Polyphenols and sugars recovery from autohydrolysis of pineapple waste

[Excerpt] The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of temperature, time and mass/ volume ratio on the release of sugars and polyphenols using an autohydrolysis procedure from pineapple waste. A Box-Bhenken design was used with three factors (time, temperature and mass/volume ratio) and three levels was used. All treatments were performed in triplicate. Nine central points were used. For autohydrlosysis treatments, an oil bath was used [1]. After autohydrolysis, liquid phases or hydrolysates were analyzed for glucose and fructose concentration by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [2]. The FolinCiocalteu assay was used to measure total polyphenols of hydrolysates [3] and HPLC to identify these molecules [4]. (...)

Biotechnological valorization of waste cooking oils: lipase and microbial lipids production by Yarrowia lipolytica

[Excerpt] Waste cooking oils (WCO) generated from vegetable oils used at high temperatures in food frying, cause environmental problems and must be reutilized. New strategies to valorize these wastes are attracting a great scientific interest due to the important advantages offered from an economic and environmental point of view. A microbial platform can be established to convert low-value hydrophobic substrates, such as waste cooking oils, to microbial lipids (single cell oil, SCO) and other value-added bioproducts, such as lipase. (...)

Especies nativas del Centro de Argentina: potencial agroindustrial y perspectivas para la producción de energía y biocombustibles

La región centro de Argentina posee una elevada riqueza de especies nativas y endémicas, con potencial valor agroindustrial. Flourensia campestris y F. oolepis (Asteraceae), conforman comunidades denominadas "chilcales". Son reconocidas por sus usos tradicionales como aromática, tintórea, medicinal y para leña -en especial raíz- y presentan potencial aplicación en la agroindustria como insecticida, antimicrobiana, antifúngica y aleloquímica. Trabajos realizados en nuestro laboratorio con extractos acuosos de hojas secas de F. campestris demostraron un potente efecto herbicida sobre semillas de Lactuca sativa. Mediante el fraccionamiento biodirigido por CC y técnicas espectrales (GC-MS, IR, 1H-RMN, 13C-RMN, 2D-RMN) se pudo identificar la estructura molecular del ácido hamanásico ((4S, 8S)–7–carboxi–8–hidroxi- 1(2), 12(13)-dien-bisaboleno). Su presencia en F. campestris, y su actividad biológica, no habían sido descriptos con anterioridad y sugieren un potencial herbicida natural. En ambas especies se puede apreciar a simple vista su alto contenido en resinas, compuestos propuestos para reemplazar a los hidrocarburos en la fabricación de pinturas, pegamentos y adhesivos. Estudios preliminares en nuestro laboratorio señalan un contenido de entre un 20-40 % de resinas en la biomasa aérea de Flourensia, sin embargo, no existen al presente estudios sobre su composición química ni sobre su potencial aplicación industrial. Por otro lado, el desarrollo de cultivos energéticos, para la generación de electricidad por combustión de biomasa, constituye uno de los objetivos principales dentro de las políticas de energías renovables a nivel nacional (programa GENREN) y mundial. Las especies con mayor aptitud deben poseer altas tasas de crecimiento y un alto grado de tolerancia de adversidades bióticas y abióticas, lo que permitiría cultivarlos en áreas marginales para la agricultura tradicional, hechos que coinciden con las especies de Flourensia en estudio. Asimismo, el tratamiento térmico o pirólisis de biomasa proveniente de la agricultura es una de las alternativas de reutilización de la misma con distintos fines. Este pasivo ecológico puede ser transformado en productos de alto valor agregado. En base a lo expuesto, el objetivo general de este proyecto es investigar en las dos especies vegetales endémicas de Argentina y abundantes en la provincia de Córdoba, las características de los metabolitos secundarios en relación a su potencial aplicación agroquímica (herbicidas naturales), la composición de sus resinas para uso industrial y su rendimiento como materia prima de alta densidad energética para la cogeneración de electricidad y producción de biocombustible, en función del desarrollo de una agricultura sustentable. Para ello, el proyecto propone incrementar el rendimiento de la purificación de ácido hamanásico e identificar y cuantificar su presencia en otros órganos de F. campestris y en F.oolepis, con el objetivo de evaluar su efecto herbicida, mediante bioensayos en cápsulas de Petri, en especies cultivables y malezas. Los usos potenciales de las resinas se estudiarán en base a la identificación de sus compuestos químicos mediante su extracción y análisis espectrales (CG-MS). A través de la determinación del poder calorífico, contenido de cenizas y de nitrógeno de la biomasa aérea de las especies, se evaluará su rendimiento energético para emplear como biocombustible sólido en la cogeneración eléctrica, mientras que con la aplicación del método fast pyrolysis y análisis por CG-MS, se determinará su aplicación o su posterior modificación de acuerdo a las características del bio-oil deseado. El destino energético de las especies propuestas permitiría iniciar de manera rápida la etapa de domesticación y puesta en cultivo, y avanzar en el desarrollo de aplicaciones industriales más sofisticadas, como el aprovechamiento de sus propiedades bioactivas o el desarrollo de productos industriales basados en sus metabolitos secundarios.

Especies nativas del Centro de Argentina: potencial agroindustrial y perspectivas para la producción de energía y biocombustibles

La región centro de Argentina posee una elevada riqueza de especies nativas y endémicas, con potencial valor agroindustrial. Flourensia campestris y F. oolepis (Asteraceae), conforman comunidades denominadas "chilcales". Son reconocidas por sus usos tradicionales como aromática, tintórea, medicinal y para leña -en especial raíz- y presentan potencial aplicación en la agroindustria como insecticida, antimicrobiana, antifúngica y aleloquímica. Trabajos realizados en nuestro laboratorio con extractos acuosos de hojas secas de F. campestris demostraron un potente efecto herbicida sobre semillas de Lactuca sativa. Mediante el fraccionamiento biodirigido por CC y técnicas espectrales (GC-MS, IR, 1H-RMN, 13C-RMN, 2D-RMN) se pudo identificar la estructura molecular del ácido hamanásico ((4S, 8S)–7–carboxi–8–hidroxi- 1(2), 12(13)-dien-bisaboleno). Su presencia en F. campestris, y su actividad biológica, no habían sido descriptos con anterioridad y sugieren un potencial herbicida natural. En ambas especies se puede apreciar a simple vista su alto contenido en resinas, compuestos propuestos para reemplazar a los hidrocarburos en la fabricación de pinturas, pegamentos y adhesivos. Estudios preliminares en nuestro laboratorio señalan un contenido de entre un 20-40 % de resinas en la biomasa aérea de Flourensia, sin embargo, no existen al presente estudios sobre su composición química ni sobre su potencial aplicación industrial. Por otro lado, el desarrollo de cultivos energéticos, para la generación de electricidad por combustión de biomasa, constituye uno de los objetivos principales dentro de las políticas de energías renovables a nivel nacional (programa GENREN) y mundial. Las especies con mayor aptitud deben poseer altas tasas de crecimiento y un alto grado de tolerancia de adversidades bióticas y abióticas, lo que permitiría cultivarlos en áreas marginales para la agricultura tradicional, hechos que coinciden con las especies de Flourensia en estudio. Asimismo, el tratamiento térmico o pirólisis de biomasa proveniente de la agricultura es una de las alternativas de reutilización de la misma con distintos fines. Este pasivo ecológico puede ser transformado en productos de alto valor agregado. En base a lo expuesto, el objetivo general de este proyecto es investigar en las dos especies vegetales endémicas de Argentina y abundantes en la provincia de Córdoba, las características de los metabolitos secundarios en relación a su potencial aplicación agroquímica (herbicidas naturales), la composición de sus resinas para uso industrial y su rendimiento como materia prima de alta densidad energética para la cogeneración de electricidad y producción de biocombustible, en función del desarrollo de una agricultura sustentable. Para ello, el proyecto propone incrementar el rendimiento de la purificación de ácido hamanásico e identificar y cuantificar su presencia en otros órganos de F. campestris y en F.oolepis, con el objetivo de evaluar su efecto herbicida, mediante bioensayos en cápsulas de Petri, en especies cultivables y malezas. Los usos potenciales de las resinas se estudiarán en base a la identificación de sus compuestos químicos mediante su extracción y análisis espectrales (CG-MS). A través de la determinación del poder calorífico, contenido de cenizas y de nitrógeno de la biomasa aérea de las especies, se evaluará su rendimiento energético para emplear como biocombustible sólido en la cogeneración eléctrica, mientras que con la aplicación del método fast pyrolysis y análisis por CG-MS, se determinará su aplicación o su posterior modificación de acuerdo a las características del bio-oil deseado. El destino energético de las especies propuestas permitiría iniciar de manera rápida la etapa de domesticación y puesta en cultivo, y avanzar en el desarrollo de aplicaciones industriales más sofisticadas, como el aprovechamiento de sus propiedades bioactivas o el desarrollo de productos industriales basados en sus metabolitos secundarios.

Aproximación al diseño de sistemas de bio-reactores para la delignificación de materiales lignocelulósicos y para la decontaminación de suelos y efluentes. Approximation to the design of bio-reactors systems for the delignificación of lignocellulosic materials and for the decontamination of soil and effluents

Los materiales lignocelulósicos residuales de las actividades agroindustriales pueden ser aprovechados como fuente de lignina, hemicelulosa y celulosa. El tratamiento químico del material lignocelulósico se debe enfrentar al hecho de que dicho material es bastante recalcitrante a tal ataque, fundamentalmente debido a la presencia del polímero lignina. Esto se puede lograr también utilizando hongos de la podredumbre blanca de la madera. Estos producen enzimas lignolíticas extracelulares fundamentalmente Lacasa, que oxida la lignina a CO2. Tambien oxida un amplio rango de sustratos ( fenoles, polifenoles, anilinas, aril-diaminas, fenoles metoxi-sustituídos, y otros), lo cual es una buena razón de su atracción para aplicaciones biotecnológicas. La enzima tiene potencial aplicación en procesos tales como en la delignificación de materiales lignocelulósicos y en el bioblanqueado de pulpas para papel, en el tratamiento de aguas residuales de plantas industriales, en la modificación de fibras y decoloración en industrias textiles y de colorantes, en el mejoramiento de alimentos para animales, en la detoxificación de polutantes y en bioremediación de suelos contaminados. También se la ha utilizado en Q.Orgánica para la oxidación de grupos funcionales, en la formación de enlaces carbono- nitrógeno y en la síntesis de productos naturales complejos. HIPOTESIS: Los hongos de podredumbre blanca, y en condiciones óptimas de cultivo producen distintos tipos de enzimas oxidasas, siendo las lacasas las más adecuadas para explorarlas como catalizadores en los siguientes procesos:  Delignificación de residuos de la industria forestal con el fin de aprovechar tales desechos en la alimentación animal.  Decontaminación/remediación de suelos y/o efluentes industriales. Se realizarán los estudios para el diseño de bio-reactores que permitan responder a las dos cuestiones planteadas en la hipótesis. Para el proceso de delignificación de material lignocelulósico se proponen dos estrategias: 1- tratar el material con el micelio del hongo adecuando la provisión de nutrientes para un desarrollo sostenido y favorecer la liberación de la enzima. 2- Utilizar la enzima lacasa parcialmente purificada acoplada a un sistema mediador para oxidar los compuestos polifenólicos. Para el proceso de decontaminación/remediación de suelos y/o efluentes industriales se trabajará también en dos frentes: 3) por un lado, se ha descripto que existe una correlación positiva entre la actividad de algunas enzimas presentes en el suelo y la fertilidad. En este sentido se conoce que un sistema enzimático, tentativamente identificado como una lacasa de origen microbiano es responsable de la transformación de compuestos orgánicos en el suelo. La enzima protege al suelo de la acumulación de compuestos orgánicos peligrosos catalizando reacciones que involucran degradación, polimerización e incorporación a complejos del ácido húmico. Se utilizarán suelos incorporados con distintos polutantes(por ej. policlorofenoles ó cloroanilinas.) 4) Se trabajará con efluentes industriales contaminantes (alpechínes y/o el efluente líquido del proceso de desamargado de las aceitunas). The lignocellulosic raw materials of the agroindustrial activities can be taken advantage as source of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. The chemical treatment of this material is not easy because the above mentioned material is recalcitrant enough to such an assault, due to the presence of the lignin. This can be achieved also using the white-rot fungi of the wood. It produces extracellular ligninolitic enzymes, fundamentally Laccase, which oxidizes the lignin to CO2. The enzyme has application in such processes as in the delignification of lignocellulosic materials and in the biobleaching of fibers for paper industry, in the treatment of waste water of industrial plants, in the discoloration in textile industries, in the improvement of food for ruminants, in the detoxification of polutants and in bioremediation of contaminated soils. HYPOTHESIS: The white-rot fungi produce different types of enzymes, being the laccases the most adapted to explore them as catalysts in the following processes:  Delignification of residues of the forest industry in order to take advantage of such waste in the animal feed.  Decontamination of soils and / or waste waters. The studies will be conducted for the design of bio reactors that allow to answer to both questions raised in the hypothesis. For the delignification process of lignocellulosic material they propose two strategies: 1- to treat the material with the fungi 2-to use the partially purified enzyme to oxidize the polyphenolic compounds. For the soil and/or waste water decontamination process, we have: 3- Is know that the enzyme protects to the soil of the accumulation of organic dangerous compounds catalyzing reactions that involve degradation, polymerization and incorporation to complexes of the humic acid. There will be use soils incorporated into different pollutants. 4- We will work with waste waters (alpechins or the green olive debittering effluents.

Implementing a site waste management plan: a case study of a medium sized building contractor in Ireland

Construction and demolition waste management is becoming increasingly important on construction sites as landfill space in Ireland is rapidly depleting and waste management costs are rising. Due to these factors waste management plans are seen as a good response to minimising waste on site and this thesis aims to investigate how to implement such a plan on a practical case study as well as investigating the legislation regarding construction and demolition waste along with market availability for the reuse of the waste. Main contractor surveys were also carried out in order to gain a better understanding of current attitudes within the industry and these surveys are analysed in chapter five. A survey was also carried out among sub-contractors but this survey has not been used for this thesis as the study is on-going. The primary aim of this thesis is to examine the waste hierarchy opportunities that are available for construction and demolition waste in Ireland and to examine the effects of management strategies on construction and demolition waste reduction at the project level. A partnership was developed with Carey Developments Ltd in Co. Galway and an analysis of their waste management practices was undertaken. The primary case study will be the ‘Taylors Hill’ project in Co. Galway where work commenced in March, 2012. The secondary aim of the thesis is to develop specific waste minimisation strategies for the company and to develop a training tool kit for use on site.

Ireland's biodegradable municipal waste

This project focuses on the EU Landfill Directive targets for Biodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW) specifically focusing on how the targets will affect Ireland and its waste management infrastructure. Research will consist of reviewing relevant literature, legislation and policies that will provide a comparable between Ireland and other nations. Planning processes which govern both the building structure and running capacities of treatment facilities is also necessary in order to predict amounts of waste diverted from landfill. The efficiency of these treatment plants also requires investigation. Another objective is to research further information on Irelands organic ‘brown’ bin service, this will involve discovering the roll out of bins in the future over a defined time scale as well as the potential amounts of waste that will be collected. Figures received from waste management and waste treatment companies will be combined with figures from the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) annual reports. This will give an indication to past trends and shed light on possible future trends. With this information annul waste volumes consigned to landfill can be calculated and used to determine whether or not Ireland can achieve the EU Landfill Directive targets. Without significant investment in Irelands waste management infrastructure it is unlikely that the targets will be met. Existing waste treatment facilities need to be managed as efficiently as possible. Waste streams must also be managed so waste is shared appropriately between companies and not create a monopolising waste treatment facility. The driving forces behind an efficient waste management infrastructure are government policy and legislation. An overall and efficient waste management strategy must be in place, along with disincentives for landfilling of waste such as the landfill levy. Encouragement and education of the population is the fundamental and first step to achieving the landfill directive targets.

Energy from waste (EfW): a feasibility study on the economic and the environmental co-benefits of biogas production within rural communities

Energy from waste (E/W) technologies in the form o f biogas plants, CHP plants and other municipal solid waste (MSW) conversion technologies, have been gaining steady ground in the provision o f energy throughout Europe and the UK. Urban Waste Water Treatment Plants (UWWTP) are utilising much o f the same biochemical processes common to these E/W plants. Previous studies on Centralised Anaerobic Digestion (CAD) within Ireland found that the legislative and economic conditions were not conducive to such an operation on the grounds o f low energy price for electric and heat energy, and due to the restrictive nature o f the allowable feedstocks. Recent changes to the Irish REFIT tariff on energy produced from Anaerobic digestion; alterations to the regulation o f the allowable use o f animal by products(ABP); the recent enactment o f the Renewable Energy D irective (09/28/EC) and a subsequent review o f the draft Biowaste Directive (2001) required that the issue o f decentralised energy production in Ireland be reassessed. In this instance the feasibility study is based on a extant rural community, centred around the village o f Woodford Co Galway. The review found that the prevailing conditions were now such that it was technically and economically feasible for this biochemical process to provide energy and waste treatment facilities at the above location. The review also outlines the last item which is preventing this process from becoming achievable, specifically the lack o f a digestate regulation on land spreading which deals specifically with biowaste. The study finds that the implementation o f the draft EU biowaste regulations, with amendments for Cr and Hg levels to match the proposed Irish regulation for compost, would ensure that Ireland has some o f the most restrictive regulations in Europe for this application. The delay in completing this piece o f legislation is preventing national energy and waste issues from being resolved in a planned and stepwise fashion. A proposed lay out for the new Integrated Waste from Energy Plant (IW/EP) is presented. Budget economic projections and alternative revenue streams are outlined. Finally a review o f the national policies regarding the Rural Development Plan (RDP), the Rural Planning Guidelines (RPG) and the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) are examined against the relevant EU directives.

An analysis of the use of photogrammetric sorting to audit construction and demolition waste production on site

This study analyses the area of construction and demolition waste (C & D W) auditing. The production of C&DW has grown year after year since the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) first published a report in 1996 which provided data for C&D W quantities for 1995 (EPA, 1996a). The most recent report produced by the EPA is based on data for 2005 (EPA, 2006). This report estimated that the quantity of C&DW produced for that period to be 14 931 486 tonnes. However, this is a ‘data update’ report containing an update on certain waste statistics so any total provided would not be a true reflection of the waste produced for that period. This illustrates that a more construction site-specific form of data is required. The Department of Building and Civil Engineering in the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology have carried out two recent research projects (Grimes, 2005; Kelly, 2006) in this area, which have produced waste production indicators based on site-specific data. This involved the design and testing of an original auditing tool based on visual characterisation and the application of conversion factors. One of the main recommendations of these studies was to compare this visual characterisation approach with a photogrammetric sorting methodology. This study investigates the application of photogrammetric sorting on a residential construction site in the Galway region. A visual characterisation study is also carried out on the same project to compare the two methodologies and assess the practical application in a construction site environment. Data collected from the waste management contractor on site was also used to provide further evaluation. From this, a set of waste production indicators for new residential construction was produced: □ 50.8 kg/m2 for new residential construction using data provided by the visual characterisation method and the Landfill Levy conversion factors. □ 43 kg/m2 for new residential construction using data provided by the photogrammetric sorting method and the Landfill Levy conversion factors. □ 23.8 kg/m2 for new residential construction using data provided by Waste Management Contractor (WMC). The acquisition of the data from the waste management contractor was a key element for testing of the information produced by the visual characterisation and photogrammetric sorting methods. The actual weight provided by the waste management contractor shows a significant difference between the quantities provided.

Development of a rehabilitation system for the red mud waste generated at the Aughinish Alumina Bayer Plant

Aughinish Alumina Limited (AAL) have an obligation by terms of their Integrated Pollution Control Licence (IPCL) and Planning Permission to establish vegetation on the red mud stack at their plant at Aughinish, Co. Limerick. High pH and high exchangeable sodium percentage are the main known factors limiting the establishment of vegetation on red mud. Gypsum addition has been known to assist in alleviating these problems in other countries. However, there is no experience or published information on red mud rehabilitation under Irish conditions. Red mud with organic and inorganic waste-derived ameliorants as well as selected grassland species were examined under laboratory controlled environment conditions as well as in field plot trials. Also, in order that it would be economically achievable, the research utilised locally available waste products as the organic amendments. Screening trials found that physical constraints severely limit plant germination and growth in red mud. Gypsum addition effectively lowers pH, exchangeable sodium percentage and the availability of A1 and Fe in the mud. A strong relationship between pH, ESP and A1 levels was also found. Gypsum addition increased germination percentages and plant growth for all species investigated. Greenhouse trials demonstrated that organic wastes alone did not greatly improve conditions for plant growth but when used in conjunction with gypsum plant performances for all species investigated was significantly increased. There was a high mortality rate for grasses in non-gypsum treatments. An emerging trend of preferential iron uptake and calcium deficiency in non-gypsum treatments was found at pot screening stage. Species also displayed manganese and magnesium deficiencies.

Responsibility for regional waste generation: A single region extended input-output analysis with uni-directional trade flows

The paper uses a regional input-output (IO) framework and data derived on waste generation by industry to examine regional accountability for waste generation. In addition to estimating a series of industry output-waste coefficients, the paper considers two methods for waste attribution but focuses first on one (trade endogenised linear attribution system (TELAS)) that permits a greater focus on private and public final consumption as the main exogenous driver of waste generation. Second, the paper uses a domestic technology assumption (DTA) to consider a regional ‘waste footprint’ where local consumption requirements are assumed to be met through domestic production.

Italy's urban waste metabolism

The problem of waste management is causing growing concern due to increasing generation rates, the emissions into soil, water and air, the social conflicts derived from the election of disposal sites and the loss of resources and energy among others. In this work, an innovative methodology is used to enable a better understanding of the waste generation and management system in Italy. Two new waste indicators are built to complement the conventional indicators used by official statistics. Then a multi-scale analysis of the Density of Waste Disposed (DWD) is carried out to highlight the territorial diversity of waste performances and test its contribution to detect plausible risky areas. Starting from Italian regions, the scale down goes on to the provincial level and, only for the region of Campania, the municipal one. First, the analysis shows that the DWD is able to complement the information provided by the conventional waste indicators. Second, the analysis shows the limitations of using a unique institutional solution to waste management problems. In this sense the multi-scale analysis provides with a more realistic picture of Italian waste system than using a single scale.

Health Impact Assessment and Waste Management with particular reference to Incineration: An introductory paper

This introductory brief has been written as a response to a request for information on HIA and waste management, with particular reference to incineration. EU legislation forms the basis for much of Irish waste management policy. Waste Management – Taking Stock and Moving Forward (2004) sets targets for increased prevention and minimisation, encourages reuse and gives preference to recovery and recycling, which is in line with the EU’s Sixth Environmental Action Plan (2002). In the area of waste incineration, the Waste Incineration Directive (2000/76/EC) has been transposed into Irish law and sets operating requirements for the incineration of waste.

Segregation Packaging and Storage Guidelines for Healthcare Risk Waste - 3rd edition

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