火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互作用对草原土壤净氮矿化的影响

我国北方温带草原地处干旱半干旱区，是欧亚大陆草原生物区系的重要组成部分，也是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地。土壤氮素作为陆地植物生长和生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子之一，了解其矿化和可利用性对各种人为干扰因素的响应，有助于我们充分认识草地退化机理，维持草场生产力并进一步促进畜牧业的可持续发展，为草地恢复、重建和维护提供理论依据。本实验在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的多年围封退化样地，分别实施了火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互作用的人为干扰处理，利用原状土野外培养的方法，在两年时间中，研究不同的人为干扰因素（火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互处理）对土壤净氮矿化作用的影响。 火烧显著影响草原的氮循环过程，季节和年际的气候变化参与调节氮循环对火烧处理的响应。多年围封后的初次人工火烧处理显著降低了第一个生长季（2006 年生长季）和其后冬季的土壤净氮矿化速率，但是，火烧处理仅在冬季对土壤无机氮含量产生显著降低作用；2007 年生长季，火烧处理对土壤净氮矿化速率和土壤无机氮含量没有显著作用，但是在个别月份，不同的火烧频率对土壤净氮矿化速率和无机氮含量的影响表现出差异。2006 年生长季，未火烧样地和火烧样地净氮矿化积累量分别为3.07±0.26 g N m-2 和2.18±0.21 g N m-2；冬季，未火烧样地和火烧样地净氮矿化积累量分别为1.18±0.25 g N m-2 和0.51±0.08 g N m-2；2007 年生长季，未火烧样地（BC）、每年火烧样地（B1）和两年一烧样地（B2）净氮矿化积累量分别为1.32±0.21 g N m-2、0.54±0.30 g N m-2 和 0.77±0.24 g N m-2。较为湿润的2006 年生长季的净氮矿化积累量显著高于较为干旱的2007 年生长季，冬季也存在相当丰富的净氮矿化积累量。我们推论，长时间围封后的单次火烧处理对土壤净氮矿化作用的影响可能是短效的，但是年际间气候变化对土壤净氮矿化作用影响显著。 施肥显著提高了土壤的无机氮含量，并且与施肥梯度呈显著正相关关系。施肥对土壤无机氮含量的影响具有累加效应，第一次施肥和第二次施肥后的首次取样，+N5.25 、+N17.5 、+N28.0 三个施肥梯度的样地土壤无机氮含量比未施肥样地分别高出56%、219%、1054%和514%、891%、1811%。施肥处理在2006 年和2007 年对土壤净氮矿化作用都没有显著影响，仅在2007 年的个别月份有一定效果。以上结果说明，无机氮肥的添加可以明显提高土壤中无机氮的含量，满足植物生长的需求，但对于土壤氮转化过程的影响可能还要受其它环境和生物因子的制约。 刈割对土壤无机氮含量和净硝化速率没有显著作用，对土壤净氮矿化速率仅在个别月份表现显著效果。2007 年生长季，未刈割样地和刈割样地净氮矿化积累量分别为1.32±0.21 g N m-2 和1.08±0.35 g N m-2，不存在显著差异。我们推论，长期围封后的单次刈割处理在短期内对生长季的土壤氮动态仅有微弱影响，并且这种效果还可能受水分因素的制约。 火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理在2007 年生长季对土壤无机氮含量产生显著作用，但是，对土壤净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率没有显著效果，然而，在不同的取样时间，火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理对土壤无机氮含量、净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率的影响存在显著差异，说明火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理对土壤无机氮和净氮矿化作用的影响可能受各种环境因子的制约，尤其是在水分相对缺乏的半干旱内蒙古草原，非生物因子和生物因子可能共同影响着土壤中的氮平衡。 本研究初步分析了长期围封后火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互处理对土壤净氮矿化的影响，初步探究了人为干扰和环境气候变化对土壤可利用性氮的调节作用，为科学地进行禁牧、割草、人工养份添加等草原管理提供了数据支持。

外源ABA对玉米幼苗光抑制的调节

玉米幼苗经外源脱落酸(ABA)处理后，其生长与光合作用，如株高、干物质积累、净光合速率(Pn)、光合作用的量子效率(фC02)和羧化效率(CE)，以及光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率(фPSII)等受到抑制，且该抑制程度与处理ABA的浓度呈相关性。PSII最大光化学活性(Fv/Fm)变化表明，以10和25μmol L-I ABA处理玉米幼苗7天，可明显提高其抗光抑制能力，而50μmol L-1ABA处理的玉米幼苗在相同条件下的抗光抑制能力下降。进一步以25μmol L-lABA处理玉米幼苗来研究，结果表明ABA处理可减缓强光下玉米叶片Pn、CE、фPS II和叶片吸收光能光化学猝灭(qP)的下降，同时增强叶片吸收光能的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)。另外，叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭的中间组分(qm)增强，光抑制后Fv/Fm的恢复能力提高，这表明ABA处理高提高了强光下玉米幼苗的光系统状态转换能力和Psn循环修复作用。除此之外，ABA处理后玉米幼苗的叶黄素循环类色素，如紫黄质(V)、环氧玉米黄质(A)和玉米黄质(Z)的含量增加，叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)增大，说明依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散在ABA处理玉米幼苗中得到加强。另外，ABA处理幼苗在强光下保持较高фPsII／Pn活性，以及叶片抗氧化酶活性提高，如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)，抗氧化物含量增加，如抗坏血酸(AsA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSH)，这说明ABA诱导Mehler-peroxidase反应的增强在提高玉米幼苗抗光抑制能力中也发挥重要作用。 玉米叶片光系统I和光系统II在相同强度(300μmolm-2 S-l)的红光（655nm）和远红光（700-770 nm）共同照射下，光系统I(PSI)和光系统II(PSII)吸收光能基本平衡，叶片光合作用处于状态1，此时Psn保持较高的光适应下最大荧光( Fml)。关闭远红光，使叶片只处在红光照射下，则会引起光下PSII最大荧光( Frri2)的降低。关闭远红光约20nun后，光下下降的Psn最大荧光基本达到稳定，叶片光合作用处于状态2。这种在状态l向状态2的转换过程中所发生的PSII最大荧光下降不受DTT（叶黄素循环抑制剂）的影响，且整个过程中PsII最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm)保持不变，而光下PSII初始荧光(F0')在前20min内迅速降低。另外，在PSII吸收的红光照射下，玉米叶片吸收光向PSII分配的量(B)不断减少，与此同时，吸收光能向PSI分配的量(a)不断增多。ABA预处理玉米幼苗7天，可进一步加强红光下PSII最大荧光(Fm2)的降低，使荧光参数Fm1/Fm2—1增大，而使β／α-1降低。另外，ABA处理较对照幼苗在红光下呈现更高的荧光非光化学猝灭中间组分(qm)。在引入叶绿体蛋白激酶抑制剂NEM的情况下，ABA处理与对照玉米叶片在红光下所表现的qm差异则消失。从状态1向状态2的转换过程中，ABA处理引起玉米叶片77K低温荧光F684/F732的下降幅度显著加大。以上结果说明ABA处理可提高玉米幼苗光合作用的状态转换能力。 用的25μmol L-l ABA对玉米幼苗进行长时间（根系浇灌7天，LT）和短时间（实验前一天晚上叶面喷施1次，ST）处理，研究叶片C02同化、PsII化学活性，以及叶黄素循环的变化。结果表明在非光抑制状态下，LT与ST对玉米叶片光化学活性( Fv/Fm)及叶片羧化效率(CE)没有明显影响，但二者都引起叶片净光合速率(Pn)与气孔导度(Gs)下降。LT处理增大玉米叶片叶黄素循环库，而ST处理对该库大小没有影响。1500μmol m-2 s-1强光可明显引起玉米幼苗叶片Fv/Fm降低，但与对照幼苗相比，LT处理能显著减缓Fv/Fm降低。经60min强光照射后，ST与对照在Fv/Fm、фPS II、Pn和CE等参数上没有明显差异，但这些参数在LT处理的玉米幼苗中仍保持较高水平。LT处理幼苗叶黄素循环类色素含量及非光化学荧光猝灭(NPQ)都显著高于对照，膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量比对照低。而ST处理与对照在叶黄素循环类色素含量、NPQ和MDA含量等方面没有明显差异。以上结果说明ST处理对玉米幼苗光抑制没有明显影响，而LT处理可增强玉米幼苗抗光抑制能力，这可能与ABA处理使玉米幼苗在强光下维持较高的C02同化作用，以及其诱导叶片叶黄素循环增大有关。

Defect and disorder reduction by annealing in hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon

Hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:H) is a form of diamond-like carbon with a high sp3 content (>60%), grown here using a plasma beam source. Information on the behaviour of hydrogen upon annealing is obtained from effusion measurements, which show that hydrogen does not effuse significantly at temperatures less than 500 °C in films grown using methane and 700 °C in films grown using acetylene. Raman measurements show no significant structural changes at temperatures up to 300 °C. At higher temperatures, corresponding to the onset of effusion, the Raman spectra show a clustering of the sp2 phase. The density of states of ta-C:H is directly measured using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy. The measured gradients of the conduction and valence band tails increase up to 300 °C, confirming the occurrence of band tail sharpening. Examination of the photoluminescence background in the Raman spectra shows an increase in photoluminescence intensity with decreasing defect density, providing evidence that paramagnetic defects are the dominant non-radiative recombination centres in ta-C:H.

一种海藻倍半萜类化合物及其制备方法

本发明涉及海洋天然产物领域，具体地说是一种海藻倍半萜类化合物及其制备方法。具体结构式如（I）所示，其制备方法为将海洋褐藻叉开网翼藻经海水冲洗干净、除去表面附着的沙砾及杂藻，阴干、粉碎后浸取、溶剂分配和反复的层析分离，得到单体化合物。发明通过海洋褐藻叉开网翼藻经提取、分离获得的倍半萜类天然化合物，属于新的小分子天然有机化合物，容易制备获得。

Duty cycle and modelling considerations in three-phase induction motor drives for washing machines

Three-phase induction motors offer significant advantages over commutator motors in some domestic appliances. Models for wide speed range three-phase induction motors for use in a horizontal axis washing machine have been developed using the MEGA finite element package with an external formulation for calculating iron losses. Motor loss predictions have been verified using a novel high accuracy calorimeter. Good agreement has been observed over a wide speed range at different loadings. The model is used to predict motor temperature rise under typical washing machine loading conditions to ensure its limiting temperature is not exceeded and enables alternative designs to be investigated without recourse to physical prototypes. © 2005 IEEE.

Diversification strategies in emerging industries: A supply network perspective

The sustainable translation of scientific and technical innovation into global products and services is key to capturing value from emerging industries. For industrial practitioners, choosing the appropriate entry mode into these industries will often determine their level of success in sharing in this value capture. © 2011 IEEE.

Temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton with emphasis on Skeletonema costatum in the Mathamuhuri river – estuary (Chakaria mangrove ecosystem), Bangladesh

A total of 91 species under 44 genera were identified among the phytoplankton community during the course of one year's investigation between May 1982 and April 1983. Bacillariophyta was the most dominant group with 72 specie, Chlorophyta 11 spp, Cyanophyta 6 spp and Pyrrophyta was represented by 2 species. The yearly percentage composition of 4 groups of phytoplankton in order of abundance were Bacillariophyta 50.77%, Cyanophyta 47.70%, Chlorophyta 1.5% and Pyrrophyta 0.02%. The highest densities of phytoplankton were recorded in monsoon months (June-July) with a peak in July (31550 cells/l) and the minimum in February (770 cells/1). Higher concentration of phytoplankton was recorded at station 2, nearer to the Chakaria Sundarbans (mangroves), but abundance of phytoplankton showed no significant difference in the two stations (Mann Whitney U test, P=0.64, Z=-0.642, U=64). Phytoplankton population in this area were positively correlated with rainfall (r=0.655, P=<0.5, df.22) and water temperature (r=0.523, P=<0.05). Skeletonema costatum was the dominant member of phytoplankton and occupied 35.23% of the annual population and occurred throughout the period of study except in September and January. Its abundance was recorded during the monsoon months (April- July) with a maximum density (24185 cells/l) in July. No significant correlation was found between abundance of S. costatum and the hydro-meteorological parameters recorded in the Chakaria mangrove area.

Evaluation of indigenous molluscicides in water against schistosomiasis vectors

Seven varieties of indigenous Phytolacca dodecwulra L'Herrit (Phytolaccaceae) were field-tried for molluscicidal potency. Varieties (U96) and (U95) collected from Kabarole and Kabale respectively were the most potent with LD90 equal to 2.54 and 6.46 mg.t-· respectively. Water bodies ranging between 4,770 and 347,510 Iitres in Kibimba rice fields were treated with up to 50mg.t-· Snails kills were monitored every three months and 92 - 100% mortality rates were realized. HPLC fingerprints revealed the two P. dodecandra varieties to contain highest concentration of the active principle, oleanoglycotoxin- A or lemmatoxin - A.

Automated sparse 3D point cloud generation of infrastructure using its distinctive visual features

The commercial far-range (>10 m) spatial data collection methods for acquiring infrastructure’s geometric data are not completely automated because of the necessary manual pre- and/or post-processing work. The required amount of human intervention and, in some cases, the high equipment costs associated with these methods impede their adoption by the majority of infrastructure mapping activities. This paper presents an automated stereo vision-based method, as an alternative and inexpensive solution, to producing a sparse Euclidean 3D point cloud of an infrastructure scene utilizing two video streams captured by a set of two calibrated cameras. In this process SURF features are automatically detected and matched between each pair of stereo video frames. 3D coordinates of the matched feature points are then calculated via triangulation. The detected SURF features in two successive video frames are automatically matched and the RANSAC algorithm is used to discard mismatches. The quaternion motion estimation method is then used along with bundle adjustment optimization to register successive point clouds. The method was tested on a database of infrastructure stereo video streams. The validity and statistical significance of the results were evaluated by comparing the spatial distance of randomly selected feature points with their corresponding tape measurements.

三峡水库初次蓄水后干流库区桡足类的纵向分布与季节变化

作为大型水利工程,三峡水库于2003年6月开始蓄水,蓄水后库区水环境发生了变化。为了了解三峡水库水生态系统的演替规律,同时为环境保护、渔业资源开发利用以及水环境管理提供理论基础,我们对三峡水库第一阶段蓄水后桡足类的季节变化和空间分布进行了周年季节性研究。在三峡库区江津至茅坪的10个断面共采集到8种桡足类,其中哲水蚤目2种、猛水蚤目1种、剑水蚤目5种,北碚中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops pehpeiensis)、广布中剑水蚤(M.leuckarti)和汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)分

苯丙胺对铜绿微囊藻的生物效应研究

研究了不同浓度苯丙胺在不同条件下对铜绿微囊藻的生长及毒性效应。结果表明 ,低浓度苯丙胺在弱碱性条件下促进铜绿微囊藻的生长 ;高浓度的苯丙胺则抑制其生长。苯丙胺对铜绿微囊藻 2 4、48、72、96h的EC50 值分别为 2 4 .52、1 6 .51、1 0 .76、9.60mg/L ,且其毒性随时间的延长而增加

生活污水对稀有鮈鲫的毒性效应研究

利用稀有鲫个体小、性成熟时间短、在实验室控制条件下容易饲养等特点 ,将其作为一种毒性实验材料 ,从形态学和组织学水平对生活污水可能产生的毒性效应进行了初步研究。研究结果表明 ,在早期生命阶段 ,高浓度的生活污水对稀有鲫有急性毒性效应。受排污口污水暴露的稀有鲫鱼卵根本无法孵化 ;对处于性腺发育期稀有鲫的暴露则引起肝脏细胞水平上的毒性效应 ,且随污水浓度的增高 ,对鱼体性发育的阻碍效应也越强 ,而整个生命期即使仅暴露于低浓度的生活污水中 ,其个体发育和性发育也均受到影响 ,肝细胞也表现出强烈的毒性效应