Actin Dynamics in Muscle Cells

In every cell, actin is a key component involved in migration, cytokinesis, endocytosis and generation of contraction. In non-muscle cells, actin filaments are very dynamic and regulated by an array of proteins that interact with actin filaments and/or monomeric actin. Interestingly, in non-muscle cells the barbed ends of the filaments are the predominant assembly place, whereas in muscle cells actin dynamics was reported to predominate at the pointed ends of thin filaments. The actin-based thin filament pointed (slow growing) ends extend towards the middle of the sarcomere's M-line where they interact with the thick filaments to generate contraction. The actin filaments in muscle cells are organized into a nearly crystalline array and are believed to be significantly less dynamic than the ones in other cell types. However, the exact mechanisms of the sarcomere assembly and turnover are largely unknown. Interestingly, although sarcomeric actin structures are believed to be relatively non-dynamic, many proteins promoting actin dynamics are expressed also in muscle cells (e.g ADF/cofilin, cyclase-associated protein and twinfilin). Thus, it is possible that the muscle-specific isoforms of these proteins promote actin dynamics differently from their non-muscle counterparts, or that actin filaments in muscle cells are more dynamic than previously thought. To study protein dynamics in live muscle cells, I used primary cell cultures of rat cardiomyocytes. My studies revealed that a subset of actin filaments in cardiomyocyte sarcomeres displays rapid turnover. Importantly, I discovered that the turnover of actin filaments depends on contractility of the cardiomyocytes and that the contractility-induced actin dynamics plays an important role in sarcomere maturation. Together with previous studies those findings suggest that sarcomeres undergo two types of actin dynamics: (1) contractility-dependent turnover of whole filaments and (2) regulatory pointed end monomer exchange to maintain correct thin filament length. Studies involving an actin polymerization inhibitor suggest that the dynamic actin filament pool identified here is composed of filaments that do not contribute to contractility. Additionally, I provided evidence that ADF/cofilins, together with myosin-induced contractility, are required to disassemble non-productive filaments in developing cardiomyocytes. In addition, during these studies we learned that isoforms of actin monomer binding protein twinfilin, Twf-1 and Twf-2a localise to myofibrils in cardiomyocytes and may thus contribute to actin dynamics in myofibrils. Finally, in collaboration with Roberto Dominguez s laboratory we characterized a new actin nucleator in muscle cells - leiomodin (Lmod). Lmod localises towards actin filament pointed ends and its depletion by siRNA leads to severe sarcomere abnormalities in cardiomyocytes. The actin filament nucleation activity of Lmod is enhanced by interactions with tropomyosin. We also revealed that Lmod expression correlates with the maturation of myofibrils, and that it associates with sarcomeres only at relatively late stages of myofibrillogenesis. Thus, Lmod is unlikely to play an important role in myofibril formation, but rather might be involved in the second step of the filament arrangement and/or maintenance through its ability to promote tropomyosin-induced actin filament nucleation occurring at the filament pointed ends. The results of these studies provide valuable new information about the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle sarcomere assembly and turnover. These data offer important clues to understanding certain physiological and pathological behaviours of muscle cells. Better understanding of the processes occurring in muscles might help to find strategies for determining, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy in heart and skeletal muscles diseases.

Cyclic AMP in Mycobacteria: Characterization and Functional Role of the Rv1647 Ortholog in Mycobacterium smegmatis{triangledown}

Mycobacterial genomes are endowed with many eukaryote-like nucleotide cyclase genes encoding proteins that can synthesize 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP). However, the roles of cAMP and the need for such redundancy in terms of adenylyl cyclase genes remain unknown. We measured cAMP levels in Mycobacterium smegmatis during growth and under various stress conditions and report the first biochemical and functional characterization of the MSMEG_3780 adenylyl cyclase, whose orthologs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rv1647) and Mycobacterium leprae (ML1399) have been recently characterized in vitro. MSMEG_3780 was important for producing cAMP levels in the logarithmic phase of growth, since the {Delta}MSMEG_3780 strain showed lower intracellular cAMP levels at this stage of growth. cAMP levels decreased in wild-type M. smegmatis under conditions of acid stress but not in the {Delta}MSMEG_3780 strain. This was correlated with a reduction in MSMEG_3780 promoter activity, indicating that the effect of the reduction in cAMP levels on acid stress was caused by a decrease in the transcription of MSMEG_3780. Complementation of the {Delta}MSMEG_3780 strain with the genomic integration of MSMEG_3780 or the Rv1647 gene could restore cAMP levels during logarithmic growth. The Rv1647 promoter was also acid sensitive, emphasizing the biochemical and functional similarities in these two adenylyl cyclases. This study therefore represents the first detailed biochemical and functional analysis of an adenylyl cyclase that is important for maintaining cAMP levels in mycobacteria and underscores the subtle roles that these genes may play in the physiology of the organism.

Distinct Allostery Induced in the Cyclic GMP-binding, Cyclic GMP-specific Phosphodiesterase (PDE5) by Cyclic GMP, Sildenafil, and Metal Ions

The activity of many proteins orchestrating different biological processes is regulated by allostery, where ligand binding at one site alters the function of another site. Allosteric changes can be brought about by either a change in the dynamics of a protein, or alteration in its mean structure. We have investigated the mechanisms of allostery induced by chemically distinct ligands in the cGMP-binding, cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE5. PDE5 is the target for catalytic site inhibitors, such as sildenafil, that are used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. PDE5 is a multidomain protein and contains two N-terminal cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, bacterial adenylyl cyclase, FhLA transcriptional regulator (GAF) domains, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. Cyclic GMP binding to the GAFa domain and sildenafil binding to the catalytic domain result in conformational changes, which to date have been studied either with individual domains or with purified enzyme. Employing intramolecular bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, which can monitor conformational changes both in vitro and in intact cells, we show that binding of cGMP and sildenafil to PDE5 results in distinct conformations of the protein. Metal ions bound to the catalytic site also allosterically modulated cGMP- and sildenafil-induced conformational changes. The sildenafil-induced conformational change was temperature-sensitive, whereas cGMP-induced conformational change was independent of temperature. This indicates that different allosteric ligands can regulate the conformation of a multidomain protein by distinct mechanisms. Importantly, this novel PDE5 sensor has general physiological and clinical relevance because it allows the identification of regulators that can modulate PDE5 conformation in vivo.

The destabilization of human GCAP1 by a proline to leucine mutation might cause cone-rod dystrophy

Guanylate cyclase activating protein-1 (GCAP1) is required for activation of retinal guanylate cyclase-1 (RetGC1), which is essential for recovery of photoreceptor cells to the dark state. In this paper, experimentally derived observations are reported that help in explaining why a proline→leucine mutation at position 50 of human GCAP1 results in cone–rod dystrophy in a family carrying this mutation. The primary amino acid sequence of wild-type GCAP1 was mutated using site-directed mutagenesis to give a leucine at position 50. In addition, serine replaced a glutamic acid residue at position 6 to promote N‐terminal myristoylation, yielding the construct GCAP1 E6S/P50L. The enzyme was over-expressed in Escherichia coli cells, isolated and purified before being used in assays with RetGC1, characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and investigated for protease resistance and thermal stability. Assays of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis from guanosine triphosphate by RetGC1 in the presence of E6S/P50L showed that E6S/P50L could activate RetGC1 and displayed similar calcium sensitivity to wild-type GCAP1. In addition, E6S/P50L and wild-type GCAP1 possess similar CD spectra. However, there was a marked increase in the susceptibility to protease degradation and also a reduction in the thermal stability of E6S/P50L as observed by both the cGMP assay and CD spectroscopy. It is therefore suggested that although GCAP1 E6S/P50L has a similar activity and calcium dependency profile to the wild-type GCAP1, its lower stability could reduce its cellular concentration, which would in turn alter [Ca2+] and result in death of cells.

Vasomodulatory effect of novel peroxovanadate compounds on rat aorta: Role of rho kinase and nitric oxide/cGMP pathway

The present study was undertaken to assess the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rat aortic ring vasoreactivity and integrity by using various peroxovanadate (pV) compounds. All the pV compounds (1 nM-300 mu M) used in the present study exerted concentration-dependent contractions on endothelium intact rat aortic rings. All compounds with an exception of DPV-asparagine (DPV-asn) significantly altered vascular integrity as shown by diminished KCl responses. Phenylephrine (PE)-mediated contractions (3 nM-300 mu M) were unaltered in the presence of these compounds. Acetylcholine (Ach)-mediated relaxation in PE (1 mu M) pre-contracted rings was significantly reduced in presence of diperoxovanadate (DPV), poly (sodium styrene sulfonate-co-maleate)-pV (PSS-CoM-pV) and poly (sodium styrene 4-sulfonate)-pV (PSS-pV). However, no significant change in Ach-mediated responses was observed in the presence of poly (acrylate)-pV (PM-pV) and DPV-asn. DPV-asn was thus chosen to further elucidate mechanism involved in peroxide mediated modulation of vasoreactivity. DPV-asn (30 nM-300 mu M) exerted significantly more stable contractions, that was found to be catalase (100 U/ml) resistant in comparison with H(2)O(2) (30 nM-300 mu M) in endothelium intact aortic rings. These contractile responses were found to be dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) and were significantly inhibited in presence of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (100 mu M). Intracellular calcium chelation by BAPTA-AM (10 mu M) had no significant effect on DPV-asn (30 nM-300 mu M) mediated contraction. Pretreatment of aortic rings by rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (10 mu M) significantly inhibited DPV-asn-mediated vasoconstriction indicating role of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx and downstream activation of rho-kinase. The small initial relaxant effect obtained on addition of DPV-asn (30 nM-1 mu M) in PE (1 mu M) pre-contracted endothelium intact rings, was prevented in the presence of guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue (10 mu M) and/or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME (100 mu M) suggesting involvement of nitric oxide and cGMP. DPV-asn, like H(2)O(2), exerted a response of vasoconstriction in normal arteries and vasodilation at low concentrations (30 nM-1 mu M) in PE-pre contracted rings with overlapping mechanisms. These findings suggest usefulness of DPV-asn having low toxicity, in exploring the peroxide-mediated effects on various vascular beds. The present study also convincingly demonstrates role of H(2)O(2) in the modulation of vasoreactivity by using stable peroxide DPV-asn and warrants future studies on peroxide mediated signaling from a newer perspective. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Familial Diarrhea Syndrome Caused by an Activating GUCY2C Mutation

BACKGROUND Familial diarrhea disorders are, in most cases, severe and caused by recessive mutations. We describe the cause of a novel dominant disease in 32 members of a Norwegian family. The affected members have chronic diarrhea that is of early onset, is relatively mild, and is associated with increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease, small-bowel obstruction, and esophagitis. METHODS We used linkage analysis, based on arrays with single-nucleotide polymorphisms, to identify a candidate region on chromosome 12 and then sequenced GUCY2C, encoding guanylate cyclase C (GC-C), an intestinal receptor for bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins. We performed exome sequencing of the entire candidate region from three affected family members, to exclude the possibility that mutations in genes other than GUCY2C could cause or contribute to susceptibility to the disease. We carried out functional studies of mutant GC-C using HEK293T cells. RESULTS We identified a heterozygous missense mutation (c.2519G -> T) in GUCY2C in all affected family members and observed no other rare variants in the exons of genes in the candidate region. Exposure of the mutant receptor to its ligands resulted in markedly increased production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This may cause hyperactivation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), leading to increased chloride and water secretion from the enterocytes, and may thus explain the chronic diarrhea in the affected family members. CONCLUSIONS Increased GC-C signaling disturbs normal bowel function and appears to have a proinflammatory effect, either through increased chloride secretion or additional effects of elevated cellular cGMP. Further investigation of the relevance of genetic variants affecting the GC-C-CFTR pathway to conditions such as Crohn's disease is warranted. (Funded by Helse Vest Western Norway Regional Health Authority] and the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.)

Synthesis and Characterization of a Fluorescent Analogue of Cyclic di-GMP

Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger, has emerged as a key controller of several biological processes. Numbers of reports that deal with the mechanistic aspects of this second messenger have appeared in the literature. However, the lack of a reporter tag attached to the c-di-GMP at times limits the understanding of further details. In this study, we have chemically coupled N-methylisatoic anhydride (MANT) with c-di-GMP, giving rise to Mant-(c-di-GMP) or MANT-CDG. We have characterized the chemical and physical properties and spectral behavior of MANT-CDG. The fluorescence of MANT-CDG is sensitive to changes in the microenvironment, which helped us study its interaction with three different c-di-GMP binding proteins (a diguanylate cyclase, a phosphodiesterase, and a PilZ domain-containing protein). In addition, we have shown here that MANT-CDG can inhibit diguanylate cyclase activity; however, it is hydrolyzed by c-di-GMP specific phosphodiesterase. Taken together, our data suggest that MANT-CDG behaves like native c-di-GMP, and this study raises the possibility that MANT-CDG will be a valuable research tool for the in vitro characterization of c-di-GMP signaling factors.

Identification and characterization of starvation induced msdgc-1 promoter involved in the c-di-GMP turnover

C-di-GMP Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate], a second messenger is involved in intracellular communication in the bacterial species. As a result several multi-cellular behaviors in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are directly linked to the intracellular level of c-di-GMP. The cellular concentration of c-di-GMP is maintained by two opposing activities, diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE-A). In Mycobacterium smegmatis, a single bifunctional protein MSDGC-1 is responsible for the cellular concentration of c-di-GMP. A better understanding of the regulation of c-di-GMP at the genetic level is necessary to control the function of above two activities. In this work, we have characterized the promoter element present in msdgc-1 along with the + 1 transcription start site and identified the sigma factors that regulate the transcription of msdgc-1. Interestingly, msdgc-1 utilizes SigA during the initial phase of growth, whereas near the stationary phase SigB containing RNA polymerase takes over the expression of msdgc-1. We report here that the promoter activity of msdgc-1 increases during starvation or depletion of carbon source like glucose or glycerol. When msdgc-1 is deleted, the numbers of viable cells are similar to 10 times higher in the stationary phase in comparison to that of the wild type. We propose here that msdgc-1 is involved in the regulation of cell population density. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Universal Stress Protein (USP) in Mycobacteria Binds cAMP

Mycobacteria are endowed with rich and diverse machinery for the synthesis, utilization, and degradation of cAMP. The actions of cyclic nucleotides are generally mediated by binding of cAMP to conserved and well characterized cyclic nucleotide binding domains or structurally distinct cGMP-specific and -regulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, adenylyl cyclase, and E. coli transcription factor FhlA (GAF) domain-containing proteins. Proteins with cyclic nucleotide binding and GAF domains can be identified in the genome of mycobacterial species, and some of them have been characterized. Here, we show that a significant fraction of intracellular cAMP is bound to protein in mycobacterial species, and by using affinity chromatography techniques, we identify specific universal stress proteins (USP) as abundantly expressed cAMP-binding proteins in slow growing as well as fast growing mycobacteria. We have characterized the biochemical and thermodynamic parameters for binding of cAMP, and we show that these USPs bind cAMP with a higher affinity than ATP, an established ligand for other USPs. We determined the structure of the USP MSMEG_3811 bound to cAMP, and we confirmed through structure-guided mutagenesis, the residues important for cAMP binding. This family of USPs is conserved in all mycobacteria, and we suggest that they serve as ``sinks'' for cAMP, making this second messenger available for downstream effectors as and when ATP levels are altered in the cell.

ATP Antagonizes Thrombin-Induced Signal Transduction through 12(S)-HETE and cAMP

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Evaluation of Alpha 1-Antitrypsin and the Levels of mRNA Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 7, Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor and COX-2 for the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer

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Mechanisms Responsible for the Trophic Effect of Beta-Adrenoceptors on the I-to Current Density in Type 1 Diabetic Rat Cardiomyocytes

Background/Aims: In diabetic ventricular myocytes, transient outward potassium current (I-to) amplitude is severely reduced because of the impaired catecholamine release that characterizes diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Sympathetic nervous system exhibits a trophic effect on I-to since incubation of myocytes with noradrenaline restores current amplitude via beta-adrenoceptor (beta AR) stimulation. Here, we investigate the intracellular signalling pathway though which incubation of diabetic cardiomyocytes with the beta AR agonist isoproterenol recovers I-to amplitude to normal values. Methods: Experiments were performed in ventricular myocytes isolated from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. I-to current was recorded by using the patch-clamp technique. Kv4 channel expression was determined by immunofluorescence. Protein-protein interaction was determined by coimmunoprecipitation. Results: Stimulation of beta AR activates first a G alpha s protein, adenylyl cyclase and Protein Kinase A. PKA-phosphorylated receptor then switches to the G alpha i protein. This leads to the activation of the beta AR-Kinase-1 and further receptor phosphorylation and arrestin dependent internalization. The internalized receptor-arrestin complex recruits and activates cSrc and the MAPK cascade, where Ras, c-Raf1 and finally ERK1/2 mediate the increase in Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 protein abundance in the plasma membrane. Conclusion: beta(2)AR stimulation activates a G alpha s and G alpha i protein dependent pathway where the ERK1/2 modulates the Ito current amplitude and the density of the Kv4.2 and Kv4.2 channels in the plasma membrane upon sympathetic stimulation in diabetic heart.

A via L-arginina-óxido nítrico no transtorno depressivo e sua associação com a função plaquetária e o estresse oxidativo

O transtorno depressivo (TD) é um fator de risco cardiovascular independente que apresenta elevada morbi-mortalidade. Recentes evidências sugerem a participação do óxido nítrico (NO), potente vasodilatador e anti-agregante plaquetário, na patogênese de doenças cardiovasculares e psiquiátricas. A síntese do NO ocorre através da conversão do aminoácido L-arginina em L-citrulina e NO, pela ação da enzima NO sintase (NOS). Esta tese aborda o papel da via L-arginina-NO em plaquetas de pacientes com TD e sua associação com a função plaquetária e estresse oxidativo. Para análise comportamental da depressão em modelo animal, foi utilizado o modelo de estresse pós-natal de separação única (SMU). Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos para a realização do estudo: Grupo Controle Sedentário (GCS), Grupo Controle Exercício (GCE), Grupo SMU Sedentário (SMUS) e Grupo SMU Exercício (SMUE). O treinamento físico (TF) dos animais englobou 8 semanas, com duração de 30 minutos e uma velocidade de treinamento estabelecida pelo teste máximo (TE). Para o estudo em humanos, 10 pacientes com TD com score Hamilton: 201, (média de idade: 384anos), foram pareados com 10 indivíduos saudáveis (média de idade: 383anos). Os estudos em humanos e animais foram aprovados pelos Comitês de Ética: 1436 - CEP/HUPE e CEUA/047/2010, respectivamente. Foi mensurado em humanos e em animais: transporte de L-arginina, concentração GMPc, atividade das enzimas NOS e superóxido dismutase (SOD) em plaquetas e cortisol sistêmico. Experimentos realizados somente em humanos: expressão das enzimas NOS, arginase e guanilato ciclase através de Western Blotting. A agregação plaquetária foi induzida por colágeno e foi realizada análise sistêmica de proteína C-reativa, fibrinogênio e L-arginina. Para o tratamento estatístico utilizou-se três testes estatísticos para avaliar as diferenças das curvas de sobrevida: Kaplan-Meier, e os testes de Tarone-Ware e Peto-Prentice. Em humanos, houve uma redução do transporte de L-arginina, da atividade das enzimas NOS e SOD, e da concentração de GMPc em plaquetas, e nas concentrações plasmáticas de L-arginina no grupo com TD em relação ao grupo controle. Foi observado um aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de fibrinogênio no TD. Esses resultados demonstram uma inibição da via L-arginina-NO-GMPc e da enzima anti-oxidante SOD em pacientes com TD sem afetar a função plaquetária. Em relação ao TF, para o modelo animal, foram encontradas alterações iniciais quanto à distância percorrida e tempo de execução do TE entre os grupos controles e o grupos SMUs, apresentando estes últimos menores valores para o TE. Após 8 semanas de TF, verificou-se um maior influxo no transporte de L-arginina para o SMUE em comparação ao grupo SMUS. As diferenças observadas para o tempo e a distância percorrida no TE inicial entre os grupos controle e no modelo de estresse foram revertidas após as 8 semanas de TF, demonstrando o efeito benéfico do exercício físico na capacidade cardiorespiratória em modelos de depressão.

Efeitos do tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico na via L-arginina-óxido nítrico e no estresse oxidativo em plaquetas

Estudos publicados nas duas últimas décadas sugerem um aumento do risco de doença cardiovascular (DCV) em pacientes com periodontite, mas os mecanismos fisiopatológicos dessa associação ainda não estão completamente esclarecidos. Uma vez que foi demonstrado aumento da ativação plaquetária e do estresse oxidativo na periodontite, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a via L-arginina-óxido nítrico (NO)- guanosina monofosfato cíclica (GMPc) e parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em plaquetas de pacientes com periodontite, bem como avaliar o efeito do tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico nessas variáveis. Um total de 10 pacientes sem periodontite (periodontalmente saudáveis ou com gengivite) e 10 pacientes com periodontite participaram do estudo. A avaliação clínica, laboratorial e experimental foi realizada no início do estudo e 90 dias após realização da terapia periodontal básica (grupo periodontite). A avaliação clínica periodontal incluiu registros de: profundidade de bolsa à sondagem (PBS), nível de inserção (NIC), percentual de placa e percentual de sangramento à sondagem. Os seguintes experimentos foram realizados: influxo de L-arginina; atividade e expressão das enzimas óxido nítrico sintase e da arginase; expressão das enzimas guanilato ciclase solúvel e fosfodiesterase 5; determinação dos níveis intraplaquetários de GMPc; agregação plaquetária; avaliação do estresse oxidativo (atividade oxidante total, atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase e da superóxido dismutase - SOD); medição dos níveis de proteína C reativa (CRP) e de fibrinogênio. Os resultados obtidos no início do estudo demonstraram ativação do influxo de L-arginina em plaquetas via sistema y+L nos pacientes com periodontite, bem como concentrações intraplaquetárias de GMPc diminuídas e aumento sistêmico da CRP. Após o tratamento periodontal, observou-se redução do percentual de sítios com PBS ≥ 6 mm, NIC 4-5 mm e NIC ≥ 6 mm, aumento nos níveis de GMPc, para níveis comparáveis aos dos pacientes sem periodontite, acompanhado por uma maior atividade das enzimas antioxidantes SOD e catalase. Os demais parâmetros avaliados não apresentaram alterações significativas tanto pré- quanto pós-tratamento. Esses resultados considerados em conjunto sugerem uma menor biodisponibilidade de NO em plaquetas na periodontite e que o tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico foi capaz de reverter este quadro por um aumento das defesas antioxidantes. Portanto, alterações na via L-arginina-NO-GMPc e no estresse oxidativo podem levar à disfunção plaquetária, que poderia contribuir para um maior risco de DCV nos pacientes com periodontite.

Alterações na biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico e no estresse oxidativo em plaquetas de mulheres na pós-menopausa

O risco de desenvolver doença cardiovascular aumenta com o avançar da idade, sendo exponencialmente maior em mulheres após a menopausa em relação a mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Esse aumento pode ser, em parte, explicado por uma hiperatividade plaquetária e disfunção endotelial nessas mulheres. Em plaquetas, o óxido nítrico é uma molécula essencial para a inibição da sua ativação e agregação; cuja biodisponibilidade depende de sua síntese e inativação por espécies reativas de oxigênio. Assim, o presente estudo visa determinar os efeitos da menopausa sobre a função plaquetária, biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico e estresse oxidativo. Para tal, a amostra foi constituída por mulheres sendo elas 15 jovens entre 20 e 40 anos (grupo controle), 12 mulheres entre 45 e 60 anos pós-menopausadas há no mínimo 12 meses que não faziam uso de reposição hormonal e que não possuíam fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular. Os resultados demonstraram que mulheres pós-menopausadas apresentam uma hiperagregação plaquetária induzida por colágeno em relação a mulheres jovens. Essas mulheres também apresentaram o influxo de L-arginina aumentado em relação ao grupo controle. No entanto, a atividade da enzima óxido nítrico sintase estava diminuída nas mulheres após a menopausa, assim como os níveis plasmáticos de L-arginina. A expressão das enzimas iNOS e eNOS não diferiu significativamente entre os grupos. A expressão das subunidades 1 e 1 da enzima guanilato ciclase, e a fosfodiesterase 5 não se apresentaram diferentes entre os grupos. A expressão das enzimas glutationa peroxidase, subunidades gp91phox e p47phox da NADPH oxidase não estavam alteradas em plaquetas de mulheres pós-menopausadas, já a catalase estava mais expressa neste grupo. Em relação à atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, foi observado um aumento na superóxido dismutase em mulheres pós-menopausadas. Esse grupo apresentou ainda níveis mais elevados de grupamentos sulfidrila. Já em relação a danos proteicos não foi possível observar diferença entre os grupos. Dessa forma, esses resultados podem contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da hiperagregação plaquetária observada nas mulheres após a menopausa, o que, por sua vez, pode contribuir para a elucidação de mecanismos envolvidos na morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular elevada nessa população.