities of existing biodegradable polyesters for applications in controlled release pharmaceuticals. Chemically modified a-hydroxy acids were synthesized by reacting glyoxylic acid with a primary or secondary amide. To demonstrate the utility of this reaction, fourstructurally dissimilar amide substituents were examined including 2-pyrrolidione, benzamide, acetamide and acrylamide. The reaction is synthetically simple, provides high yields and is uniquely flexible, functionalized monomer. The compatibility of this procedure with the collection of functional groups mentioned circumvents the need for syntheses. The amido-functionalized monomers were polymerized by two different techniques: melt polycondensation and solution polymerization. Melt polycondensation was conducted by heating the monomer past its melting temperature under reduced pressure. Oligomeric functionalized polyesters (= 800 g/mol) with low PDIs (= 1.05) were obtained by melt polycondensation. Melt polycondensation was not compatible with all of the synthesized monomers. Two of the monomers (containing benzamide and acrylamide functionalities) degraded before the polycondensation reaction occurred. Thermal gravimetric analysis confirmed that a process other than polyesterification was occurring, indicating that some amido-functionalized α-hydroxy acids cannot be synthesized in the melt.Solution polymerization was conducted to polymerize functionalized α-hydroxy acids that were incompatible with melt polycondensation. Several modified Steglich polyesterifications were tested including p-toluenesulfonic acid mediated and scandium (III) triflate catalyzed. Only oligomeric functionalized polyesters were formed bythis method. A number of possible side reactions including the formation of an N-acylurea and a cyclic polymer ring were possible. The utility of this procedure appears to be limited due to the complexity of the reaction and its inability to produce high molecular weight polymer.

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The purpose of this thesis was to synthesize biodegradable polyesters from a wide array of functionalized ¿-hydroxy acids. The initial strategy was to use amido-functionalized ¿-hydroxy acids and 2-bromopropanoyl bromide to form amido-functionalized cyclic diesters. Then, the resulting cyclic diesters would be used in ring opening polymerization to create biodegradable polyesters. However, the spontaneous rapid degradation of the secondary amido-functionalized cyclic diester structure, as seen with 2-benzamido-hydroxyacetic acid, limited ring formation to tertiary amido-functionalized ¿-hydroxy acids. Also, the hydrophilic nature of most ¿-hydroxy acids allowed water into the crystal structure of the ¿-hydroxy acid. Then, when the ¿-hydroxy acid was used in ring forming reactions, the associated water deactivated reactive reagents and limited cyclic diester synthesis. These issues led to the synthesis of hydrophobic and tertiary amido- and imido-functionalized ¿-hydroxy acids, 2-phthalimido-2-hydroxyacetic acid and 2-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl) hydroxyacetic acid. The new ¿-hydroxy acids were used in two new polymerization techniques, melt polycondensation and solution polymerization, instead of ring open polymerization. Melt polycondensation and solution polymerization had shown previous success in forming oligomers of amido-functionalized ¿-hydroxy acids. Melt polycondensation was conducted by heating the monomer past its melting temperature under reduced pressure. The uncatalyzed melt polycondensation of 2-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl) hydroxyacetic acid created polyesters (¿ 960 g/mol). The scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate enhanced melt polycondensation polymerization created slightly larger oligomers (¿ 1340 g/mol). However, 2-phthalimido-2-hydroxyacetic acid was not compatible with melt polycondensation because thermal degradation occurred. Thus, solution polymerization was conducted via Steglich esterification. Only oligomeric functionalized polyesters were formed (¿ 1060 g/mol). Future work should focus on optimization of the catalyst and the reaction conditions to obtain higher molecular weight polyesters. Also, 2-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl) hydroxyacetic acid should be utilized in the cyclic diester synthesis technique.

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La diversidad genética poblacional de maíz en México es muy dinámica y depende de factores biológicos, agroecológicos y socio-económicos, y necesidades familiares. En este trabajo se describió y clasificó la variabilidad morfológica de una colección de 60 muestras poblacionales de maíz, colectadas en 44 municipios de la Mixteca Baja Oaxaqueña (846 msnm a 1842 msnm). Las muestras se sembraron y cultivaron durante el ciclo primavera-verano de 2010, en Santo Domingo Tonala, Oaxaca, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluaron 19 caracteres morfológicos de planta, mazorca, grano y espiga (panoja), y se determinaron diferencias significativas entre poblacionales en estos caracteres. Los caracteres altura de planta y mazorca, días a floración masculina y femenina, y número de granos por hilera en la mazorca fueron determinantes para describir la variabilidad morfológica total. La variación morfológica y fenológica de las poblaciones de maíz se asocia con los patrones altitudinales y geográficos de donde proceden. Se determinaron seis grupos fenotípicos significativamente diferentes con características de mazorca, grano y planta semejantes a las descritas para las razas Celaya, Bolita, Pepitilla, Ancho, y ciertos complejos raciales entre Ancho, Mixteco, Celaya y Bolita.

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Elymus scabrifolius es una gramínea perenne nativa de Sudamérica con gran potencial como recurso forrajero para ambientes con limitantes edáficas. En el presente trabajo se analizó la utilización de caracteres morfológicos y marcadores moleculares AFLP para la identificación genotípica de seis accesiones, un cultivar comercial y siete híbridos artificiales de esta especie. Ambos tipos de marcadores permitieron diferenciar a los materiales analizados en los respectivos dendrogramas, aunque las relaciones entre materiales variaron según el tipo de marcador. El Análisis de Componentes Principales permitió identificar las variables más relevantes para la diferenciación morfológica. Los híbridos se diferenciaron morfológicamente de ambos parentales, excepto un híbrido que se agrupó con su material paterno. Aunque en el análisis de los marcadores AFLP los híbridos se agruparon con uno de sus parentales, se pudo corroborar su origen híbrido mediante el registro de bandas paternas y polimórficas entre parentales. Se concluye que las metodologías empleadas para caracterizar los materiales analizados de E. scabrifolius serían de gran utilidad para el manejo eficiente de colecciones de germoplasma como así también para su utilización en programas de mejoramiento genético.

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En este trabajo se estableció un protocolo de propagación in vitro de tres especies nativas del género Glandularia: G. peruviana, G. sp. y G. laciniata. Para el establecimiento in vitro se evaluó el medio de Murashige Skoog (MS) con macro y micronutrientes diluidos a la mitad adicionado con 0,05 μM de bencilaminopurina (BAP) sola o en combinación con 0,1 μM thiadiazuron (TDZ) y un testigo sin reguladores del crecimiento. En la etapa de multiplicación se evaluó el medio de cultivo MS diluido a la ½ ó ¼ y adicionado de 20 ó 40 gr.L-1 de sacarosa. Es posible establecer y micropropagar estas especies en medios de cultivo sencillos. El medio más eficiente para el establecimiento fue aquel sin reguladores, mientras que el más adecuado para la multiplicación fue MS ½ adicionado de 20 gr.L-1 de sacarosa, en el cual la tasa de multiplicación cada 30 días fue de 6 en G. sp. y G. peruviana y 4 para G. laciniata.

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Se evaluó el nivel de conocimiento de la nueva Ley de bosque nativo y fomento forestal que poseen los pequeños propietarios forestales en dos territorios de la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, en Chile. Para ello, se aplicó una encuesta a 53 personas (10 de las viviendas), que abordó cinco temas centrales: (1) uso del bosque nativo, (2) participación en redes sociales y acceso a la información, (3) conocimiento general de la Ley, (4) conocimiento respecto a la administración y (5) fomento de la Ley. Los resultados mostraron que: (1) el bosque nativo es usado para obtener productos madereros y no madereros, (2) las redes sociales y especialmente la radio son fundamentales para la transferencia de información, (3) tanto el conocimiento general de la Ley como (4) el nivel de conocimiento respecto de la administración de la Ley es insuficiente, y (5) se desconocen los trámites que deben efectuarse para obtener los beneficios de la Ley. Se concluye que: (1) el nivel de conocimiento de la Ley es insuficiente, (2) es fundamental estimular el uso de los instrumentos de esta Ley en la totalidad del territorio, de modo de garantizar el uso sustentable del recurso, y (3) la difusión de los beneficios de la Ley debe considerar las formas de comunicación tradicionales, el nivel de educación y la cultura de los espacios rurales