Synodus diocesana valentiae celebrata preside... Ioanne Ribera... : anno 1578

Texto en español desde p. 78

Historia de los principios, y establecimiento de la Iglesia desde el nacimiento del Messias hasta la muerte de todos los Apostoles ... /

Palau,

Linking FDI motivation and host economy productivity effects:conceptual and empirical analysis

We develop a taxonomy that relates foreign direct investment (FDI) motivation (technology- and cost-based) to its anticipated effects on host countries domestic productivity. We then empirically examine the effects of FDI into the United Kingdom on domestic productivity, and find that different types of FDI have markedly different productivity spillover effects, which are consistent with the conceptual analysis. The UK gains substantially only from inward FDI motivated by a strong technology-based ownership advantage. As theory predicts, inward FDI motivated by technology-sourcing considerations leads to no productivity spillovers.

Studies on the mechanism of action on antitumour imidazotetrazinones

The imidazotetrazinones are clinically active antitumour agents, temozolomide currently proving successful in the treatment of melanomas and gliomas. The exact nature of the biological processes underlying response are as yet unclear.This thesis attempts to identify the cellular targets important to the cytotoxicity of imidazotetrazinones, to elucidate the pathways by which this damage leads to cell death, and to identify mechanisms by which tumour cells may circumvent this action. The levels of the DNA repair enzymes O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (O6-AGAT) and 3-methyladenine-DNA-glycosylase (3MAG) have been examined in a range of murine and human cell lines with differential sensitivity to temozolomide. All the cell lines were proficient in 3MAG despite there being 40-fold difference in sensitivity to temozolomide. This suggests that while 3-methyladenine is a major product of temozolomide alkylation of DNA it is unlikely to be a cytotoxic lesion. In contrast, there was a 20-fold variation in O6-AGAT levels and the concentration of this repair enzyme correlated with variations in cytotoxicity. Furthermore, depletion of this enzyme in a resistant, O6-AGAT proficient cell line (Raji), by pre-treatment with the free base O6-methylguanine resulted in 54% sensitisation to the effects of temozolomide. These observations have been extended to 3 glioma cell lines; results that support the view that the cytotoxicity of temozolomide is related to alkylation at the O6-position of guanine and that resistance to this drug is determined by efficient repair of this lesion. It is clear, however, the other factors may influence tumour response since temozolomide showed little differential activity towards 3 established solid murine tumours in vivo, despite different tumour O6-AGAT levels. Unlike mitozolomide, temozolomide is incapable of cross-linking DNA and a mechanism by which O6-methylguanine may exert lethality is unclear. The cytotoxicity of the methyl group may be due to its disruption of DNA-protein interactions, or alternatively cell death may not be a direct result of the alkyl group itself, but manifested by DNA single-strand breaks. Enhanced alkaline elution rates were found for the DNA of Raji cells treated with temozolomide following alkyltransferase depletion, suggesting a relationship between O6-methylguanine and the induction single-strand breaks. Such breaks can activate poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (ADPRT) an enzyme capable of rapid and lethal depletion of cellular NAD levels. However, at concentrations of temozolomlde relevant in vivo little change in adenine nucleotides was detected in cell lines, although this enzyme would appear important in modulating DNA repair since inhibition of ADPRT potentiated temozolomide cytotoxicity in Raji cells but not O6-AGAT deficient GM892A cells. Cell lines have been reported that are O6-AGAT deficient yet resistant to methylating agents. Thus, resistance to temozolomide may arise not only by removal of the methyl group from the O6-position of guanine, but also from another mechanism involving caffeine-sensitive post-replication repair or mismatch repair activity. A modification of the standard Maxam Gilbert sequencing technique was used to determine the sequence specificity of guanine-N7 alkylation. Temozolomide preferentially alkylated runs of guanines with the intensity of reaction increasing with the number of adjacent guanines in the DNA sequence. Comparable results were obtained with a polymerase-stop assay, although neither technique elucidates the sequence specificity of O6-guanine alkylation. The importance of such specificity to cytotoxicity is uncertain, although guanine-rich sequences are common to the promoter regions of oncogenes. Expression of a plasmid reporter gene under the control of the Ha-ras proto~oncogene promoter was inhibited by alkylation with temozolomide when transfected into cancer cell lines, However, this inhibition did not appear to be related to O6~guanine alkylation and therefore would seem unimportant to the chemotherapeutic activity of temozolomide.

[Compendio fotográfico de prototipos de diseño para los municipios de Cucunubá, Tausa y Sutatausa del proyecto de Cundinamarca].

30 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías.

INGRESOS, GASTOS E INVERSIONES DE CAPITAL EN EL ICE

La elaboración y ejecución de las políticas monetarias y fiscales restrictivas en las dos últimas décadas en nuestro país, han afectado el correcto funcionamiento del ICE. Las metas que se plantean las autoridades monetarias y hacendarias año tras año, conllevan a una serie de restricciones en el ámbito presupuestario, limitándose el nivel de gastos corrientes, de inversiones y de endeudamiento de dicha institución. Con el argumento de que el ICE es parte del problema (cuando en realidad ha contribuido ha aminorarlo) del desequilibrio en las finanzas públicas, se ha cercenado su autonomía e independencia; sin atacar la verdadera causa de dicho desbalance, tal y como son el déficit del gobierno central y de la autoridad monetaria.A nivel de las finanzas públicas, se incorporan las estadísticas del ICE bajo un formato contable que difiere de manera importante con los principios de la contabilidad que utilizan las empresas del sector privado. Dicha metodología es obsoleta, presentado serias deficiencias que el mismo FMI (quien la elaboró) reconoce. Este mismo organismo ya ha elaborado una nueva metodología que aún no se utiliza en nuestro país. Más aún, existen países que utilizan metodologías diferentes, las cuales están mas acordes con la contabilidad tradicional de empresa privada.Los impactos positivos o negativos que la actuación del ICE pueda tener sobre el equilibrio macroeconómico, el crecimiento y el desarrollo del país, es algo aún no medido, cuyas relaciones de causa y efecto no se han establecido de manera real. En el debate y las discusiones, han prevalecido más bien las posturas políticas e ideológicas (en respuesta a intereses particulares), en detrimento del análisis científico y técnico. Así mismo, las discusiones se han fundamentado en postulados teóricos, sin ser contrarrestados contra la realidad.

Proyectos de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica

Proyectos de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica

Analysis of Transmission System Adequacy Considering the Constrained Fuzzy Power Flow

Power flow calculations are one of the most important tools for power system planning and operation. The need to account for uncertainties when performing power flow studies led, among others methods, to the development of the fuzzy power flow (FPF). This kind of models is especially interesting when a scarcity of information exists, which is a common situation in liberalized power systems (where generation and commercialization of electricity are market activities). In this framework, the symmetric/constrained fuzzy power flow (SFPF/CFPF) was proposed in order to avoid some of the problems of the original FPF model. The SFPF/CFPF models are suitable to quantify the adequacy of transmission network to satisfy “reasonable demands for the transmission of electricity” as defined, for instance, in the European Directive 2009/72/EC. In this work it is illustrated how the SFPF/CFPF may be used to evaluate the impact on the adequacy of a transmission system originated by specific investments on new network elements

Resolución 092 del 26 de julio de 2013: Por medio de la cual se decide una revocatoria directa

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