De theologia naturali

Invocatio: I.N.J.

Historisk och oeconomisk beskrifning öfwer Somero sockn med wederbörandes tilstånd

Invocatio: I.J.N.

De Helsingforsia

Osa 2 ilm. 1757, prees. P. Kalm

Distribuição de geminivírus nas culturas do tomate e pimentão em doze municípios do Submédio do Vale São Francisco

Em 1996 e 1997, observaram-se sintomas de viroses causadas por geminivírus transmitidos por mosca branca em plantas de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) e pimentão (Capsicum annuum) no Submédio do Vale São Francisco, situado nos Estados de Pernambuco e Bahia. De outubro de 1996 a dezembro de 1998, foram coletadas 1.368 amostras foliares de tomateiro e 194 de pimentão, exibindo sintomas similares àqueles causados por geminivírus, em 104 e 16 plantios, respectivamente, de 12 municípios dessa região e em dois municípios vizinhos. A incidência de geminiviroses nas áreas amostradas foi estimada entre 5 e100% para tomate e entre 10 e 20% para pimentão. A detecção de geminivírus nas amostras foi feita por "dot blot" ou "squash blot" utilizando-se sondas heterólogas. Para as amostras de tomate, a sonda foi constituída pelos componentes A completos de dois isolados, um de Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) do Brasil e outro de Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) da Guatemala, enquanto que para pimentão, esta foi constituída apenas por um fragmento do componente A de um isolado de geminivírus de tomate do Distrito Federal. Do total de 1562 amostras analisadas, em 908 (58,1%) confirmou-se a presença de geminivírus, sendo 823 (60,2%) de tomate e 85 (43,8%) de pimentão. A presença de plantas infetadas foi detectada em todos os 120 plantios, com incidência entre 20 e 100%, indicando ampla disseminação de geminivírus nestas culturas no Submédio do Vale São Francisco.

Efeito do tratamento de sementes com fungicida sobre o controle de doenças na parte aérea do trigo

O controle das doenças foliares do trigo (Triticum aestivum) através do tratamento de sementes foi avaliado em Passo Fundo, RS em 1999. A cultivar usada no experimento foi OR 1, conhecida por sua suscetibilidade ao oídio e à ferrugem da folha. Todos os fungicidas diferiram (p > 0,05) da testemunha, não tratada em rendimento de grãos (REND) e peso do hectolitro (PH). Os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos nos tratamentos fluquinconazole + procloraz nas doses de 250,0 g + 51,0 g e 125,0 g + 25,0 g (2.943 kg/ha e 2.864 kg/ha), 132 e 125 %, respectivamente, superiores ao rendimento da testemunha (1.270 kg/ha). Os fungicidas triazóis indicados pela pesquisa (triticonazole, difenoconazole e triadimenol) produziram 1.908 kg/ha, 1.821 kg/ha e 1.815 kg/ha, respectivamente e não diferiram entre si. Não foram observados efeitos fitotóxicos dos tratamentos de sementes com os diferentes fungicidas e doses em teste. O controle do oídio (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) e da ferrugem da folha (Puccinia triticina) foi efetivo até aos 98 DAE (dias após a emergência), a partir do qual atingiu-se o limiar indicado para pulverização na parte aérea recomendado. Aos 108 DAE os fungicidas começaram a perder a persistência e aos 118 DAE, as severidades médias de oídio e ferrugem, dos diferentes tratamentos, foram de 6,52% e 33,90% e o da testemunha de 16,5% e 78,0%, respectivamente. O tratamento de sementes com fungicidas como demonstrado nesse trabalho, quando associado com rotação cultural e cultivares mais resistentes, poderá ter importante papel no controle das doenças foliares do trigo reduzindo o custo e a poluição ambiental.

Till Ida Quarnström

Soitinnus: lauluääni, piano.

L'Univers

1869/10/26 (Numéro 908).

The Role of Integrins in Enterovirus Infections and in Metastasis of Cancer

Integrins are a family of transmembrane glycoproteins, composed of two different subunits (alpha and beta). Altered expression of integrins in tumor cells contributes to metastasis tendency by influencing on the cells‟ attachment to adjacent cells and their migration. Viral pathogens, including certain enteroviruses, use integrins as receptors. Enteroviruses have also been suggested to be involved in the etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The study focuses on the role of integrins in the pathogenesis of metastasis to cortical bone and on type 1 diabetes (T1D) and echovirus 1 infection. In the first part of the thesis, the role of different integrins in the initial attachment of MDA-MD-231 breast cancer cells to bovine cortical bone disks was studied. A close correlation between alpha2beta1 and alpha3beta1 integrin receptor expression and the capability of the tumor to attach to bone were observed. In the second part, a possible correlation between susceptibility to enterovirus infections in diabetic children and differences in enterovirus receptor genes, including certain integrins, was investigated. In parallel, virus-specific neutralizing antibodies and diabetic risk alleles were studied. In the diabetic group, an amino acid change was detected in the polio virus receptor and the neutralizing antibody titers against echovirus 30 were lower. However, to obtain statistically sustainable results, a larger number of individuals should be analyzed. Echovirus 1 (EV1) enters cells by attaching to the alpha2I domain of the alpha2beta1 integrin. In the third part EV1 was shown to attach to a chimeric receptor construct of the transferrin receptor and the alpha2I domain and to enter cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis that is normally not used by the virus. The chimeric receptor was recycled to the plasma membrane, whereas the virus remained in intracellular vesicles. The virus replication cycle was initiated in these cells, suggesting that evolution pressure could possibly cause the virus to evolve to use a different entry mechanism. Moreover, a cDNA microarray analysis of host gene expression during EV1 replication showed that 0.53% of the total genes, including several immediate early genes, were differently expressed.

Naisen paikat ja metodologisen heterogeenisyyden ongelmat

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Desempenho de reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo em dois estágios tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura

Avaliou-se o desempenho de dois reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) em escala-piloto com volumes de 908 L e 188 L, instalados em série, alimentados com águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) variando de 2.216 mg L-1 a 7.131 mg L-1 e submetidos a tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 62,3 e 31,1 h, no primeiro reator, e de 12,9 e 6,5 h, no segundo reator. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQOtotal variaram de 74,0% a 89,6% no Reator 1 e de 34,3% a 45,1% no Reator 2, resultando em valores médios de 86,6% a 93,1% para o sistema de tratamento em dois estágios com carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) na faixa de 3,40 a 14,44 kg DQOtotal m-3 reator d-1 no Reator 1. As concentrações de metano no biogás foram acima de 75% para o Reator 1 e de 80% para o Reator 2. Os valores médios de pH variaram na faixa de 6,9 a 8,2 para o efluente do Reator 1 e de 7,0 a 8,3 para o efluente do Reator 2. Os ácidos voláteis totais mantiveram-se estáveis com concentrações médias abaixo de 200 mg L-1. Esses resultados indicaram que as condições de carga orgânica, em termos de DQO e SSV, impostas ao sistema de tratamento anaeróbio em dois estágios, não foram limitantes para que houvesse o desenvolvimento de lodo com microbiota adaptada e com alta atividade, propiciando altas eficiências médias de remoção de matéria orgânica (86,6 a 93,1% para DQOtotal e 85,6 a 88,2% para SSV) e taxas de produção de metano de 0,156 a 0,289 m³ CH4 kg-1 de DQO removida.

Method and arrangement for collecting wave energy

US-patentti nro: US 7,908,854 B2

Performance of UASB reactors in two stages under different HRT and OLR treating residual waters of swine farming

In this study it was evaluated the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and Organic Loading Rate (OLR) on the performance of UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactors in two stages treating residual waters of swine farming. The system consisted of two UASB reactors in pilot scale, installed in series, with volumes of 908 and 188 L, for the first and second stages (R1 and R2), respectively. The HRT applied in the system of anaerobic treatment in two stages (R1 + R2) was of 19.3, 29.0 and 57.9 h. The OLR applied in the R1 ranged from 5.5 to 40.1 kg CODtotal (m³ d)-1. The average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) ranged, respectively, from 66.3 to 88.2% and 62.5 to 89.3% in the R1, and from 85.5 to 95.5% and 76.4 to 96.1% in the system (R1 + R2). The volumetric production of methane in the system (R1 + R2) ranged from 0.295 to 0.721 m³CH4 (m³ reactor d)-1. It was found that the OLR applied were not limiting to obtain high efficiencies of CODtotal and TSS removal and methane production. The inclusion of the UASB reactor in the second stage contributed to increase the efficiencies of CODtotal and TSS removal, especially, when the treatment system was submitted to the lowest HRT and the highest OLR.

Anaerobic-aerobic treatment of swine wastewater in uasb and batch reactors in series

In this work it was evaluated the performance of two systems of swine wastewater treatment consisting of two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, with and without post-treatment in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), fed continuously, with aerobic phase. The UASB reactors in the first stage had 908 L in the sets I and II, and in the second stage 350 and 188 L, respectively. In the set II the post-treatment was performed in a SBR of 3,000 L. The hydraulic detention times in the anaerobic treatment systems were 100, 75 and 58 h in the set I; 87, 65 and 51 h in the set II; and 240 and 180 h in the SBR. The volumetric organic load applied in the first stage UASB reactors ranged from 6.9 to 12.6 g total COD (L d)-1 in the set I and 7.5 to 9.8 g total COD (L d)-1 in the set II. The average removal efficiencies of total COD, total phosphorus (Ptotal), and Kjeldahl and organic nitrogen (KN and Norg) in the anaerobic treatment systems were similar and reached maximum values of 97%, 64%, 68%, and 98%. In the SBR, the removal efficiencies of total COD and thermotolerant coliforms were up to 62 and 92% resulting, respectively, in effluent concentrations of 135 mg L-1 and 2x10(4)MPN (100 mL)-1. For Ptotal, total nitrogen (TN) and Norg, the average removal efficiencies in the SBR were up to 58, 25 and 73%, respectively.

COD, TSS, nutrients and coliforms removals in UASB reactors in two stages treating swine wastewater

The performance of two upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors was evaluated in pilot scale (908 and 188 L), installed in series (R1 and R2), fed with swine wastewater with TSS around 5 and 13 g L-1. The UASB reactors were submitted to HDT of 36 and 18 h with VOL of 5.5 to 34.4 g COD (L d)-1 in the R1 and HDT of 7.5 e 3.7 h with VOL from 5.1 to 45.2 g COD (L d)-1 in the R2. The average removal efficiencies of COD ranged from 55 to 85% in the R1 and from 43 to 57% in the R2, resulting in values from 82 to 93% in the UASB reactors in two stage. Methane concentrations in the biogas were 69 to 74% with specific production from 0.05 to 0.27 L CH4 (g removedCOD)-1 in the R1 and of 0.10 to 0.12 L CH4 (g removedCOD)-1 in the R2. The average removal efficiencies were 61 to 75% for totalP, 39 to 69% for KN, 82 to 93% for orgN and 20 to 94% for Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn. The amN concentration were not reduced indicating the need to post-treatment for effluent disposal into water bodies. There were reductions of total coliforms from 99.8123 to 99.9989% and of thermotolerant coliforms from 99.9725 to 99.9999%. The conditions imposed to the UASB reactors in two stage provided high conversions of removedCOD into methane (up to 77%) and reductions of organic an inorganic pollution loads from swine wastewater.

Sammatin Enäjärven kunnostussuunnitelma

Lohjan kuntakohtainen järvikunnostusohjelma aloitettiin vuonna 2010 tekemällä Kirmusjärvelle kunnostussuunnitelma. Ohjelmaa jatkettiin vuonna 2011 Enäjärven kunnostuksen suunnittelulla. Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen, Lohjan ja Salon kaupunkien ja Enäjärven suojeluyhdistyksen yhteistyöprojektina päätettiin tehdä Enäjärvelle yleisluontoinen kunnostussuunnitelma. Enäjärven kunnostuksessa on tärkeintä ulkoisen kuormituksen vähentäminen. Ulkoista kuormitusta tulee laskennallisesti arvioiden eniten peltoviljelystä, joten toimenpiteitä kannattaa suunnata maatalouden kuormituksen vähentämiseen. Kalasto on särkikalavaltainen. Rakennetta on yritetty parantaa useina vuosina hoitokalastuksilla. Toimintaa suositellaan jatkettavan. Kalastuksen säätelyssä kannattaa ottaa huomioon kuhalle sopivat suositukset, kuten verkkojen solmuvälirajoitus ja alamitta. Enäjärven kasvillisuutta voidaan poistaa maltillisesti sen haitatessa virkistyskäyttöä. Vesikasvillisuus luultavasti vähentää leväkukintojen esiintymistä. Uitinsalmen ruoppauksesta tulisi tehdä ruoppaussuunnitelma. Enäjärvessä on hapetustarvetta ja sille esitetään tehtäväksi tarkempi hapetussuunnitelma, mistä ilmenee juuri kyseiseen järveen teholtaan ja muilta ominaisuuksiltaan sopiva laitteisto, järven hapetustarve ja laitteen sijainti. Järvessä esiintyy myös sulkasääsken toukkia, joille alhainen happipitoisuus tarjoaa suojapaikan. Hapetus saattaa poistaa toukkien suojapaikan ja altistaa ne kalojen saalistukselle. Enäjärven luusuaan voidaan rakentaa pohjapato tehdyn suunnitelman mukaisesti järven virkistyskäytön parantamiseksi. Veden laadun seuranta on erittäin tärkeää, jotta eri menetelmien vaikutukset järven tilaan nähdään ajoissa. Tällöin on mahdollista tehostaa jotain toimintaa ja siirtyä johonkin vaihtoehtoiseen tapaan, jos tila esimerkiksi huononee. Happipitoisuuden seurantaa varten suositellaan ostettavan happimittari, jonka käytön ja huoltamisen joku paikallisista opettelee huolellisesti.