Calibration and linearity verification of capacitance type cryo level indicators using cryogenically multiplexed diode array

In space application the precision level measurement of cryogenic liquids in the storage tanks is done using triple redundant capacitance level sensor, for control and safety point of view. The linearity of each sensor element depends upon the cylindricity and concentricity of the internal and external electrodes. The complexity of calibrating all sensors together has been addressed by two step calibration methodology which has been developed and used for the calibration of six capacitance sensors. All calibrations are done using Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) as a cryogenic fluid. In the first step of calibration, one of the elements of Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) level sensor is calibrated using 700mm eleven point discrete diode array. Four wire method has been used for the diode array. Thus a linearity curve for a single element of LH2 is obtained. In second step of calibration, using the equation thus obtained for the above sensor, it is considered as a reference for calibrating remaining elements of the same LH2 sensor and other level sensor (either Liquid Oxygen (LOX) or LH2). The elimination of stray capacitance for the capacitance level probes has been attempted. The automatic data logging of capacitance values through GPIB is done using LabVIEW 8.5.

Study of the Formation of Nano-Networks in Colloidal Particles

The authors studied the formation of a wafer-scale network of connected colloidal beads by reactive ion etching. The dimensions of the connections have been studied as a function of etching time for colloidal beads of different sizes, and could be well controlled. The authors have found that the nano-network forms and disappears for the same time of etching independent of the diameter of the polystyrene beads. With recent interest of connected colloidal networks in various optical sensing applications, such as photonic crystals, as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates, the studies have potential uses in the development of wafer-scale nanophotonic sensors.

Electronic energy transfer between long-range resonance states of 3-mercaptopropionic acid capped CdTe quantum dots in aqueous media

We demonstrate electronic energy transfer between resonance states of 2 and 2.8 nm CdTe quantum dots in aqueous media using steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy without using any external linker molecule. With increasing concentration of larger dots, there is subsequent quenching of luminescence in smaller dots accompanied by the enhancement of luminescence in larger dots. Our experimental evidence suggests that there is long-range resonance energy transfer among electronic excitations, specifically from the electronically confined states of the smaller dots to the higher excited states of the larger dots.

Improved design methodology for the development of electrically actuated MEMS structures

A comprehensive design flow is proposed for the design of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems that are fabricated using SOIMUMPs process. Many of the designers typically do not model the temperature dependency of electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and convection coefficient, as it is very cumbersome to create/incorporate the same in the existing FEM simulators. Capturing these dependencies is very critical particularly for structures that are electrically actuated. Lookup tables that capture the temperature dependency of electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and convection coefficient are created. These look up tables are taken as inputs for a commercially available FEM simulator to model the semiconductor behavior. It is demonstrated that when temperature dependency for all the above mentioned parameters is not captured, then the error in estimation of the maximum temperature (for a given structure) could be as high as 30%. Error in the estimated resistance value under the same conditions is as high as 40%. When temperature dependency of the above mentioned parameters is considered then error w.r.t the measured values is less than 5%. It is evident that error in temperature estimates leads to erroneous results from mechanical simulations as well.

On the issues of resolving a low melting combination as a definite eutectic or an elusive cocrystal: A critical evaluation

Cocrystals and eutectics are different yet related crystalline multi-component adducts with diverse applications in pharmaceutical and materials fields. Recently, they were shown to be alternate products of cocrystallization experiments. Whereas a cocrystal shows distinct diffraction, spectroscopic and thermal signatures as compared to parent components, the hallmark of a eutectic is its low melting nature. However, in certain cases, there can be a problem when one resorts to design a cocrystal and assess its formation vis-A -vis a eutectic. In the absence of a gold standard method to make a cocrystal, it is often difficult to judge how exhaustive should the cocrystallization trials be to ensure the accomplishment of a desired/putative cocrystal. Further, a cocrystal can manifest with intermolecular interactions and/or crystal structure similar to that of its parent compounds such that the conventional diffraction and spectroscopic techniques will be of little help to conclusively infer the formation of cocrystal in the lack of single crystals. Such situations combined with low melting behavior of a combination brings the complication of resolving the combination as a cocrystal or eutectic since now both the adducts share common features. Based on the curious case of Caffeine-Benzoic acid combination, this study aims to unfold the intricate issues related to the design, formation and characterization of cocrystals and eutectics for a way forward. The utility of heteronuclear seeding methodology in establishing a given combination as a cocrystal-forming one or a eutectic-forming one in four known systems is appraised.

结构动力模型修正方法研究进展

叙述了结构动力模型修正方法的一般原理及与其密切相关的模型缩聚和模态扩展方法,并且挑选其中具有代表性的文献,介绍和比较了3种主要的修正方法,即传统的动力模型修正方法,包括矩阵型修正方法和参数型修正方法,和最近兴起的基于神经网络的模型修正方法,重点分析了这些方法的优点和不足之处,力图能使读者对于这一研究领域的发展有一个脉络清晰的了解.最后,就目前研究中尚未解决的问题作了一些探讨.

Efecto de la aplicación de diferentes dosis de vermicompost en el cultivo del nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller), en la UNA, Managua, 2009

El presente trabajo se realizó en el área experimental de Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses (REGEN) de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, municipio de Managua, departamento de Managua, localizada en el km. 12.5 Carretera Norte, entre las coordenadas 12º 8 ́ 36 ̈ latitud Norte y 86º 09 ́ 49 ́ ́ longitud Oeste, con una altitud de 56 m.s.n.m. El propósito fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de diferentes dosis de vermicompost sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del nopal, para lo que se estableció un experimento en los meses de septiembre 2009 a enero 2010. El arreglo fue un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones y cuatro tratamientos, fertilizados con dosis de 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 y 1.25 kg por planta. Se evaluaron las variables: número, longitud, ancho de brotes y sobrevivencia. Las variables brotes a cosecha, brotes totales y rendimiento se evaluaron al momento de la cosecha. El área experimental fue de 64 m², correspondientes a 8 m de longitud y 8 m de ancho con una densidad poblacional de 20 000 plantas ha-1, de las cuales solamente 7 500 fueron evaluadas, correspondientes al total de las plantas consideradas como parcela útil. Los resultados obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias según Tukey, con un error de 5 %. Encontrándose que ninguno de los tratamientos presentaron significancia estadística. En número de brotes el T4 (1.25 kg.planta-1) obtuvo el mayor numero de brotes (17.37 brotes.planta -1) el menor número T1 (0.50 kg. planta-1) (12.41 brotes planta-1), la longitud de los brotes osciló entre 8.99 a 6.86 cm, el ancho de brotes obtuvo promedios de 4.55 a 3.37 cm. En brotes a cosecha el T3 (1.00 kg-1planta) obtuvo el mayor resultado (72 499 brotes.ha-1) y el menor (66 666 brotes ha-1) el T4 (1.25 kg.planta-1). El mayor rendimiento (6 825 kg ha-1) lo obtuvo el T1 (0.50 kg planta-1) y el menor rendimiento (4 050 kg.planta-1), el T4 (1.25 kg. planta-1). Se observó un porcentaje de sobrevivencia de 91.67 % del cultivo hasta los 120 días después de la siembra.

强引力场中活塞运动的球对称解

本文研究在强引力场中活塞的球对称匀速运动问题,对三种不同强度的引力场,用特征线法数值求解流体力学方程组,得出符合激波间断条件及稀疏波边界条件的解。文中详细地描述了活塞的运动图象、激波传播速度、活塞面上声速分布以及活塞扰动区流场,分析讨论了引力场对球对称活塞运动的影响。

分层流体中推广的Boussinesq方程和斜相互作用的孤立波

本文按Boussinesq浅水理论建立了适用于一种分层流体的基本方程——推广的Boussinesq方程,借此研究了两对斜交的孤立波的弱相互作用,给出了波形和最大波幅的二阶近似解,并指出,当两对孤立波传播方向夹角小于120°时,斜相互作用强于迎撞相互作用;当该角大于120°时,前者略弱于后者。