Regimes of spray formation in gas-centered swirl coaxial atomizers

Spray formation in ambient atmosphere from gas-centered swirl coaxial atomizers is described by carrying out experiments in a spray test facility. The atomizer discharges a circular air jet and an axisymmetric swirling water sheet from its coaxially arranged inner and outer orifices. A high-speed digital imaging system along with a backlight illumination arrangement is employed to record the details of liquid sheet breakup and spray development. Spray regimes exhibiting different sheet breakup mechanisms are identified and their characteristic features presented. The identified spray regimes are wave-assisted sheet breakup, perforated sheet breakup, segmented sheet breakup, and pulsation spray regime. In the regime of wave-assisted sheet breakup, the sheet breakup shows features similar to the breakup of two-dimensional planar air-blasted liquid sheets. At high air-to-liquid momentum ratios, the interaction process between the axisymmetric swirling liquid sheet and the circular air jet develops spray processes which are more specific to the atomizer studied here. The spray exhibits a periodic ejection of liquid masses whose features are dominantly controlled by the central air jet.

Synthesis and an Evaluation of Molecular Conformation and Crystal Packing in Two Substituted 4-Phenylquinolines

The title compounds, namely Methyl 2-methyl-4 -phenylquinoline-3-carboxylate (I), C18H15NO2, and (2E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-methyl-4 -phenylquinolin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (II), C27H23NO3, comprising of the phenyl ring, exhibit differences in conformational behaviour with respect to the plane of the quinoline fragment. (I) contains the methyl ester moiety whereas (II) contains the chalcone fragment, consisting of a double bond and phenyl group containing dimethoxy groups as substituents. The dihedral angles between the phenyl group and the quinoline ring is 82.77 (7)A degrees in (I), and 79.02 (8)A degrees in (II) respectively. It is the weak C-H center dot center dot center dot O=C H-bond and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions which dictate packing of molecules in (I). In (II), it is C-H center dot center dot center dot N and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi, involving the dimethoxy ring, which controls packing of molecules in the crystal lattice. In addition, pi center dot center dot center dot pi aromatic stacking interactions involving the quinoline fragment is present in all the molecules. The title compounds, namely methyl-2-methyl-4 -phenylquinoline-3-carboxylate (I), C18H15NO2, and (2E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-methyl-4 -phenylquinolin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (II), C27H23NO3, comprising of the phenyl ring, exhibit differences in conformational behaviour with respect to the plane of the quinoline fragment. (I) contains the methyl ester moiety whereas (III) contains the chalcone fragment, consisting of a double bond and phenyl group containing dimethoxy groups as substituents. The dihedral angles between the phenyl group and the quinoline ring is 82.77 (7)A degrees in (I), and 79.02 (8)A degrees in (II) respectively. It is the weak C-H center dot center dot center dot O=C H-bond and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions which dictate packing of molecules in (I). In (II), it is C-H center dot center dot center dot N and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi, involving the dimethoxy ring, which controls packing of molecules in the crystal lattice. In addition, pi center dot center dot center dot pi aromatic stacking interactions involving the quinoline fragment is present in all the molecules.

Scaling Analysis of Solidification of Liquid Aluminum Alloy Flowing on Cooling Slope

Among all methods of metal alloy slurry preparation, the cooling slope method is the simplest in terms of design and process control. The method involves pouring of the melt from top, down an oblique and channel shaped plate cooled from bottom by counter flowing water. The melt, while flowing down, partially solidifies and forms columnar dendrites on plate wall. These dendrites are broken into equiaxed grains and are washed away with melt. The melt, together with the equiaxed grains, forms semisolid slurry collected at the slope exit and cast into billets having non-dendritic microstructure. The final microstructure depends on several process parameters such as slope angle, slope length, pouring superheat, and cooling rate. The present work involves scaling analysis of conservation equations of momentum, energy and species for the melt flow down a cooling slope. The main purpose of the scaling analysis is to obtain a physical insight into the role and relative importance of each parameter in influencing the final microstructure. For assessing the scaling analysis, the trends predicted by scaling are compared against corresponding numerical results using an enthalpy based solidification model with incorporation of solid phase movement.

Common Ground Method of Current Injection in Electrical Impedance Tomography

Surface electrodes are essentially required to be switched for boundary data collection in electrical impedance tomography (Ell). Parallel digital data bits are required to operate the multiplexers used, generally, for electrode switching in ELT. More the electrodes in an EIT system more the digital data bits are needed. For a sixteen electrode system. 16 parallel digital data bits are required to operate the multiplexers in opposite or neighbouring current injection method. In this paper a common ground current injection is proposed for EIT and the resistivity imaging is studied. Common ground method needs only two analog multiplexers each of which need only 4 digital data bits and hence only 8 digital bits are required to switch the 16 surface electrodes. Results show that the USB based data acquisition system sequentially generate digital data required for multiplexers operating in common ground current injection method. The profile of the boundary data collected from practical phantom show that the multiplexers are operating in the required sequence in common ground current injection protocol. The voltage peaks obtained for all the inhomogeneity configurations are found at the accurate positions in the boundary data matrix which proved the sequential operation of multiplexers. Resistivity images reconstructed from the boundary data collected from the practical phantom with different configurations also show that the entire digital data generation module is functioning properly. Reconstructed images and their image parameters proved that the boundary data are successfully acquired by the DAQ system which in turn indicates a sequential and proper operation of multiplexers.

Assay development for identifying inhibitors of the mycobacterial FadD32 activity

FadD32, a fatty acyl-AMP ligase (FAAL32) involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, major and specific lipid components of the mycobacterial cell envelope, is essential for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The protein catalyzes the conversion of fatty acid to acyl-adenylate (acyl-AMP) in the presence of adenosine triphosphate and is conserved in all the mycobacterial species sequenced so far, thus representing a promising target for the development of novel antituberculous drugs. Here, we describe the optimization of the protein purification procedure and the development of a high-throughput screening assay for FadD32 activity. This spectrophotometric assay measuring the release of inorganic phosphate was optimized using the Mycobacterium smegmatis FadD32 as a surrogate enzyme. We describe the use of Tm (melting temperature) shift assay, which measures the modulation of FadD32 thermal stability, as a tool for the identification of potential ligands and for validation of compounds as inhibitors. Screening of a selected library of compounds led to the identification of five novel classes of inhibitors.

Effect of zinc substitution on the nanocobalt ferrite powders for nanoelectronic devices

Zinc substituted cobalt ferrite powders {Co(1-x)ZnxFe2O4} (0.0 <= x <= 0.5) were prepared by the solution combustion method. The structural, morphological, magnetic and electrical properties of as synthesized samples were studied. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns reveals single phase, cubic spinel structure with space group No. Fd (3) over barm (227). As zinc concentration increases, the lattice constant increases and the crystallite size decreases. The minimum crystallite size of similar to 12 nm was observed for x = 0.5 composition. The synthesized ferrite compounds show ferrimagnetic behavior, with coercivity value of 10779 Oe (Hard ferrite) at 20 K and 1298 Oe (soft ferrite) at room temperature (RT). The maximum saturation magnetization recorded for the Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 composition was 99.78 emu g(-1) and 63.83 emu g(-1) at 20 K and RT respectively. The dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant, loss tangent and AC conductivity were determined as a function of frequency at RT. The magnetic and dielectric properties of the samples illustrates that the materials were quite useful for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hydrothermal synthesis of Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphors: Effect of surfactant on structural and luminescence properties

Various morphologies of Eu3+ activated gadolinium oxide have been prepared by hydrothermal method using hexadecylamine (HDA) as surfactant at different experimental conditions. The powder X-ray diffraction studies reveal as-formed product is hexagonal Gd(OH)(3):Eu3+ phase and subsequent heat treatment at 350 and 600 degrees C transforms to monoclinic GdOOH:Eu3+ and cubic Gd2O3:Eu3+ phases respectively. SEM pictures of without surfactant show irregular shaped rods along with flakes. However, in the presence of HDA surfactant, the particles are converted into rods of various sizes. The temperature dependent morphological evolution of Gd2O3:Eu3+ without and with HDA surfactant is studied. TEM micrographs of Gd(OH)(3):Eu3+ sample with HDA confirms smooth nanorods with various diameters in the range 20-100 nm. FTIR studies reveal that HDA surfactant plays an important role in conversion of cubic to hexagonal phases. Among these three phases, cubic phase Gd2O3:Eu3+ (lambda(ex) = 254 nm) show red emission at 612 nm corresponding to D-5(0)-> F-7(2) and is more efficient host than the monoclinic counterpart. The band gap for hexagonal Gd(OH)(3):Eu3+ is more when compared to monoclinic GdOOH:Eu3+ and cubic Gd2O3:Eu3+. (C) 2013 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Performance enhancement of online handwritten Tamil symbol recognition with reevaluation techniques

In this article, we aim at reducing the error rate of the online Tamil symbol recognition system by employing multiple experts to reevaluate certain decisions of the primary support vector machine classifier. Motivated by the relatively high percentage of occurrence of base consonants in the script, a reevaluation technique has been proposed to correct any ambiguities arising in the base consonants. Secondly, a dynamic time-warping method is proposed to automatically extract the discriminative regions for each set of confused characters. Class-specific features derived from these regions aid in reducing the degree of confusion. Thirdly, statistics of specific features are proposed for resolving any confusions in vowel modifiers. The reevaluation approaches are tested on two databases (a) the isolated Tamil symbols in the IWFHR test set, and (b) the symbols segmented from a set of 10,000 Tamil words. The recognition rate of the isolated test symbols of the IWFHR database improves by 1.9 %. For the word database, the incorporation of the reevaluation step improves the symbol recognition rate by 3.5 % (from 88.4 to 91.9 %). This, in turn, boosts the word recognition rate by 11.9 % (from 65.0 to 76.9 %). The reduction in the word error rate has been achieved using a generic approach, without the incorporation of language models.

Room temperature ferromagnetism and white light emissive CdS:Cr nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method

Undoped and Cr (3% and 5%) doped CdS nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanocrystalline particles are characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Raman spectroscopy. XRD studies indicate that Cr doping in host CdS result a structural change from Cubic phase to mixed (cubic + hexagonal) phase. Due to quantum confinement effect, widening of the band gap is observed for undoped and Cr doped CdS nanoparticles compared to bulk CdS. The average particle size calculated from band gap values is in good agreement with the TEM study calculation and it is around 4-5 nm. A strong violet emission band consisting of two emission peaks is observed for undoped CdS nanoparticles, whereas for CdS:Cr nanoparticles, a broad emission band ranging from 420 nm to 730 nm with a maximum at similar to 587 nm is observed. The broad emission band is due to the overlapped emissions from variety of defects. EPR spectra of CdS:Cr samples reveal resonance signal at g = 2.143 corresponding to interacting Cr3+ ions. VSM studies indicate that the diamagnetic CdS nanoparticles are transform to ferromagnetic for 3% Cr3+ doping and the ferromagnetic nature is diminished with increasing the doping concentration to 5%. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Manejo de la fertilización orgánica e inorgánica en el cultivo del café (Coffea arabica L.), en dos años consecutivos (1998/1999)

En la finca La Cabaña, ubicada en el km 247.5, carretera Panamericana, comarca Los Planes perteneciente al Municipio de Dipilto, en el departamento de Nueva Segovia, se estableció el presente trabajo, en Enero de 1998 hasta Marzo del 2000. Teniendo como objetivo determinar el efecto de la fertilización mezcla física y mezcla química para la fertilización del cafeto (Coffea arabica L.). El diseño utilizado fue de Bloques completos al azar (BCA) formado por siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones con doce plantas por parcela experimental. Durante el año 1998 se tomaron las siguientes variables: Altura (cm), número de bandolas productivas, número de bandolas con ramas secundarias y longitud de bandolas (cm). En el año 1999 al experimento se agregaron otras variables con el objetivo de consolidar los resultados, estos fueron: Número de bandolas no productivas, número de hojas por bandola y componentes de rendimiento; número de frutos en un kilogramo de cereza, peso de café pergamino seco (g), peso de café oro (g), porcentaje de granos vanos, peso de 1000 frutos cereza (kg) y peso de 1000 granos oro (g), todas estas variables solamente se evaluaron en el ciclo productivo 1999/2000. El análisis estadístico realizado para cada una de las variables fue Análisis de Varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias por rango múltiples de Duncan al 5% de margen de error, donde no se encontró influencias significativas de la fertilización sobre estas variables. Las fertilizaciones realizadas tuvieron influencia en el número de hojas por bandolas, peso de 1000 frutos cereza y peso de 1000 granos oro. En el ciclo 1998/1999 DO se expresaron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento presentando la fertilización mezcla física el mayor rendimiento con 1 587.67 kg/ha, en el ciclo 1999/2000 sí se observaron diferencias significativas entre las fertilizaciones evaluadas, obteniendo la mezcla física más orgánica el mayor rendimiento con 1 824 kg/ha. Los análisis económicos reflejaron que la fertilización mezcla física se obtiene los mayores ingresos en el ciclo 1999/2000 con US$ 2.56 dólares por cada dólar invertido.

Caracterización del fotoperiodismo y agromorfología de catorce variedades de sorgo millon (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) en tres épocas de siembra en CNIA, Managua

Este trabajo tiene los objetivos de determinar la mejor fecha de siembra de los sorgos fotosensibles a travez de caracteristicas morfologicas, fisiologicas y de rendimiento; evaluar el comportamiemto de las variedades de sorgo millon según la fecha de siembra; y determinar el rendimiento de grano y biomasa en las tres fechas de siembra. Se desarrollo en el Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuaria en el periodo comprendido de mayo 2003 a enero 2004. El diseño experimental fue parcelas divididas con 4 repeticiones,colocando en la parcela grande las tres fechas de siembra y en la parcela pequeña las variedades de srgo millon. A los resultados de las variables se aplico un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separacion de medias de Tukey con ∝= 0.05 respectivamente. Los resutados reflejan que para el factor fecha de siembra (FS) se encontró diferencias estadísticas significativas en las variables morfológicas evaluadas (ahijamiento, número de hojas, altura de planta, longitud de panoja), a excepción de la variable excerción de panoja que no fue afectada por la fecha de siembra. La III FS (2 septiembre) presentó el mayor ahijamiento y longitud de panoja con un valor de 1.64 hijos/planta y 26.93 cm, respectivamente: La I FS (30 de mayo) presentó el mayor número de hoja final con valor de 38.20 hojas. La mayor altura de planta se presentó en la II FS (4 de julio) con valor de 471cm. Las variables de características fisiológicas (Fecha despliegue de hoja bandera, Fecha a 50 % floración) fueron afectadas por el factor FS. La II FS (4 de julio). El Despliegue de hoja bandera y floración más precoz presentándose el 9 y 17 noviembre, respectivamente. Las variables de rendimiento afectadas por el factor fecha de siembra fueron únicamente peso de mil granos, peso de guate y rendimiento de guate. En la II FS se presentó el mayor peso de 1000 granos, peso de guate y rendimiento de guate con valores de 28 g, 2867.6 g y 30,587.4 kg/ha, respectivamente. Las variables daños por Contharina sorghicola y senescencia foliar presentaron diferencias numéricas según análisis descriptivo. En la III FS (2 septiembre) se presentó el mayor daño causado por Contharina sorghicola con 55.71 % y el menor daño se presentó en la II fecha de siembra con 21.72 %: En III FS se presentó una menor senescencia foliar al contrario la I FS (30 de mayo) que presentó mayor senescencia. Para el factor variedad las variables morfológicas fueron afectadas significativamente. El mayor ahijamiento se presentó en la variedad 2 con valor de 3.55 hijos/planta. La variedad 12 presentó el mayor número de hojas con valor de 40 hojas/planta. La variedad 13 presentó una mayor altura y longitud de panoja con valores de 541.8 cm y 39.25 cm, respectivamente. En la variedad3 se presentó una mayor.con un valor de 9 cm. En las variables de fisiología las afectadas significativamente por el factor variedad. La variedad 5 fue la más tardía en florecer y en desplegar hoja bandera, al contrario las variedades africanas 14 y 12 que presentaron una floración y un despliegue bandera más precoz.Las variedades millón de Nicaragua altamente fotoperiódicas (Kp = 1) entre la fecha de siembra de mayo y julio, al contrario las variedades africanas 5 y G1581 son menos fotoperiódicas (Kp<1). Entre la fecha de siembra mayo y septiembre las variedades millón estopa negra. Las variables de rendimiento fueron afectadas por el factor variedad. El mayor peso de grano, de mil granos y rendimiento se presentó en la variedad 14 con valores de 650.3 g, 53.75g y 3,468 kg/ha, respectivamente. La variedad 5 presentó el menor peso y rendimiento de materia seca con 4,450g y 47,467 kg/ha. Las variedades que presentaron vigor excelente fueron la 9 (escala 1), 6 que presentó buen vigor (escala 2). La variedad que no fue afectada por la mosquita Contharina sorghicola, así como las variedades africanas únicamente.

Evaluación de cinco cepas de Bradyrhizobium japonicum en el rendimiento del cultivo de soya (Glycine max L. vr. "Cristalina" e "IAC-8")

Se utilizó un diseño en parcelas Divididas con arreglos en Bloques Completos al Azar en cuatro repeticiones; las parcelas grandes corresponden a la variedades y las sub- parcelas las constituían las cepas “29 W2 “SEMIA 587”, “FA 3, “US “, “USDA 110 “ y un testigo no tratado se encontró que la cepa “FA-3 mostro mayor efectividad e infectividad para las dos variedades, aunque no se encontró diferencias en los rendimientos este tratamiento presento un mayor incremento