Construção e preparação da exploração de tarefas de modelação matemática em estatística: uma experiência no ensino profissional

Descrição e análise de projeto de construção e preparação da exploração de tarefas de modelação matemática em estatística: uma experiência no ensino profissional.

Construction et expérimentation d'un instrument d'observation de la compétence à travailler en équipe

La réforme du collégial a entraîné un changement pédagogique majeur : la mise en application de l'approche d'élaboration de programme par compétences (APC). En formation, le développement des compétences passe par trois voies obligées : développement intégral de la personne, développement intégré à un milieu et développement centré sur l'élève. Les dimensions cognitive et sociale du développement de la personne sont les deux dimensions dominantes mises de l'avant par notre milieu institutionnel et les milieux socioprofessionnels. Pour notre recherche, nous avons retenu la dimension sociale du développement de la personne et nous avons établi que cette dimension passe par le développement de la compétence à travailler en équipe. En plus d'être exigée tant par notre milieu institutionnel que par les milieux socioprofessionnels, elle représente une difficulté ou du moins un immense défi pour l'enseignement. Alors nous avons posé notre question de recherche : Est-ce que l'utilisation de l'apprentissage coopératif (AC) en tant que stratégie pédagogique favorise le développement de la compétence à travailler en équipe au secteur collégial technique?"--Résumé abrégé par UMI.

Conception d'un examen clinique objectif structuré pour le volet pratique de l'épreuve synthèse du programme Technologie de radio-oncologie.

Cet essai vise la conception d'un examen clinique objectif structuré (ECOS) comme volet pratique à ajouter à l'épreuve synthèse de programme actuellement utilisée par les enseignantes et les enseignants du Département de radio-oncologie du Collège Ahunstic. L'épreuve synthèse de programme actuelle consiste à la production d'un travail de recherche sur une pathologie cancéreuse. Cette nouvelle épreuve s'inscrit dans une logique d'une plus grande cohérence avec l'approche par compétences (APC), les exigences légales, réglementaires et pédagogiques liées à cette approche. Une recension d'écrits pertinents en lien avec l'objectif visé par cet essai nous a permis de constater que l'ECOS est un type d'évaluation pratique et authentique qui permet l'évaluation des performances complexes, ce qui est tout à fait approprié avec l'APC. À travers cette recension, nous avons mis en lumière les caractéristiques de cette forme d'évaluation.

Colonoscopia virtual e DNA fecal : estudo de viabilidade como testes de rastreio do cancro colorretal

Tese de doutoramento, Cirurgia Geral (Medicina), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014

Anti-tumoral effect of the non-nucleoside DNMT inhibitor RG108 in human prostate cancer cells

Background: Current therapeutic strategies for advanced prostate cancer (PCa) are largely ineffective. Because aberrant DNA methylation associated with inappropriate gene-silencing is a common feature of PCa, DNA methylation inhibitors might constitute an alternative therapy. In this study we aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer properties of RG108, a novel non-nucleoside inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), in PCa cell lines. Methods: The anti-tumoral impact of RG108 in LNCaP, 22Rv1, DU145 and PC-3 cell lines was assessed through standard cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle assays. Likewise, DNMT activity, DNMT1 expression and global levels of DNA methylation were evaluated in the same cell lines. The effectiveness of DNA demethylation was further assessed through the determination of promoter methylation and transcript levels of GSTP1, APC and RAR-β2, by quantitative methylation-specific PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. Results: RG108 led to a significant dose and time dependent growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in LNCaP, 22Rv1 and DU145. LNCaP and 22Rv1 also displayed decreased DNMT activity, DNMT1 expression and global DNA methylation. Interestingly, chronic treatment with RG108 significantly decreased GSTP1, APC and RAR-β2 promoter hypermethylation levels, although mRNA re-expression was only attained GSTP1 and APC. Conclusions: RG108 is an effective tumor growth suppressor in most PCa cell lines tested. This effect is likely mediated by reversion of aberrant DNA methylation affecting cancer related-genes epigenetically silenced in PCa. However, additional mechanism might underlie the anti-tumor effects of RG108. In vivo studies are now mandatory to confirm these promising results and evaluate the potential of this compound for PCa therapy.

Significance of Biogenic Amines in Cold-Smoked Fish and Their Relation to Microbiological Characteristics of Products Available in Portuguese Retail Markets

Studies on microbial characterization of cold-smoked salmon and salmon trout during cold storage were performed on samples available in the Portuguese market. Samples were also classified microbiologically according to guidelines for ready-to-eat (RTE) products. Further investigations on sample variability and microbial abilities to produce tyramine and histamine were also performed. The coefficient of variation for viable counts of different groups of microorganisms of samples collected at retail market point was high in the first 2 wk of storage, mainly in the Enterobacteriaceae group and aerobic plate count (APC), suggesting that microbiological characteristics of samples were different in numbers, even within the same batch from the same producer. This variation seemed to be decreased when storage and temperature were controlled under lab conditions. The numbers of Enterobacteriaceae were influenced by storage temperature, as indicated by low microbial numbers in samples from controlled refrigeration. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Enterobacteriaceae were predominant in commercial products, a significant percentage of which were tyramine and less histamine producers. These results might be influenced by (1) the technological processes in the early stages of production, (2) contamination during the smoking process, and (3) conditions and temperature fluctuations during cold storage at retail market point of sale.

Regulation of autoimmune neuroinflammation by stress-responsive genes

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology

Electrodialytic remediation of two types of air pollution control residues and their applicability in construction materials

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente Perfil de Engenharia de Sistemas Ambientais

Segurança na cidade de Lisboa – Paradigma em mudança. Um modelo organizacional, União das Cidades Capitais de Língua Portuguesa

O presente relatório visa dar conta de como, hoje, se concebem, organizam e se articulam as estruturas de Defesa, Segurança e Proteção Civil a nível municipal (município de Lisboa). Trata‐se de um novo modelo integrado de Segurança, Proteção e Socorro que agrega meios de coordenação e de decisão num único espaço. Com a implementação deste modelo, pretende‐se que as Forças de Segurança, Proteção e Socorro das cidades, suportadas por um sistema único de comunicações de acionamento de meios das respetivas estruturas, possam garantir uma resposta operacional mais célere e coordenada. Relevam‐se também neste modelo a dimensão infra‐estrutural, a estratégia de intervenção, associada à dimensão humana nos planos de atuação individual, local e Municipal e a importância que os exercícios/simulacros fornecem às forças de intervenção, aos Agentes de Proteção Civil (APC) e ao público em geral. Este modelo, porque assenta em processos de co‐construção de decisões e porque respeita as variáveis de contexto, poderá constituir um referencial e um guia importante para as cidades capitais de Língua Portuguesa, que integram a União das Cidades Capitais de Língua Portuguesa (UCCLA), enquanto fator motivador de desenvolvimento sustentado.

Métodos estatísticos aplicados à modelação de dados oncológicos

RESUMO: A estrutura demográfica portuguesa é marcada por baixas taxas de natalidade e mortalidade, onde a população idosa representa uma fatia cada vez mais representativa, fruto de uma maior longevidade. A incidência do cancro, na sua generalidade, é maior precisamente nessa classe etária. A par de outras doenças igualmente lesivas (e.g. cardiovasculares, degenerativas) cuja incidência aumenta com a idade, o cancro merece relevo. Estudos epidemiológicos apresentam o cancro como líder mundial na mortalidade. Em países desenvolvidos, o seu peso representa 25% do número total de óbitos, percentagem essa que mais que duplica noutros países. A obesidade, a baixa ingestão de frutas e vegetais, o sedentarismo, o consumo de tabaco e a ingestão de álcool, configuram-se como cinco dos fatores de risco presentes em 30% das mortes diagnosticadas por cancro. A nível mundial e, em particular no Sul de Portugal, os cancros do estômago, recto e cólon apresentam elevadas taxas de incidência e de mortalidade. Do ponto de vista estritamente económico, o cancro é a doença que mais recursos consome enquanto que do ponto de vista físico e psicológico é uma doença que não limita o seu raio de ação ao doente. O cancro é, portanto, uma doença sempre atual e cada vez mais presente, pois reflete os hábitos e o ambiente de uma sociedade, não obstante as características intrínsecas a cada indivíduo. A adoção de metodologia estatística aplicada à modelação de dados oncológicos é, sobretudo, valiosa e pertinente quando a informação é oriunda de Registos de Cancro de Base Populacional (RCBP). A pertinência é justificada pelo fato destes registos permitirem aferir numa população específica, o risco desta sofrer e/ou vir a sofrer de uma dada neoplasia. O peso que as neoplasias do estômago, cólon e recto assumem foi um dos elementos que motivou o presente estudo que tem por objetivo analisar tendências, projeções, sobrevivências relativas e a distribuição espacial destas neoplasias. Foram considerados neste estudo todos os casos diagnosticados no período 1998-2006, pelo RCBP da região sul de Portugal (ROR-Sul). O estudo descritivo inicial das taxas de incidência e da tendência em cada uma das referidas neoplasias teve como base uma única variável temporal - o ano de diagnóstico - também designada por período. Todavia, uma metodologia que contemple apenas uma única variável temporal é limitativa. No cancro, para além do período, a idade à data do diagnóstico e a coorte de nascimento, são variáveis temporais que poderão prestar um contributo adicional na caracterização das taxas de incidência. A relevância assumida por estas variáveis temporais justificou a sua inclusão numaclasse de modelos designada por modelos Idade-Período-Coorte (Age-Period-Cohort models - APC), utilizada na modelação das taxas de incidência para as neoplasias em estudo. Os referidos modelos permitem ultrapassar o problema de relações não lineares e/ou de mudanças súbitas na tendência linear das taxas. Nos modelos APC foram consideradas a abordagem clássica e a abordagem com recurso a funções suavizadoras. A modelação das taxas foi estratificada por sexo. Foram ainda estudados os respectivos submodelos (apenas com uma ou duas variáveis temporais). Conhecido o comportamento das taxas de incidência, uma questão subsequente prende-se com a sua projeção em períodos futuros. Porém, o efeito de mudanças estruturais na população, ao qual Portugal não é alheio, altera substancialmente o número esperado de casos futuros com cancro. Estimativas da incidência de cancro a nível mundial obtidas a partir de projeções demográficas apontam para um aumento de 25% dos casos de cancro nas próximas duas décadas. Embora a projeção da incidência esteja associada a alguma incerteza, as projeções auxiliam no planeamento de políticas de saúde para a afetação de recursos e permitem a avaliação de cenários e de intervenções que tenham como objetivo a redução do impacto do cancro. O desconhecimento de projeções da taxa de incidência destas neoplasias na área abrangida pelo ROR-Sul, levou à utilização de modelos de projeção que diferem entre si quanto à sua estrutura, linearidade (ou não) dos seus coeficientes e comportamento das taxas na série histórica de dados (e.g. crescente, decrescente ou estável). Os referidos modelos pautaram-se por duas abordagens: (i)modelos lineares no que concerne ao tempo e (ii) extrapolação de efeitos temporais identificados pelos modelos APC para períodos futuros. Foi feita a projeção das taxas de incidência para os anos de 2007 a 2010 tendo em conta o género, idade e neoplasia. É ainda apresentada uma estimativa do impacto económico destas neoplasias no período de projeção. Uma questão pertinente e habitual no contexto clínico e a que o presente estudo pretende dar resposta, reside em saber qual a contribuição da neoplasia em si para a sobrevivência do doente. Nesse sentido, a mortalidade por causa específica é habitualmente utilizada para estimar a mortalidade atribuível apenas ao cancro em estudo. Porém, existem muitas situações em que a causa de morte é desconhecida e, mesmo que esta informação esteja disponível através dos certificados de óbito, não é fácil distinguir os casos em que a principal causa de morte é devida ao cancro. A sobrevivência relativa surge como uma medida objetiva que não necessita do conhecimento da causa específica da morte para o seu cálculo e dar-nos-á uma estimativa da probabilidade de sobrevivência caso o cancro em análise, num cenário hipotético, seja a única causa de morte. Desconhecida a principal causa de morte nos casos diagnosticados com cancro no registo ROR-Sul, foi determinada a sobrevivência relativa para cada uma das neoplasias em estudo, para um período de follow-up de 5 anos, tendo em conta o sexo, a idade e cada uma das regiões que constituem o registo. Foi adotada uma análise por período e as abordagens convencional e por modelos. No epílogo deste estudo, é analisada a influência da variabilidade espaço-temporal nas taxas de incidência. O longo período de latência das doenças oncológicas, a dificuldade em identificar mudanças súbitas no comportamento das taxas, populações com dimensão e riscos reduzidos, são alguns dos elementos que dificultam a análise da variação temporal das taxas. Nalguns casos, estas variações podem ser reflexo de flutuações aleatórias. O efeito da componente temporal aferida pelos modelos APC dá-nos um retrato incompleto da incidência do cancro. A etiologia desta doença, quando conhecida, está associada com alguma frequência a fatores de risco tais como condições socioeconómicas, hábitos alimentares e estilo de vida, atividade profissional, localização geográfica e componente genética. O “contributo”, dos fatores de risco é, por vezes, determinante e não deve ser ignorado. Surge, assim, a necessidade em complementar o estudo temporal das taxas com uma abordagem de cariz espacial. Assim, procurar-se-á aferir se as variações nas taxas de incidência observadas entre os concelhos inseridos na área do registo ROR-Sul poderiam ser explicadas quer pela variabilidade temporal e geográfica quer por fatores socioeconómicos ou, ainda, pelos desiguais estilos de vida. Foram utilizados os Modelos Bayesianos Hierárquicos Espaço-Temporais com o objetivo de identificar tendências espaço-temporais nas taxas de incidência bem como quantificar alguns fatores de risco ajustados à influência simultânea da região e do tempo. Os resultados obtidos pela implementação de todas estas metodologias considera-se ser uma mais valia para o conhecimento destas neoplasias em Portugal.------------ABSTRACT: mortality rates, with the elderly being an increasingly representative sector of the population, mainly due to greater longevity. The incidence of cancer, in general, is greater precisely in that age group. Alongside with other equally damaging diseases (e.g. cardiovascular,degenerative), whose incidence rates increases with age, cancer is of special note. In epidemiological studies, cancer is the global leader in mortality. In developed countries its weight represents 25% of the total number of deaths, with this percentage being doubled in other countries. Obesity, a reduce consumption of fruit and vegetables, physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol consumption, are the five risk factors present in 30% of deaths due to cancer. Globally, and in particular in the South of Portugal, the stomach, rectum and colon cancer have high incidence and mortality rates. From a strictly economic perspective, cancer is the disease that consumes more resources, while from a physical and psychological point of view, it is a disease that is not limited to the patient. Cancer is therefore na up to date disease and one of increased importance, since it reflects the habits and the environment of a society, regardless the intrinsic characteristics of each individual. The adoption of statistical methodology applied to cancer data modelling is especially valuable and relevant when the information comes from population-based cancer registries (PBCR). In such cases, these registries allow for the assessment of the risk and the suffering associated to a given neoplasm in a specific population. The weight that stomach, colon and rectum cancers assume in Portugal was one of the motivations of the present study, that focus on analyzing trends, projections, relative survival and spatial distribution of these neoplasms. The data considered in this study, are all cases diagnosed between 1998 and 2006, by the PBCR of Portugal, ROR-Sul.Only year of diagnosis, also called period, was the only time variable considered in the initial descriptive analysis of the incidence rates and trends for each of the three neoplasms considered. However, a methodology that only considers one single time variable will probably fall short on the conclusions that could be drawn from the data under study. In cancer, apart from the variable period, the age at diagnosis and the birth cohort are also temporal variables and may provide an additional contribution to the characterization of the incidence. The relevance assumed by these temporal variables justified its inclusion in a class of models called Age-Period-Cohort models (APC). This class of models was used for the analysis of the incidence rates of the three cancers under study. APC models allow to model nonlinearity and/or sudden changes in linear relationships of rate trends. Two approaches of APC models were considered: the classical and the one using smoothing functions. The models were stratified by gender and, when justified, further studies explored other sub-models where only one or two temporal variables were considered. After the analysis of the incidence rates, a subsequent goal is related to their projections in future periods. Although the effect of structural changes in the population, of which Portugal is not oblivious, may substantially change the expected number of future cancer cases, the results of these projections could help planning health policies with the proper allocation of resources, allowing for the evaluation of scenarios and interventions that aim to reduce the impact of cancer in a population. Worth noting that cancer incidence worldwide obtained from demographic projections point out to an increase of 25% of cancer cases in the next two decades. The lack of projections of incidence rates of the three cancers under study in the area covered by ROR-Sul, led us to use a variety of forecasting models that differ in the nature and structure. For example, linearity or nonlinearity in their coefficients and the trend of the incidence rates in historical data series (e.g. increasing, decreasing or stable).The models followed two approaches: (i) linear models regarding time and (ii) extrapolation of temporal effects identified by the APC models for future periods. The study provide incidence rates projections and the numbers of newly diagnosed cases for the year, 2007 to 2010, taking into account gender, age and the type of cancer. In addition, an estimate of the economic impact of these neoplasms is presented for the projection period considered. This research also try to address a relevant and common clinical question in these type of studies, regarding the contribution of the type of cancer to the patient survival. In such studies, the primary cause of death is commonly used to estimate the mortality specifically due to the cancer. However, there are many situations in which the cause of death is unknown, or, even if this information is available through the death certificates, it is not easy to distinguish the cases where the primary cause of death is the cancer. With this in mind, the relative survival is an alternative measure that does not need the knowledge of the specific cause of death to be calculated. This estimate will represent the survival probability in the hypothetical scenario of a certain cancer be the only cause of death. For the patients with unknown cause of death that were diagnosed with cancer in the ROR-Sul, the relative survival was calculated for each of the cancers under study, for a follow-up period of 5 years, considering gender, age and each one of the regions that are part the registry. A period analysis was undertaken, considering both the conventional and the model approaches. In final part of this study, we analyzed the influence of space-time variability in the incidence rates. The long latency period of oncologic diseases, the difficulty in identifying subtle changes in the rates behavior, populations of reduced size and low risk are some of the elements that can be a challenge in the analysis of temporal variations in rates, that, in some cases, can reflect simple random fluctuations. The effect of the temporal component measured by the APC models gives an incomplete picture of the cancer incidence. The etiology of this disease, when known, is frequently associated to risk factors such as socioeconomic conditions, eating habits and lifestyle, occupation, geographic location and genetic component. The "contribution"of such risk factors is sometimes decisive in the evolution of the disease and should not be ignored. Therefore, there was the need to consider an additional approach in this study, one of spatial nature, addressing the fact that changes in incidence rates observed in the ROR-Sul area, could be explained either by temporal and geographical variability or by unequal socio-economic or lifestyle factors. Thus, Bayesian hierarchical space-time models were used with the purpose of identifying space-time trends in incidence rates together with the the analysis of the effect of the risk factors considered in the study. The results obtained and the implementation of all these methodologies are considered to be an added value to the knowledge of these neoplasms in Portugal.

Effect of vitamin D on Epstein-Barr (EBV)-specific CD8+T cells in patients with early multiple sclerosis (MS)

Background: Infection with EBV and a lack in vitamin D may be important environmental triggers of MS. 1,25-(OH)2D3 mediates a shift of antigen presenting cells (APC) and CD4+ T cells to a less inflammatory profile. Although CD8+ T cells do express the vitamin D receptor, a direct effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on these cells has not been demonstrated until now. Since CD8+ T cells are important immune mediators of the inflammatory response in MS, we examined whether vitamin D directly affects the CD8+ T cell response, and more specifically if it modulates the EBV-specific CD8+ T cell response. Material and Methods: To explore whether the vitamin D status may influence the pattern of the EBV-specific CD8+ T cell response, PBMC of 10 patients with early MS and 10 healthy controls (HC) were stimulated with a pool of immunodominant 8-10 mer peptide epitopes known to elicit CD8+ T cell responses. PBMC were stimulated with this EBV CD8 peptide pool, medium (negative control) or anti- CD3/anti-CD28 beads (positive control). The following assays were performed: ELISPOT to assess the secretion of IFN-gamma by T cells in general; cytometric beads array (CBA) and ELISA to determine whichcytokines were released by EBV-specific CD8+ T cells after six days of culture; and intracellular cytokine staining assay to determine by which subtype of T cells secreted given cytokines. To examine whether vitamin D could directly modulate CD8+ T cell immune responses, we depleted CD4+ T cells using negative selection. Results: We found that pre-treatment of vitamin D had an antiinflammatory action on both EBV-specific CD8+ T cells and on CD3/ CD28-stimulated T cells: secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNgamma and TNF-alpha) was decreased, whereas secretion of antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-5 and TGF-beta) was increased. At baseline, CD8+ T cells of early MS patients showed a higher secretion of TNFalpha and lower secretion of IL-5. Addition of vitamin D did not restore the same levels of both cytokines as compared to HC. Vitamin D-pretreated CD8+T cells exhibited a decreased secretion of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, even after depletion of CD4+ T cells from culture. Conclusion: Vitamin D has a direct anti-inflammatory effect on CD8+ T cells independently from CD4+ T cells. CD8+ T cells of patients with earlyMS are less responsive to the inflammatory effect of vitamin D than HC, pointing toward an intrinsic dysregulation of CD8+ T cells. The modulation of EBV-specific CD8+T cells by vitaminDsuggests that there may be interplay between these twomajor environmental factors of MS. This study was supported by a grant from the Swiss National Foundation (PP00P3-124893), and by an unrestricted research grant from Bayer to RDP.

CD40-stimulated B Lymphocytes Pulsed with Tumor Antigens Are Effective Antigen-presenting Cells That Can Generate Specific T Cells

Although they are considered as antigen presenting cells (APC), the role of antigen-unspecific B-lymphocytes in antigen presentation and T lymphocyte stimulation remains controversial. In this paper, we tested the capacity of normal human peripheral activated B cells to stimulate T cells using melanoma antigens or melanoma cell lysates. B lymphocytes activated through CD40 ligation and then pulsed with tumor antigens efficiently processed and presented MHC class II restricted peptides to specific CD4+ T cell clones. This suggests that CD40-activated B cells have the functional and molecular competence to present MHC class II epitopes when pulsed with exogenous antigens, thereby making them a relevant source of APC to generate T cells. To test this hypothesis, CD40-activated B cells were pulsed with a lysate prepared from melanoma cells and used to stimulate peripheral autologous T cells. Interestingly, T cells specific to melanoma antigens were generated. Further analysis of these T cell clones revealed that they recognized MHC class II restricted epitopes from tyrosinase, a known melanoma tumor antigen. The efficient antigen presentation by antigen-unspecific activated B cells was correlated with a down-regulation in the expression of HLA-DO, a B cell specific protein known to interfere with HLA-DM function. Because HLA-DM is important in MHC class II peptide loading, the observed decrease in HLA-DO may partially explain the enhanced antigen presentation following B-cell activation. Results globally suggest that when they are properly activated, antigen-unspecific B-lymphocytes can present exogenous antigens by MHC class II molecules and stimulate peripheral antigen-specific T cells. Antigen presentation by activated B cells could be exploited for immunotherapy by allowing the in vitro generation of T cells specific against antigens expressed by tumors or viruses.

Ciblage exosomal et effet de HLA-DM sur la présentation antigénique par le complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II

Les molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II (CMH II) sont exprimées exclusivement à la surface des cellules présentatrices d'antigènes et servent à stimuler les cellules CD4+ initiant une réponse immunitaire. Le chargement peptidique sur HLA-DR se produit dans les endosomes tardifs et les lysosomes sous l'action de HLA-DM. Cette molécule de classe II non-classique enlève les fragments peptidiques de la chaîne invariante (Ii) restés associés aux molécules de classe II (CLIP) et édite leur répertoire d'antigènes présentés. En utilisant une forme mutante de HLA-DM (HLA-DMy) qui s'accumule à la surface plasmique, nous avons observé que HLA-DMy augmente les chargements de peptides exogènes et aussi la réponse des cellules T en comparaison avec HLA-DM sauvage. Il a été démontré que des molécules chimiques, comme le n-propanol, pouvait avoir le même effet que HLA-DM en remplaçant les peptides associés aux molécules de classe II de la surface cellulaire. De plus, HLA-DMy et le n-propanol ont présenté un effet additif sur la présentation de peptides exogènes. Certaines protéines de la voie endocytique, comme HLA-DR, HLA-DM, HLA-DO et Ii sont ciblés aux compartiments multivésiculaires (MVB) et peuvent être ciblées aux exosomes. Suite à une fusion entre les MVB et la membrane plasmique, les exosomes sont relâchés dans le milieu extracellulaire. Nous avons déterminé que le motif tyrosine de HLA-DMβ et son interaction avec HLA-DR n'affectaient pas le ciblage aux exosomes, sauf la molécule HLA-DO. Cette étude nous a permis de démontrer que HLA-DMy augmente la quantité de peptides exogènes chargés sur les CPA et que HLA-DM et HLA-DMy sont incorporés dans les exosomes.

Étude de l’implication de la force du signal transmis par le récepteur des cellules T dans le développement et la survie des lymphocytes T mémoires

Suite à la rencontre d’un antigène (Ag) présenté à la surface des cellules présentatrice de l’Ag (CPA), les lymphocytes T naïfs, ayant un récepteur des cellules T (RCT) spécifique de l’Ag, vont proliférer et se différencier en LT effecteurs (1). Suite à l’élimination de l’Ag la majorité des LTe vont mourir par apoptose alors que les restants vont se différencier en LT mémoire (LTm) protégeant l’organisme à long terme. Les mécanismes qui permettent la différenciation des LTe en LTm sont encore inconnus. Pour comprendre comment les LTm CD8+ sont générés à partir des LTe, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la densité de l’Ag présenté par les CPA peut avoir un impact sur la sélection des LT CD8+ répondant l’Ag à se différencier en LTm. De manière intéressante, nos résultats montrent qu’une immunisation avec des cellules dendritiques (DCs) exprimant un haut niveau de complexe CMH/peptide à sa surface permet le développement de LTm. À l’inverse, le développement des LTm est fortement réduit (10-20X) lorsque les souris sont immunisées avec des DCs exprimant un niveau faible de complexes CMH/peptide à leur surface. De plus, la quantité d’Ag n’a aucune influence ni sur l’expansion des LT CD8+ ni sur l’acquisition de leurs fonctions effectrices, mais affecte de manière critique la génération des LTm. Nos résultats suggèrent que le nombre de RCT engagé lors de la reconnaissance de l’Ag est important pour la formation des LTm. Pour cela nous avons observé par vidéo-microscopie le temps d’interaction entre des LTn et des DCs. Nos résultats montrent que le temps et la qualité de l’interaction sont dépendants de la densité d’Ag présenté par les DCs. Effectivement, nous observons une diminution dans le pourcentage de LT faisant une interaction prolongée avec les DCs quand le niveau d’Ag est faible. De plus, nous observons des variations de l’expression des facteurs de transcription clefs impliqués dans la différenciation des LTm tels qu’Eomes, Bcl-6 et Blimp-1. Par ailleurs, la densité d’Ag fait varier l’expression du Neuron-derived orphan nuclear receptor 1 (Nor-1). Nor-1 est impliqué dans la conversion de Bcl-2 en molécule pro-apoptotique et contribue à la mort par apoptose des LTe pendant la phase de contraction. Notre modèle propose que la densité de l’épitope contrôle la génération des CD8+ LTm. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la génération des LTm permettra le développement de meilleures stratégies pour la génération de vaccin. Dans un second temps, nous avons évalué le rôle du signal RCT dans l’homéostasie des LTm. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé un modèle de souris transgénique pour le RCT dont son expression peut être modulée par un traitement à la tétracycline. Ce système nous a permis d’abolir l’expression du RCT à la surface des LTm. De manière intéressante, en absence de RCT exprimé, les LTm CD8+ peuvent survivre à long terme dans l’organisme et rester fonctionnels. De plus, une sous population des LTm CD4+ a la capacité de survivre sans RCT exprimé dans un hôte lymphopénique alors que l’autre sous population nécessite l’expression du RCT.

Identification de modifications post-traductionnelles de Staufen1 et étude de leur fonction régulatrice

La régulation post-transcriptionnelle joue un rôle de premier plan dans le contrôle fin de l’expression génique en permettant une modulation de la synthèse de protéines dans le temps et l’espace, en fonction des besoins de la cellule. Ainsi, des protéines reconnaissant des éléments d’ARN présents sur des transcrits peuvent influencer toutes les étapes de leur existence, soit leur épissage, leur export nucléaire, leur localisation subcellulaire, leur traduction et leur dégradation. Staufen1 (Stau1) est un membre de la famille des protéines liant l’ARN double-brin qui contribue à la régulation post-transcriptionnelle par son implication dans des mécanismes qui vont promouvoir l’épissage alternatif, le transport, la dé-répression de la traduction et l’induction de la dégradation d’ARN messagers (ARNm) spécifiques. L’identité des cibles potentielles de Stau1 est maintenant connue puisqu’une étude à l’échelle du génome a montré que la protéine s’associe à près de 7% du transcriptome des cellules HEK293T. Ces ARNm se classent dans un large éventail de catégories fonctionnelles, mais il est tout de même intéressant de noter qu’une grande proportion d’entre eux code pour des protéines reliées au métabolisme cellulaire et à la régulation de processus cellulaires. En considérant toutes ces informations, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les différentes activités de Stau1 puissent être modulées afin de contrôler adéquatement l’expression des transcrits liés par la protéine. Dans la mesure où certains ARNm faisant partie des complexes définis par la présence de Stau1 codent pour des régulateurs clés de la prolifération cellulaire, nous avons voulu examiner si l’expression de la protéine varie au cours du cycle de division cellulaire. Nous avons montré que l’abondance de Stau1 est maximale en début de mitose et qu’elle diminue ensuite lorsque les cellules complètent la division cellulaire. Nous avons ensuite découvert que cette baisse d’expression de Stau1 en sortie de mitose dépend du complexe promoteur d’anaphase/cyclosome (APC/C). En soutien à l’idée que Stau1 soit une cible de cette ubiquitine ligase de type E3, nous avons de plus démontré que Stau1 est ubiquitiné et dégradé par le protéasome. Ce contrôle des niveaux de Stau1 semble important puisque la surexpression de la protéine retarde la sortie de mitose et entraîne une diminution importante de la prolifération cellulaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons supposé que les différentes fonctions de Stau1 puissent également être sujettes à une régulation. Compte tenu que les activités de nombreuses protéines liant l’ARN peuvent être contrôlées par des modifications post-traductionnelles telles que la phosphorylation, nous avons voulu tester la possibilité que Stau1 soit phosphorylé. L’immunopurification de Stau1 et son analyse par spectrométrie de masse nous a permis d’identifier trois phosphosites dans la protéine. L’évaluation du rôle de ces événements de phosphorylation à l’aide de mutants phoshomimétiques ou non-phoshorylables a révélé que la modification de Stau1 pourrait compromettre son association à la protéine UPF1. Comme cette interaction est nécessaire pour déstabiliser les transcrits liés par Stau1, nos résultats suggèrent fortement que la fonction de Stau1 dans la dégradation d’ARNm est régulée négativement par sa phosphorylation. Toutes ces données mettent en lumière l’importance des modifications post-traductionnelles telles que l’ubiquitination et la phosphorylation dans la modulation de l’expression et des fonctions de Stau 1. Somme toute, il est vraisemblable que ces mécanismes de contrôle puissent avoir un impact significatif sur le destin des ARNm liés par Stau1, particulièrement dans un contexte de progression dans le cycle cellulaire.