Application-Specific Modified Particle Swarm Optimization for energy resource scheduling considering vehicle-to-grid

This paper presents a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) methodology to solve the problem of energy resources management with high penetration of distributed generation and Electric Vehicles (EVs) with gridable capability (V2G). The objective of the day-ahead scheduling problem in this work is to minimize operation costs, namely energy costs, regarding the management of these resources in the smart grid context. The modifications applied to the PSO aimed to improve its adequacy to solve the mentioned problem. The proposed Application Specific Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (ASMPSO) includes an intelligent mechanism to adjust velocity limits during the search process, as well as self-parameterization of PSO parameters making it more user-independent. It presents better robustness and convergence characteristics compared with the tested PSO variants as well as better constraint handling. This enables its use for addressing real world large-scale problems in much shorter times than the deterministic methods, providing system operators with adequate decision support and achieving efficient resource scheduling, even when a significant number of alternative scenarios should be considered. The paper includes two realistic case studies with different penetration of gridable vehicles (1000 and 2000). The proposed methodology is about 2600 times faster than Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) reference technique, reducing the time required from 25 h to 36 s for the scenario with 2000 vehicles, with about one percent of difference in the objective function cost value.

Solving large 0–1 multidimensional knapsack problems by a new simplified binary artificial fish swarm algorithm

The artificial fish swarm algorithm has recently been emerged in continuous global optimization. It uses points of a population in space to identify the position of fish in the school. Many real-world optimization problems are described by 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problems that are NP-hard. In the last decades several exact as well as heuristic methods have been proposed for solving these problems. In this paper, a new simpli ed binary version of the artificial fish swarm algorithm is presented, where a point/ fish is represented by a binary string of 0/1 bits. Trial points are created by using crossover and mutation in the different fi sh behavior that are randomly selected by using two user de ned probability values. In order to make the points feasible the presented algorithm uses a random heuristic drop item procedure followed by an add item procedure aiming to increase the profit throughout the adding of more items in the knapsack. A cyclic reinitialization of 50% of the population, and a simple local search that allows the progress of a small percentage of points towards optimality and after that refines the best point in the population greatly improve the quality of the solutions. The presented method is tested on a set of benchmark instances and a comparison with other methods available in literature is shown. The comparison shows that the proposed method can be an alternative method for solving these problems.

BCN-Routing : càlcul web de rutes amb pgRouting, OpenStreetMaps i OpenLayers

Es presenta un sistema acurat de càlcul web d'itineraris mínims (per a vianants i per a vehicles) entre dos punts de la ciutat de Barcelona, un dels quals es triat per l'usuari directament a sobre un mapa i l'altre, alternativament, a sobre el mateix mapa o bé a sobre una llista de selecció de les principals atraccions turístiques de Barcelona.El sistema es troba implementat per medi de MapServer (1) com a servidor, OpenLayers (2) per a la interfície d'usuari, una base de dades PostrgreSQL (3)/PostGIS (4) que recull dades d'OpenStreetMaps (5) per a la navegació i dades introduïdes manualment, per a la llista de selecció d'atraccions turístiques. Per al càlcul d'itineraris es fa servir, pgRouting (6) alhora que s'accedeix a la cartografia de CartoCiudad (7) per a mostrar un mapa de base i opcionalment els noms dels carrers i punts d'interès a partir de les capes FondoUrbano, Vial i Topónimo del servidor WMS de CartoCiudad.Tot el sistema corre a sobre Windows 7 Home Premium (8).Així mateix es presenten quatre noves funcions i un tipus definit per l'usuari de PostgreSQL per al càlcul acurat d'itineraris mínims i l'estudi teòric que justifica la seva bondat.

On the way to solve lighting problems in underwater imaging

A major obstacle to processing images of the ocean floor comes from the absorption and scattering effects of the light in the aquatic environment. Due to the absorption of the natural light, underwater vehicles often require artificial light sources attached to them to provide the adequate illumination. Unfortunately, these flashlights tend to illuminate the scene in a nonuniform fashion, and, as the vehicle moves, induce shadows in the scene. For this reason, the first step towards application of standard computer vision techniques to underwater imaging requires dealing first with these lighting problems. This paper analyses and compares existing methodologies to deal with low-contrast, nonuniform illumination in underwater image sequences. The reviewed techniques include: (i) study of the illumination-reflectance model, (ii) local histogram equalization, (iii) homomorphic filtering, and, (iv) subtraction of the illumination field. Several experiments on real data have been conducted to compare the different approaches

Evaluation of Routing solution for Next Generation Open Platform

Verkkoon kytkettävien laitteiden määrä on lisääntynyt viime vuosina, joka luo tarpeen reitittimille ja niiden ominaisuuksille. On muodostunut uusi tarve laitteille, jotka voivat yhdistää erilaisia verkkoja toisiinsa. Tällaisen reitittimen rakentamiseen tarvitaan vakaa alusta. Tällaisella alustalla luodaan mahdollisuus kuormittaa järjestelmää ilman suuria ongelmia. Tällainen alusta on Open Platform, joka on suunniteltu tällaisille toiminnoille ja yhdessä oikeanlaisen verkkoratkaisun kanssa sitä voidaan käyttää sille suunnitellussa ympäristössä. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on arvioida neljää eri reititysohjelmistoa ja kahta eri IP pinoa. Työssä käytetyt testit on suunniteltu arviointia varten ja niiden tarkoituksena on tuoda esille ohjelmistoissa esiintyvät viat ja ongelmat. Kaikki testit ovat samoja kaikille ohjelmille ja tehdään samassa ympäristössä. Testit analysoidaan niiden ajon jälkeen ja niiden tulosten avulla tehdään päätös mitä näistä ohjelmistoista tullaan käyttämään seuraavan sukupolven avoimella alustalla, joka tulee toimimaan Nokian Intelligent Service Nodessa. Tämä verkon laite toimii yhdyskäytävänäerilaisten verkkojen välillä.

System Investigation for Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A hybrid electric vehicle is a fast-growing concept in the field of vehicle industry. Nowadays two global problems make manufactures to develop such systems. These problems are: the growing cost of a fuel and environmental pollution. Also development of controlled electric drive with high control accuracy and reliability allows improving of vehicle drive characteristics. The objective of this Diploma Thesis is to investigate the possibilities of electrical drive application for new principle of parallel hybrid vehicle system. Electric motor calculations, selection of most suitable control system and other calculations are needed. This work is not final work for such topic. Further investigation with more precise calculations, modeling, measurements and cost calculations are needed to answer the question if such system is efficient.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for Parallel Hybrid Vehicle

The aim of this thesis is to describe hybrid drive design problems, the advantages and difficulties related to the drive. A review of possible hybrid constructions, benefits of parallel, series and series-parallel hybrids is done. In the thesis analytical and finite element calculations of permanent magnet synchronous machines with embedded magnets were done. The finite element calculations were done using Cedrat’s Flux 2D software. This machine is planned to be used as a motor-generator in a low power parallel hybrid vehicle. The boundary conditions for the design were found from Lucas-TVS Ltd., India. Design Requirements, briefly: • The system DC voltage level is 120 V, which implies Uphase = 49 V (RMS) in a three phase system. • The power output of 10 kW at base speed 1500 rpm (Torque of 65 Nm) is desired. • The maximum outer diameter should not be more than 250 mm, and the maximum core length should not exceed 40 mm. The main difficulties which the author met were the dimensional restrictions. After having designed and analyzed several possible constructions they were compared and the final design selected. Dimensioned and detailed design is performed. Effects of different parameters, such as the number of poles, number of turns and magnetic geometry are discussed. The best modification offers considerable reduction of volume.

Impact of Node Mobility on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks monitor their surrounding environment for the occurrence of some anticipated phenomenon. Most of the research related to sensor networks considers the static deployment of sensor nodes. Mobility of sensor node can be considered as an extra dimension of complexity, which poses interesting and challenging problems. Node mobility is a very important aspect in the design of effective routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks. In this work we intent to present the impact of different mobility models on the performance of the wireless sensor networks. Routing characteristics of various routing protocols for ad-hoc network were studied considering different mobility models. Performance metrics such as end-to-end delay, throughput and routing load were considered and their variations in the case of mobility models like Freeway, RPGM were studied. This work will be useful to figure out the characteristics of routing protocols depending on the mobility patterns of sensors

On the way to solve lighting problems in underwater imaging

A major obstacle to processing images of the ocean floor comes from the absorption and scattering effects of the light in the aquatic environment. Due to the absorption of the natural light, underwater vehicles often require artificial light sources attached to them to provide the adequate illumination. Unfortunately, these flashlights tend to illuminate the scene in a nonuniform fashion, and, as the vehicle moves, induce shadows in the scene. For this reason, the first step towards application of standard computer vision techniques to underwater imaging requires dealing first with these lighting problems. This paper analyses and compares existing methodologies to deal with low-contrast, nonuniform illumination in underwater image sequences. The reviewed techniques include: (i) study of the illumination-reflectance model, (ii) local histogram equalization, (iii) homomorphic filtering, and, (iv) subtraction of the illumination field. Several experiments on real data have been conducted to compare the different approaches

Motion planning of autonomous vehicles in a non-autonomous vehicle environment without speed lanes

Planning is one of the key problems for autonomous vehicles operating in road scenarios. Present planning algorithms operate with the assumption that traffic is organised in predefined speed lanes, which makes it impossible to allow autonomous vehicles in countries with unorganised traffic. Unorganised traffic is though capable of higher traffic bandwidths when constituting vehicles vary in their speed capabilities and sizes. Diverse vehicles in an unorganised exhibit unique driving behaviours which are analysed in this paper by a simulation study. The aim of the work reported here is to create a planning algorithm for mixed traffic consisting of both autonomous and non-autonomous vehicles without any inter-vehicle communication. The awareness (e.g. vision) of every vehicle is restricted to nearby vehicles only and a straight infinite road is assumed for decision making regarding navigation in the presence of multiple vehicles. Exhibited behaviours include obstacle avoidance, overtaking, giving way for vehicles to overtake from behind, vehicle following, adjusting the lateral lane position and so on. A conflict of plans is a major issue which will almost certainly arise in the absence of inter-vehicle communication. Hence each vehicle needs to continuously track other vehicles and rectify plans whenever a collision seems likely. Further it is observed here that driver aggression plays a vital role in overall traffic dynamics, hence this has also been factored in accordingly. This work is hence a step forward towards achieving autonomous vehicles in unorganised traffic, while similar effort would be required for planning problems such as intersections, mergers, diversions and other modules like localisation.

Boundary and internal conditions for adjoint fluid-flow problems

The ever-increasing robustness and reliability of flow-simulation methods have consolidated CFD as a major tool in virtually all branches of fluid mechanics. Traditionally, those methods have played a crucial role in the analysis of flow physics. In more recent years, though, the subject has broadened considerably, with the development of optimization and inverse design applications. Since then, the search for efficient ways to evaluate flow-sensitivity gradients has received the attention of numerous researchers. In this scenario, the adjoint method has emerged as, quite possibly, the most powerful tool for the job, which heightens the need for a clear understanding of its conceptual basis. Yet, some of its underlying aspects are still subject to debate in the literature, despite all the research that has been carried out on the method. Such is the case with the adjoint boundary and internal conditions, in particular. The present work aims to shed more light on that topic, with emphasis on the need for an internal shock condition. By following the path of previous authors, the quasi-1D Euler problem is used as a vehicle to explore those concepts. The results clearly indicate that the behavior of the adjoint solution through a shock wave ultimately depends upon the nature of the objective functional.

GRASP with evolutionary path-relinking for the capacitated arc routing problem

The Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem where, given an undirected graph, the objective is to find a minimum cost set of tours servicing a subset of required edges under vehicle capacity constraints. There are numerous applications for the CARP, such as street sweeping, garbage collection, mail delivery, school bus routing, and meter reading. A Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) with Path-Relinking (PR) is proposed and compared with other successful CARP metaheuristics. Some features of this GRASP with PR are (i) reactive parameter tuning, where the parameter value is stochastically selected biased in favor of those values which historically produced the best solutions in average; (ii) a statistical filter, which discard initial solutions if they are unlikely to improve the incumbent best solution; (iii) infeasible local search, where high-quality solutions, though infeasible, are used to explore the feasible/infeasible boundaries of the solution space; (iv) evolutionary PR, a recent trend where the pool of elite solutions is progressively improved by successive relinking of pairs of elite solutions. Computational tests were conducted using a set of 81 instances, and results reveal that the GRASP is very competitive, achieving the best overall deviation from lower bounds and the highest number of best solutions found. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Approximation Algorithms for Survivable Multicommodity Flow Problems with Applications to Network Design

Multicommodity flow (MF) problems have a wide variety of applications in areas such as VLSI circuit design, network design, etc., and are therefore very well studied. The fractional MF problems are polynomial time solvable while integer versions are NP-complete. However, exact algorithms to solve the fractional MF problems have high computational complexity. Therefore approximation algorithms to solve the fractional MF problems have been explored in the literature to reduce their computational complexity. Using these approximation algorithms and the randomized rounding technique, polynomial time approximation algorithms have been explored in the literature. In the design of high-speed networks, such as optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, providing survivability carries great significance. Survivability is the ability of the network to recover from failures. It further increases the complexity of network design and presents network designers with more formidable challenges. In this work we formulate the survivable versions of the MF problems. We build approximation algorithms for the survivable multicommodity flow (SMF) problems based on the framework of the approximation algorithms for the MF problems presented in [1] and [2]. We discuss applications of the SMF problems to solve survivable routing in capacitated networks.

Identificazione dei parametri meccanici del ponte metallico ferroviario a Pontelagoscuro attraverso un algoritmo di ottimizzazione di tipo evolutivo

Nel periodo storico compreso tra la seconda metà dell’Ottocento ed il primo ventennio del Novecento, un’ondata di innovazioni tecnologiche e scientifiche, unitamente all’espansione dell’industria siderurgica e la conseguente diffusione del ferro come materiale da costruzione, portarono alla realizzazione di strutture metalliche grandiose. Ciò fu reso possibile grazie ad una fervida attività di ricerca che permise la risoluzione di problematiche tecniche di assoluto rilievo, come la progettazione di grandi coperture o di ponti destinati al traffico ferroviario in grado di coprire luci sempre maggiori. In questo contesto si sviluppò il sistema della chiodatura come metodo di unione per il collegamento rigido e permanente dei vari elementi che compongono la struttura portante metallica. Ad oggi il sistema della chiodatura è stato quasi completamente sostituito dalla bullonatura di acciaio ad alta resistenza e dalla saldatura, che garantendo gli stessi standard di affidabilità e sicurezza, offrono vantaggi in termini economici e di rapidità esecutiva. Tuttavia lo studio delle unioni chiodate continua a rivestire notevole importanza in tutti quei casi in cui il progettista debba occuparsi di restauro, manutenzione o adeguamento di strutture esistenti che in molti casi continuano ad assolvere le funzioni per le quali erano state progettate. La valutazione delle strutture esistenti, in particolare i ponti, ha assunto un’importanza sempre crescente. L’incremento della mobilità e del traffico sulle infrastrutture di trasporto ha portato ad un incremento contemporaneo di carichi e velocità sui ponti. In particolare nelle ferrovie, i ponti rappresentano una parte strategica della rete ferroviaria e in molti casi, essi hanno già raggiunto i loro limiti di capacità di traffico, tanto è vero che l’età media del sessanta percento dei ponti metallici ferroviari è di un centinaio di anni. Pertanto i carichi di servizio, i cicli di sforzo accumulati a causa dei carichi da traffico e il conseguente invecchiamento delle strutture esistenti, inducono la necessità della valutazione della loro rimanente vita a fatica. In questo contesto, la valutazione delle condizioni del ponte e le conseguenti operazioni di manutenzione o sostituzione diventano indispensabili. Negli ultimi decenni sono state effettuate numerose iniziative di ricerca riguardo il comportamento a fatica dei ponti ferroviari chiodati, poiché le passate esperienze hanno mostrato che tali connessioni sono suscettibili di rotture per fatica. Da uno studio dell’ASCE Committee on Fatigue and Fracture Reliability è emerso che l’ottanta, novanta percento delle crisi nelle strutture metalliche è da relazionarsi ai fenomeni di fatica e frattura. Il danno per fatica riportato dai ponti chiodati è stato osservato principalmente sulle unioni tra elementi principali ed è causato dagli sforzi secondari, che si possono sviluppare in diverse parti delle connessioni. In realtà riguardo la valutazione della fatica sui ponti metallici chiodati, si è scoperto che giocano un ruolo importante molti fattori, anzitutto i ponti ferroviari sono soggetti a grandi variazioni delle tensioni indotte da carichi permanenti e accidentali, così come imperfezioni geometriche e inclinazioni o deviazioni di elementi strutturali comportano sforzi secondari che solitamente non vengono considerati nella valutazione del fenomeno della fatica. Vibrazioni, forze orizzontali trasversali, vincoli interni, difetti localizzati o diffusi come danni per la corrosione, rappresentano cause che concorrono al danneggiamento per fatica della struttura. Per questo motivo si studiano dei modelli agli elementi finiti (FE) che riguardino i particolari delle connessioni e che devono poi essere inseriti all’interno di un modello globale del ponte. L’identificazione degli elementi critici a fatica viene infatti solitamente svolta empiricamente, quindi è necessario che i modelli numerici di cui si dispone per analizzare la struttura nei particolari delle connessioni, così come nella sua totalità, siano il più corrispondenti possibile alla situazione reale. Ciò che ci si propone di sviluppare in questa tesi è un procedimento che consenta di affinare i modelli numerici in modo da ottenere un comportamento dinamico analogo a quello del sistema fisico reale. Si è presa in esame la seguente struttura, un ponte metallico ferroviario a binario unico sulla linea Bologna – Padova, che attraversa il fiume Po tra le località di Pontelagoscuro ed Occhiobello in provincia di Ferrara. Questo ponte fu realizzato intorno agli anni che vanno dal 1945 al 1949 e tra il 2002 e il 2006 ha subito interventi di innalzamento, ampliamento ed adeguamento nel contesto delle operazioni di potenziamento della linea ferroviaria, che hanno portato tra l’altro all’affiancamento di un nuovo ponte, anch’esso a singolo binario, per i convogli diretti nella direzione opposta. Le travate metalliche del ponte ferroviario sono costituite da travi principali a traliccio a gabbia chiusa, con uno schema statico di travi semplicemente appoggiate; tutte le aste delle travi reticolari sono formate da profilati metallici in composizione chiodata. In particolare si è rivolta l’attenzione verso una delle travate centrali, della quale si intende affrontare un’analisi numerica con caratterizzazione dinamica del modello agli Elementi Finiti (FEM), in modo da conoscerne lo specifico comportamento strutturale. Ad oggi infatti l’analisi strutturale si basa prevalentemente sulla previsione del comportamento delle strutture tramite modelli matematici basati su procedimenti risolutivi generali, primo fra tutti il Metodo agli Elementi Finiti. Tuttavia i risultati derivanti dal modello numerico possono discostarsi dal reale comportamento della struttura, proprio a causa delle ipotesi poste alla base della modellazione. Difficilmente infatti si ha la possibilità di riscontrare se le ipotesi assunte nel calcolo della struttura corrispondano effettivamente alla situazione reale, tanto più se come nella struttura in esame si tratta di una costruzione datata e della quale si hanno poche informazioni circa i dettagli relativi alla costruzione, considerando inoltre che, come già anticipato, sforzi secondari e altri fattori vengono trascurati nella valutazione del fenomeno della fatica. Nel seguito si prenderanno in esame le ipotesi su masse strutturali, rigidezze dei vincoli e momento d’inerzia delle aste di parete, grandezze che caratterizzano in particolare il comportamento dinamico della struttura; per questo sarebbe ancora più difficilmente verificabile se tali ipotesi corrispondano effettivamente alla costruzione reale. Da queste problematiche nasce l’esigenza di affinare il modello numerico agli Elementi Finiti, identificando a posteriori quei parametri meccanici ritenuti significativi per il comportamento dinamico della struttura in esame. In specifico si andrà a porre il problema di identificazione come un problema di ottimizzazione, dove i valori dei parametri meccanici vengono valutati in modo che le caratteristiche dinamiche del modello, siano il più simili possibile ai risultati ottenuti da elaborazioni sperimentali sulla struttura reale. La funzione costo è definita come la distanza tra frequenze proprie e deformate modali ottenute dalla struttura reale e dal modello matematico; questa funzione può presentare più minimi locali, ma la soluzione esatta del problema è rappresentata solo dal minimo globale. Quindi il successo del processo di ottimizzazione dipende proprio dalla definizione della funzione costo e dalla capacità dell’algoritmo di trovare il minimo globale. Per questo motivo è stato preso in considerazione per la risoluzione del problema, l’algoritmo di tipo evolutivo DE (Differential Evolution Algorithm), perché gli algoritmi genetici ed evolutivi vengono segnalati per robustezza ed efficienza, tra i metodi di ricerca globale caratterizzati dall’obiettivo di evitare la convergenza in minimi locali della funzione costo. Obiettivo della tesi infatti è l’utilizzo dell’algoritmo DE modificato con approssimazione quadratica (DE-Q), per affinare il modello numerico e quindi ottenere l’identificazione dei parametri meccanici che influenzano il comportamento dinamico di una struttura reale, il ponte ferroviario metallico a Pontelagoscuro.

Sviluppo di algoritmi avanzati di analisi e diagnosi combustione in tempo reale per motori endotermici alternativi

Increasingly stringent exhaust emission limits and higher fuel economy are the main drivers of the engine development process. As a consequence, the complexity of the propulsion units and its subsystems increase, due to the extensive use of sensors and actuators needed to obtain a precise control over the combustion phase. Since engine calibration process consumes most of the development time, new tools and methodologies are needed to shorten the development time and increase the performance attainable. Real time combustion analysis, based on the in-cylinder pressure signal, can significantly improve the calibration of the engine control strategies and the development of new algorithms, giving instantaneous feedback on the engine behavior. A complete combustion analysis and diagnosis system has been developed, capable of evaluating the most important indicators about the combustion process, such as indicated mean effective pressure, heat release, mass fraction burned and knock indexes. Such a tool is built on top of a flexible, modular and affordable hardware platform, capable of satisfying the requirements needed for accuracy and precision, but also enabling the use directly on-board the vehicle, due to its small form factor.