南通幅区域地球物理场特征研究

“十五”期间，“1:100万南通幅海洋区域地质调查”项目在32°N～36°N，120°E～126°E的海域范围内开展了区域性重力、磁力及地震测量等工作，为该区及邻域的地质地球物理研究工作提供了详实可靠全面的基础地质数据。本文以这些实测资料为基础，从数据采集入手，以合理规范的方法步骤对重力、磁力数据进行了处理，获得了研究区重力、磁力异常信息。结合卫星测高重力数据与以往调查数据，编制了研究区自由空间重力异常图、布格重力异常图和磁力（△T）异常图。 根据重力异常图反映的研究区重力异常基本特征，将南通幅及邻区划分为5个重力异常分区，对每一分区的重力异常特征进行了详尽阐述。分析了引起重力异常的因素，描述了岩石密度特征，反演了莫霍面深度，计算了均衡异常。对布格重力异常进行了向上延拓处理。 以编制的磁力异常图为基础，描述了区域磁异常背景，对围区岩石磁性特征和磁性基底特征进行了分析。将南通幅及邻区划分为3个磁力异常分区，阐述了每一分区的磁力异常特征并进行了地质解释。 最后，以实测多道地震剖面的解释成果建立的地质模型为基础，进行了重磁震联合反演。

一种新的氧合球蛋白-神经球蛋白

神经球蛋白（neuroglobin, NGB）是最近发现的一种新的可以和氧可逆性结合的血红蛋白家族成员，主要表达于脊椎动物的脑中。NGB蛋白是由151个氨基酸组成的单体蛋白，有着古老的进化起源。迄今为止，已证明它具有储存、转运氧气和保护神经细胞的功能。NGB基因的表达调节至少有两条信号转导途径参与。NGB的发现为中风等缺氧相关疾病的治疗提供了新的方向。

生物措施对柴达木盆地弃耕盐碱地效应分析

利用生物技术改良柴达木盆地弃耕盐碱地，3年结果表明，全盐量随着苜蓿种植年限的增加而降低。0～30cm耕作层全盐量由试验前的1.518%下降到0.126%，脱盐率在91.7%，盐分表聚现象已不明显。土壤盐分季节变化呈U型曲线，建植人工草地后，初级生产力明显提高。试验区植物群落的物种数、多样性指数、均匀度均高于对照区。

Diploid and tetraploid distribution of Allium przewalskianum Regel. (Liliaceae) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions

Polyploidization plays an important role in generating the current high diversity of plants. Studies of distributional patterns of diploids and derivative autopolyploids have provided important insights into evolutionary processes and cryptic speciation of polyploidization within species defined on the basis of their morphology. However, few studies have been designed to examine distributions of infrageneric diploids and polyploids on the Asian Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Allium przewalskianum occurs widely on the QTP and in adjacent regions, at altitudes ranging from 2000m to 4500m. We collected a total of 844 individuals from 62 populations and determined their cytotypes over the entire distribution range of this species. Tetraploids tend to occur at high altitudes; however, the positive relationship between the ploidy and altitude was only marginally significant (P < 0.05). Contact zones between diploids and tetraploids were recorded on the eastern QTP from north to south. Four populations were found to harbor both cytotypes, but no triploid individuals. The wider distribution of tetraploids may be mainly due to their greater colonization ability in the new niches created by the Quaternary climatic oscillations in the QTP region. Our results offer a fundamental framework for studying evolutionary origins, adaptations and cryptic divergences of polyploids within this species complex based on molecular and/or ecological examinations in the future.

Pressure support versus T-tube for weaning from mechanical ventilation in adults

BackgroundMechanical ventilation is important in caring for patients with critical illness. Clinical complications, increased mortality, and high costs of health care are associated with prolonged ventilatory support or premature discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Weaning refers to the process of gradually or abruptly withdrawing mechanical ventilation. the weaning process begins after partial or complete resolution of the underlying pathophysiology precipitating respiratory failure and ends with weaning success (successful extubation in intubated patients or permanent withdrawal of ventilatory support in tracheostomized patients).ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two strategies, a T-tube and pressure support ventilation, for weaning adult patients with respiratory failure that required invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours, measuring weaning success and other clinically important outcomes.Search methodsWe searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 6); MEDLINE (via PubMed) (1966 to June 2012); EMBASE (January 1980 to June 2012); LILACS (1986 to June 2012); CINAHL (1982 to June 2012); SciELO (from 1997 to August 2012); thesis repository of CAPES (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior) (http://capesdw.capes.gov.br/capesdw/) (August 2012); and Current Controlled Trials (August 2012).We reran the search in December 2013. We will deal with any studies of interest when we update the review.Selection criteriaWe included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a T-tube with pressure support (PS) for the conduct of spontaneous breathing trials and as methods of gradual weaning of adult patients with respiratory failure of various aetiologies who received invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours.Data collection and analysisTwo authors extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. Meta-analyses using the random-effects model were conducted for nine outcomes. Relative risk (RR) and mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) were used to estimate the treatment effect, with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Main resultsWe included nine RCTs with 1208 patients; 622 patients were randomized to a PS spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and 586 to a T-tube SBT. the studies were classified into three categories of weaning: simple, difficult, and prolonged. Four studies placed patients in two categories of weaning. Pressure support ventilation (PSV) and a T-tube were used directly as SBTs in four studies (844 patients, 69.9% of the sample). in 186 patients (15.4%) both interventions were used along with gradual weaning from mechanical ventilation; the PS was gradually decreased, twice a day, until it was minimal and periods with a T-tube were gradually increased to two and eight hours for patients with difficult and prolonged weaning. in two studies (14.7% of patients) the PS was lowered to 2 to 4 cm H2O and 3 to 5 cm H2O based on ventilatory parameters until the minimal PS levels were reached. PS was then compared to the trial with the T-tube (TT).We identified 33 different reported outcomes in the included studies; we took 14 of them into consideration and performed meta-analyses on nine. With regard to the sequence of allocation generation, allocation concealment, selective reporting and attrition bias, no study presented a high risk of bias. We found no clear evidence of a difference between PS and TT for weaning success (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.17, 9 studies, low quality of evidence), intensive care unit (ICU) mortality (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.23, 5 studies, low quality of evidence), reintubation (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.26, 7 studies, low quality evidence), ICU and long-term weaning unit (LWU) length of stay (MD -7.08 days, 95% CI -16.26 to 2.1, 2 studies, low quality of evidence) and pneumonia (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.08 to 5.85, 2 studies, low quality of evidence). PS was significantly superior to the TT for successful SBTs (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17, 4 studies, moderate quality of evidence). Four studies reported on weaning duration, however we were unable to combined the study data because of differences in how the studies presented their data. One study was at high risk of other bias and four studies were at high risk for detection bias. Three studies reported that the weaning duration was shorter with PS, and in one study the duration was shorter in patients with a TT.Authors' conclusionsTo date, we have found evidence of generally low quality from studies comparing pressure support ventilation (PSV) and with a T-tube. the effects on weaning success, ICU mortality, reintubation, ICU and LWU length of stay, and pneumonia were imprecise. However, PSV was more effective than a T-tube for successful spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) among patients with simple weaning. Based on the findings of single trials, three studies presented a shorter weaning duration in the group undergoing PS SBT, however a fourth study found a shorter weaning duration with a T-tube.

Kierowanie pracą ucznia w licealnych podręcznikach do języka polskiego

Wydział Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej: Pracownia Innowacji Dydaktycznych

Letter to nephew, 11/30/1881

Handwritten letter from Daniel D. Whedon to nephew, Daniel Avery Whedon. Dated November 30, 1881.

Letter to nephew, 05/16/1881

Letter from Daniel D. Whedon to nephew. One of two dated May 16, 1881.

Letter to nephew, 11/14/1881

Three page handwritten letter to nephew, Daniel Avery Whedon, from Daniel D. Whedon. Dated 11/14/1881.

Letter to nephew, 01/13/1868

January 13 1868 letter from Daniel A. Whedon to nephew.

Letter to nephew, 12/11/1868

Letter from Daniel Whedon to nephew, Daneil Avery Whedon. Dated December 11 1868.