Una nuova strategia per la misurazione della distribuzione di CO2 in stratosfera

Nella regione del TIR, le transizioni spettrali vibro-rotazionali della CO2 sono sfruttate per ricavare la distribuzione di P e T negli esperimenti spaziali. Oltre all’importanza di questi due parametri, la loro conoscenza è necessaria per ricavare la distribuzione di qualsiasi molecola dalle sue transizioni spettrali. Per ricavare P e T si assume di conoscere il VMR della CO2. L’accuratezza con cui si ricava la distribuzione della CO2 insieme a quelle di P e T non è sufficiente. Inoltre, il VMR della CO2 aumenta nel corso degli anni. Per questo, in questa tesi si propone una nuova strategia per misurare la CO2 usando uno strumento satellitare a scansione del lembo. L’idea è quella di sfruttare le transizioni rotazionali pure dell’O2 nella regione del FIR per ricavare P e T. Poiché queste transizioni traggono origine da un momento di dipolo magnetico la loro forza di riga è molto bassa. Tuttavia, grazie alla grande abbondanza dell’O2 in atmosfera e alla lunghezza dei cammini ottici, queste transizioni sono tra le più intense nello spettro atmosferico del FIR. Il satellite considerato è posto su un’orbita quasi polare e lo strumento osserva l’emissione del lembo atmosferico in direzione opposta a quella di volo. Lo strumento ipotizzato è uno spettrometro a trasformata di Fourier con due porte di output ospitanti un detector per la regione del FIR e uno per quella del TIR. La risoluzione spettrale è di 0.004 cm-1. Mentre il NESR è di 5 nW. Il campionamento geometrico verticale dell’atmosfera è di 3 Km mentre quello orizzontale è di circa 100 Km. Usando la teoria dell’optimal estimation sono stati selezionati due set di intervalli spettrali da analizzare, uno per la regione del FIR e l’altro per la regione del TIR. Con queste ipotesi sono stati effettuati test di retrieval su osservati simulati per valutare le performance del sistema ipotizzato. Si è dimostrato che le transizioni della CO2 nella regione del TIR non sono sufficienti per ricavare P e T insieme al proprio VMR con precisione soddisfacente e che l’uso dell’informazione derivante dal FIR fa aumentare la qualità del retrieval. Le performance dell’esperimento permettono di ricavare il VMR della CO2 con una precisione di circa 1 ppm tra 10 Km e 60 Km con una risoluzione verticale di 3 Km e una orizzontale di circa 2.5° di latitudine. Si è quindi dimostrato la validità della strategia proposta in questo studio.

The morphological diversity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Images of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko acquired by the OSIRIS (Optical, Spectroscopic and Infrared Remote Imaging System) imaging system onboard the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft at scales of better than 0.8 meter per pixel show a wide variety of different structures and textures. The data show the importance of airfall, surface dust transport, mass wasting, and insolation weathering for cometary surface evolution, and they offer some support for subsurface fluidization models and mass loss through the ejection of large chunks of material.

Clay mineral assemblages in the western Baltic Sea

Surface samples and nine cores from the western Baltic Sea and marginal water bodies were investigated for clay mineral composition. The clay mineral assemblages of recent sediments are rather homogeneous. Variations result mainly from the erosion of different glacial source deposits. High percentages of illite and low kaolinite/chlorite and quartz/feldspar ratios are characteristic for this glacial source. Advection of kaolinite-rich suspensions from the North Sea is believed to account for higher kaolinite/chlorite ratios in the Mecklenburg Bight. A contribution of the rivers Trave and Oder to the western Baltic Sea is indicated by increased smectite values in marginal water bodies. They correspond to increased kaolinite/chlorite and quartz/feldspar ratios. In the main basins the river signal is diluted beyond recognition. Cores from the Arkona, Bornholm and Gotland Basins penetrate through post-Littorina muds and sediments of the Ancylus Lake/Yoldia Sea into Late Glacial sediments of the Baltic Ice Lake. Clay mineral assemblages are characterized by an increase in kaolinite/chlorite ratios from Late Glacial to Holocene sediments, with a distinct shift at each facies change. This allows the distinction and core to core correlation of main lithological units with kaolinite/chlorite ratios. Kaolinite enrichment of Holocene muds corresponds to a brackish-marine facies and may reflect influx of kaolinite-rich suspensions from the North Sea. Cores from the lagoon of the Oderhaff show fluctuations in the contributions of the two main sediment sources: river suspension and glacial deposits during the Late Glacial and Postglacial sequence. Lacustrine sediments, which were deposited prior to 5500 years B.P. are characterized by smectite, kaolinite and quartz from the drainage area of the Oder river. Erosion of coastal and offshore glacial boulder clays with the Littorina transgression supplied a marine component rich in illite, chlorite and feldspars to the brackish muds of the Oderhaff.

Micro-granulometry of sedimentary dykes, Kathmandu basin, Nepal

Soft-sediment deformation structures have been analyzed at six sites of the Kathmandu valley. Microgranulometric study (this Supplement and Fig. 3B of Mugnier et al., Tectonophysics, 2011) reveals that silty levels (60 to 80% silt) favor the development of soft-sediment deformation structures, while sandy levels (60 to 80% sand) are passively deformed. Nonetheless well sorted sand levels (more than 80% sand) generate over-fluid pressure during compaction if located beneath a silty cap, leading to fluidization and dike development. 3-D geometry of seismites indicates a very strong horizontal shearing during their development. Using a physical approach based on soil liquefaction during horizontal acceleration, we show that the fluidization zone progressively grows down-section during the shaking, but does not exactly begin at the surface. The comparison of bed-thickness and strength/depth evolution indicates three cases: i) no soft-sediment deformation occurs for thin (few centimeters) silty beds; ii) the thickness of soft-sediment deformation above sandy beds is controlled by the lithological contrast; iii) the thickness of soft-sediment deformation depends on the shaking intensity for very thick silty beds. These 3 cases are evidenced in the Kathmandu basin. We use the 30 cm-thick soft-sediment deformation level formed during the 1833 earthquake as a reference: the 1833 earthquake rupture zone extended very close to Kathmandu, inducing there MMI IX-X damages. A 90 cm-thick sediment deformation has therefore to be induced by an event greater than MMI X. From a compilation of paleo and historic seismology studies, it is found that the great (M ~ 8.1) historical earthquakes are not characteristic of the greatest earthquakes of Himalaya; hence earthquakes greater than M ~ 8.6 occurred. Kathmandu is located above one of the asperities that laterally limits the extent of mega-earthquake ruptures and two successive catastrophic events already affected Kathmandu, in 1255 located to the west of this asperity and in ~ 1100 to the east.

Sedimentology of the Vietnam shelf

On the Vietnam Shelf more than 1000 miles of shallow high-resolution seismics were analyzed to unravel post-glacial evolution in a tropical, siliciclastic environment together with 25 sediment cores from water depths between 21 and 169 m to determine stratigraphy, distribution and style of sedimentation. Fourty-seven samples were dated with the AMS-14C technique. The shelf was grouped into three regions: a southern part, a central part, and a northern part. On the broad Southern Shelf, sedimentation is influenced by the Mekong River, which drains into the SCS in this area. Here, incised valley fills are abundant that were cut into the late Pleistocene land surface by the Paleo-Mekong River during times of sea level lowstand. Those valleys are filled with transgressive deposits. The Holocene sedimentation rate in this low gradient accommodation-dominated depositional system is in the range of 5-10 and 25-40 cm/ky at locations sheltered from currents. The Central Shelf is narrow and the sedimentary strata are conformable. Here, numerous small mountainous rivers reach the SCS and transport large amounts of detrital sediment onto the shelf. Therefore, the Holocene sedimentation rate is high with values of 50-100 cm/ky in this supply-dominated depositional system. The broad Northern Shelf in the vicinity of the Red River Delta shows, as on the Southern Shelf, incised valleys cut into the Pleistocene land surface by paleo river channels. In this accommodation-dominated shelf area, the sedimentation rate is low with values of 5-10 cm/ky. Where applicable, we assigned the sampled deposits to different paleo-facies. The latter are related to certain intervals of water depths at their time of deposition. Comparison with the sea-level curve of (Hanebuth et al., 2000, doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.1033) indicates subsidence on the Central Shelf, which is in agreement with the high sedimentation rates in this area. In contrast, data from the Northern Shelf suggest tectonic uplift that might be related to recent tectonic movements along the Ailao Shan-Red River Fault zone. Data from the Southern Shelf are generally in agreement with the sea-level curve mentioned above.