Teollisuuspuhaltimien runkorakenteiden ja siipipyörien suunnittelu

Tämä diplomityö tehtiin Voikkaalla Dust Control Systems Oy:lle. Työ on osa teollisuuspuhaltimien tuotekehitystä yrityksen olemassaolevan puhallinratkaisujen, sekä suunnitteluprosessin kautta. Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia puhaltimen toiminnasta aiheutuvan värähtelyn vaikutusta puhaltimen rakenteisiin nykyisillä puhallinmalleilla, sekä tutkia eri rakenneratkaisujen käyttöä yrityksen normaalista tuotelinjasta suuremmilla puhaltimilla. Työ toteutettiin kahden toteutuneen puhallinprojektin yhteydessä, joiden rakenteellisia ominaisuuksia pyrittiin arvioimaan normaalin suunnitteluprosessin ohella puhallinkomponenttien mitoituksen suhteen. Molemmat projektit olivat yrityksen mittakaavassa huomattavan suuria sekä suunnittelultaan haastavia, joten ne sopivat diplomityön toteutukseen hyvin. Suunnittelussa käytettiin FE-mallinnukseen Femap ja COMSOL-ohjelmistoja, sekä värähtelyn simulointiin yliopistolla kehitettyä RoBeDyn – laskentaohjelmaa. Työn aikana todettiin, että tarkempi FE-mallinnus yrityksen valmiista 3D-malleista on varsin hankala toteuttaa ja vaatisi mallien suunnittelun erityisesti lujuuslaskentaa varten. Laskennassa päädyttiin käyttämään yksinkertaistettuja malleja, joiden avulla saatiin johdonmukaisia arvioita puhaltimien toiminnasta eri materiaalivahvuuksilla. Käytännössä tuloksien oikeellisuutta päästään arvioimaan kesällä 2015 puhaltimien valmistuttua.

4D-aikataulutuksen mahdollisuudet voimalaitosprojekteissa

4D-aikataulutus yhdistää aikataulun ja 3D-mallin animaatioelokuvaksi, jossa projektin rakentuminen esitetään ajan funktiona. Tässä työssä on perehdytty 4D-aikataulutukseen voimalaitosprojektien kannalta. Lisäksi työssä on perehdytty projektijohtamiseen, ja sitä kautta aikataulun merkitykseen projekteille. Työn lopuksi on esitetty 4D-aikataulutuksen käyttöönottoa ja siinä huomioon otettavia seikkoja. 4D-aikataulutuksen avulla projektin asennussuunnittelua voidaan toteutusvaiheessa tehostaa, sillä 4D-aikataulutuksen avulla asennusten törmäysten tarkastelua voidaan tehdä hyvissä ajoin suunnitteluvaiheessa. Lisäksi vaihtoehtoisten asennusmallien tekeminen on mahdollista, ja niitä voidaan keskenäään vertailla. Projektit voivat 4D-aikataulutuksen avulla analysoida myös aikatauluviiveitä, sekä esittää vaihtoehtoisia toteutustapoja projektille. 4D-aikataulutus mahdollistaa myös projektivaiheiden jälkeisen käytön. Projektin jälkeen projektin suunnitteltua ja toteutunutta aikataulua voidaan analysoida keskenään ja siten saada toisiin projekteihin vertailukelpoista tietoa. Lisäksi seisokkitöiden suunnittelussa on 4D-aikataulun avulla mahdollista suunnitella töiden järjestäminen tehokkaasti sekä ottaa myös turvallisuusnäkökohdat huomioon.

Hakeperävaunun rungon esikorotuksen määritys

Hakeperävaunun rungon esikorotuksen suuruutta laskennallisesti ei ollut aiemmin määritet-ty Konepaja Antti Ranta Oy:ssä. Hakeperävaunun runko on valmistettu teräksestä. Tutki-muksessa luoduilla laskentamalleilla selvitettiin viisiakselisen hakeperävaunun rungon pys-tysuuntainen taipuma kuormitettuna. Tutkimus suoritettiin laskemalla hakeperävaunun pystysuuntainen siirtymä 42 tonnin ja 36 tonnin kokonaismassojen kuormituksilla hakeperävaunun rungon pituuden suhteen. Käsin-laskentamenetelmä on tässä tutkimuksessa englannin kieliseltä nimeltään conjugate beam method, suoraan käännettynä konjugaattipalkkimenetelmä. FE-analyysia sovellettiin kah-della eri laskentamallilla; käsinlaskentaa vertailevalla ja todellista hakeperävaunun runkoa vertailevilla FE-analyyseilla. Tutkimuksessa käytettyjen eri laskentatapojen tulokset vastasivat toisiaan sekä 42 tonnin että 36 tonnin kokonaismassojen kuormituksilla. Esikorotus määritettiin 42 tonnin koko-naismassalla kuormitetun todellista hakeperävaunun runkoa vastaavan 3D-mallin pysty-suuntaisesta taipumasta, josta luotiin esikorotettu hakeperävaunun rungon 3D-malli. Tutkimuksessa kehitettyjä laskentamalleja voidaan tulevaisuudessa käyttää yrityksen tuo-tekehityksessä. Esikorotuksella voidaan kompensoida pystysuuntaista taipumaa, jos esiko-rotuksesta ei ole haittaa itse rakenteelle.

Reconstruction tridimensionnelle pour projection sur surfaces arbitraires.

Ce mémoire s'inscrit dans le domaine de la vision par ordinateur. Elle s'intéresse à la calibration de systèmes de caméras stéréoscopiques, à la mise en correspondance caméra-projecteur, à la reconstruction 3D, à l'alignement photométrique de projecteurs, au maillage de nuages de points, ainsi qu'au paramétrage de surfaces. Réalisé dans le cadre du projet LightTwist du laboratoire Vision3D, elle vise à permettre la projection sur grandes surfaces arbitraires à l'aide de plusieurs projecteurs. Ce genre de projection est souvent utilisé en arts technologiques, en théâtre et en projection architecturale. Dans ce mémoire, on procède au calibrage des caméras, suivi d'une reconstruction 3D par morceaux basée sur une méthode active de mise en correspondance, la lumière non structurée. Après un alignement et un maillage automatisés, on dispose d'un modèle 3D complet de la surface de projection. Ce mémoire introduit ensuite une nouvelle approche pour le paramétrage de modèles 3D basée sur le calcul efficace de distances géodésiques sur des maillages. L'usager n'a qu'à délimiter manuellement le contour de la zone de projection sur le modèle. Le paramétrage final est calculé en utilisant les distances obtenues pour chaque point du modèle. Jusqu'à maintenant, les méthodes existante ne permettaient pas de paramétrer des modèles ayant plus d'un million de points.

Global Depth Perception from Familiar Scene Structure

In the absence of cues for absolute depth measurements as binocular disparity, motion, or defocus, the absolute distance between the observer and a scene cannot be measured. The interpretation of shading, edges and junctions may provide a 3D model of the scene but it will not inform about the actual "size" of the space. One possible source of information for absolute depth estimation is the image size of known objects. However, this is computationally complex due to the difficulty of the object recognition process. Here we propose a source of information for absolute depth estimation that does not rely on specific objects: we introduce a procedure for absolute depth estimation based on the recognition of the whole scene. The shape of the space of the scene and the structures present in the scene are strongly related to the scale of observation. We demonstrate that, by recognizing the properties of the structures present in the image, we can infer the scale of the scene, and therefore its absolute mean depth. We illustrate the interest in computing the mean depth of the scene with application to scene recognition and object detection.

Recovering Euclidean deformable models from stereo-motion

In this paper we present a novel structure from motion (SfM) approach able to infer 3D deformable models from uncalibrated stereo images. Using a stereo setup dramatically improves the 3D model estimation when the observed 3D shape is mostly deforming without undergoing strong rigid motion. Our approach first calibrates the stereo system automatically and then computes a single metric rigid structure for each frame. Afterwards, these 3D shapes are aligned to a reference view using a RANSAC method in order to compute the mean shape of the object and to select the subset of points on the object which have remained rigid throughout the sequence without deforming. The selected rigid points are then used to compute frame-wise shape registration and to extract the motion parameters robustly from frame to frame. Finally, all this information is used in a global optimization stage with bundle adjustment which allows to refine the frame-wise initial solution and also to recover the non-rigid 3D model. We show results on synthetic and real data that prove the performance of the proposed method even when there is no rigid motion in the original sequence

Colour image of the thorax and abdomen

This is an image taken from Anatomy tv, an interactive resource for teaching and learning in anatomy and physiology which the University Library subscribes to. This image may not be changed, but you may take a copy and present it with other materials and resources you are using so long as they are password protected for access by members of the University only. "All products and all images within the products are protected by copyright. The products and images can only be used for private educational purposes, unless a specific license is purchased for any other usage. For any commercial usage of the images, please contact Primal Pictures Limited. The products allow members of the University of Southampton to ‘copy and paste’ all of the text as well as the images in the 3D-model window and all of the slides. These can then be pasted into nearly any other word-processing or graphics program, including Powerpoint. These resources can be made available to members of the University of Southampton via a password-protected service. This again is designed solely as a service for private educational uses. Like any publisher, Primal Pictures protects itself against copyright infringement. Please do contact Debra Morris in the University Library before using these resources to ensure that conditions are respected. ©Primal Pictures Limited 2007

Human heart

A colour image of the human heart. This is an image taken from Anatomy tv, an interactive resource for teaching and learning in anatomy and physiology which the University Library subscribes to. This image may not be changed, but you may take a copy and present it with other materials and resources you are using so long as they are password protected for access by members of the University only. All products and all images within the products are protected by copyright. The products and images can only be used for private educational purposes, unless a specific license is purchased for any other usage. For any commercial usage of the images, please contact Primal Pictures Limited. The products allow members of the University of Southampton to ‘copy and paste’ all of the text as well as the images in the 3D-model window and all of the slides. These can then be pasted into nearly any other word-processing or graphics program, including Powerpoint. These resources can be made available to members of the University of Southampton via a password-protected service. This again is designed solely as a service for private educational uses. Like any publisher, Primal Pictures protects itself against copyright infringement. Please do contact Debra Morris in the University Library before using these resources to ensure that conditions are respected. ©Primal Pictures Limited 2007

An Integrated Traffic and Pedestrian Model_based Vision System

The paper describes a novel integrated vision system in which two autonomous visual modules are combined to interpret a dynamic scene. The first module employs a 3D model-based scheme to track rigid objects such as vehicles. The second module uses a 2D deformable model to track non-rigid objects such as people. The principal contribution is a novel method for handling occlusion between objects within the context of this hybrid tracking system. The practical aim of the work is to derive a scene description that is sufficiently rich to be used in a range of surveillance tasks. The paper describes each of the modules in outline before detailing the method of integration and the handling of occlusion in particular. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the performance of the system in a dynamic outdoor scene involving cars and people.

Modeling based on the structure of vicilins predicts a histidine cluster in the active site of oxalate oxidase

It is known that germin, which is a marker of the onset of growth in germinating wheat, is an oxalate oxidase, and also that germins possess sequence similarity with legumin and vicilin seed storage proteins. These two pieces of information have been combined in order to generate a 3D model of germin based on the structure of vicilin and to examine the model with regard to a potential oxalate oxidase active site. A cluster of three histidine residues has been located within the conserved beta-barrel structure. While there is a relatively low level of overall sequence similarity between the model and the vicilin structures, the conservation of amino acids important in maintaining the scaffold of the beta-barrel lends confidence to the juxtaposition of the histidine residues. The cluster is similar structurally to those found in copper amine oxidase and other proteins, leading to the suggestion that it defines a metal-binding location within the oxalate oxidase active site. It is also proposed that the structural elements involved in intermolecular interactions in vicilins may play a role in oligomer formation in germin/oxalate oxidase.

Towards a holistic modelling framework for embodied carbon and waste in the building lifecycle

As the building industry proceeds in the direction of low impact buildings, research attention is being drawn towards the reduction of carbon dioxide emission and waste. Starting from design and construction to operation and demolition, various building materials are used throughout the whole building lifecycle involving significant energy consumption and waste generation. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is emerging as a tool that can support holistic design-decision making for reducing embodied carbon and waste production in the building lifecycle. This study aims to establish a framework for assessing embodied carbon and waste underpinned by BIM technology. On the basis of current research review, the framework is considered to include functional modules for embodied carbon computation. There are a module for waste estimation, a knowledge-base of construction and demolition methods, a repository of building components information, and an inventory of construction materials’ energy and carbon. Through both static 3D model visualisation and dynamic modelling supported by the framework, embodied energy (carbon), waste and associated costs can be analysed in the boundary of cradle-to-gate, construction, operation, and demolition. The proposed holistic modelling framework provides a possibility to analyse embodied carbon and waste from different building lifecycle perspectives including associated costs. It brings together existing segmented embodied carbon and waste estimation into a unified model, so that interactions between various parameters through the different building lifecycle phases can be better understood. Thus, it can improve design-decision support for optimal low impact building development. The applicability of this framework is anticipated being developed and tested on industrial projects in the near future.

Experimental measurement and numerical simulation of horizontal-coupled slinky ground source heat exchangers

Results from both experimental measurements and 3D numerical simulations of Ground Source Heat Pump systems (GSHP) at a UK climate are presented. Experimental measurements of a horizontal-coupled slinky GSHP were undertaken in Talbot Cottage at Drayton St Leonard site, Oxfordshire, UK. The measured thermophysical properties of in situ soil were used in the CFD model. The thermal performance of slinky heat exchangers for the horizontal-coupled GSHP system for different coil diameters and slinky interval distances was investigated using a validated 3D model. Results from a two month period of monitoring the performance of the GSHP system showed that the COP decreased with the running time. The average COP of the horizontal-coupled GSHP was 2.5. The numerical prediction showed that there was no significant difference in the specific heat extraction of the slinky heat exchanger at different coil diameters. However, the larger the diameter of coil, the higher the heat extraction per meter length of soil. The specific heat extraction also increased, but the heat extraction per meter length of soil decreased with the increase of coil central interval distance.

Exploring the land–ocean contrast in convective vigor using islands

Moist convection is well known to be generally more intense over continental than maritime regions, with larger updraft velocities, graupel, and lightning production. This study explores the transition from maritime to continental convection by comparing the trends in Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) radar and microwave (37 and 85 GHz) observations over islands of increasing size to those simulated by a cloud-resolving model. The observed storms were essentially maritime over islands of <100 km2 and continental over islands >10 000 km2, with a gradual transition in between. Equivalent radar and microwave quantities were simulated from cloud-resolving runs of the Weather Research and Forecasting model via offline radiation codes. The model configuration was idealized, with islands represented by regions of uniform surface heat flux without orography, using a range of initial sounding conditions without strong horizontal winds or aerosols. Simulated storm strength varied with initial sounding, as expected, but also increased sharply with island size in a manner similar to observations. Stronger simulated storms were associated with higher concentrations of large hydrometeors. Although biases varied with different ice microphysical schemes, the trend was similar for all three schemes tested and was also seen in 2D and 3D model configurations. The successful reproduction of the trend with such idealized forcing supports previous suggestions that mesoscale variation in surface heating—rather than any difference in humidity, aerosol, or other aspects of the atmospheric state—is the main reason that convection is more intense over continents and large islands than over oceans. Some dynamical storm aspects, notably the peak rainfall and minimum surface pressure low, were more sensitive to surface forcing than to the atmospheric sounding or ice scheme. Large hydrometeor concentrations and simulated microwave and radar signatures, however, were at least as sensitive to initial humidity levels as to surface forcing and were more sensitive to the ice scheme. Issues with running the TRMM simulator on 2D simulations are discussed, but they appear to be less serious than sensitivities to model microphysics, which were similar in 2D and 3D. This supports the further use of 2D simulations to economically explore modeling uncertainties.

ATD: a multiplatform for semiautomatic 3-D detection of kidneys and their pathology in real time

This research presents a novel multi-functional system for medical Imaging-enabled Assistive Diagnosis (IAD). Although the IAD demonstrator has focused on abdominal images and supports the clinical diagnosis of kidneys using CT/MRI imaging, it can be adapted to work on image delineation, annotation and 3D real-size volumetric modelling of other organ structures such as the brain, spine, etc. The IAD provides advanced real-time 3D visualisation and measurements with fully automated functionalities as developed in two stages. In the first stage, via the clinically driven user interface, specialist clinicians use CT/MRI imaging datasets to accurately delineate and annotate the kidneys and their possible abnormalities, thus creating “3D Golden Standard Models”. Based on these models, in the second stage, clinical support staff i.e. medical technicians interactively define model-based rules and parameters for the integrated “Automatic Recognition Framework” to achieve results which are closest to that of the clinicians. These specific rules and parameters are stored in “Templates” and can later be used by any clinician to automatically identify organ structures i.e. kidneys and their possible abnormalities. The system also supports the transmission of these “Templates” to another expert for a second opinion. A 3D model of the body, the organs and their possible pathology with real metrics is also integrated. The automatic functionality was tested on eleven MRI datasets (comprising of 286 images) and the 3D models were validated by comparing them with the metrics from the corresponding “3D Golden Standard Models”. The system provides metrics for the evaluation of the results, in terms of Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Specificity and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) so as to enable benchmarking of its performance. The first IAD prototype has produced promising results as its performance accuracy based on the most widely deployed evaluation metric, DSC, yields 97% for the recognition of kidneys and 96% for their abnormalities; whilst across all the above evaluation metrics its performance ranges between 96% and 100%. Further development of the IAD system is in progress to extend and evaluate its clinical diagnostic support capability through development and integration of additional algorithms to offer fully computer-aided identification of other organs and their abnormalities based on CT/MRI/Ultra-sound Imaging.

Educational simulation in construction: the virtual construction simulator

Students in the architecture, engineering, and construction disciplines are often challenged with visualizing and understanding the complex spatial and temporal relationships involved in designing and constructing three-dimensional (3D) structures. An evolving body of research traces the use of educational computer simulations to enhance student learning experiences through testing real-world scenarios and the development of student decision-making skills. Ongoing research at Pennsylvania State University aims to improve engineering education in construction through interactive construction project learning applications in an immersive virtual reality environment. This paper describes the first- and second-generation development of the Virtual Construction Simulator (VCS), a tool that enables students to simultaneously create and review construction schedules through 3D model interaction. The educational value and utility of VCS was assessed through surveys, focus group interviews, and a student exercise conducted in a construction management class. Results revealed VCS is a valuable and effective four-dimensional (4D) model creation and schedule review application that fosters collaborative work and greater student task focus. This paper concludes with a discussion of the findings and the future development steps of the VCS educational simulation