Att öka läsförmågan : En undersökning kring lärares arbete för att göra elever till bättre läsare

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur lärare som undervisar i år 3 till 9 på en skola, medvetet arbetar med läsning och tränar elevers läsförståelse och läsförmåga. Syftet var även att se hur läsundervisningen på skolan förhåller sig till Frank Smiths och Caroline Libergs teorier om läsning. Undersökningen genomfördes i två delar, dels genom enkätstudie och dels genom läroboksanalys av två läroböcker som används på skolan. Enkäten besvarades av fyra klasslärare och nitton ämneslärare på skolan. Resultaten visade att majoriteten av lärarna har formell utbildning om hur läsförmågan utvecklas, men flertalet anser att deras kompetens inte räcker till för att hjälpa eleverna att bli bättre läsare. Majoriteten använder också undervisningsmetoder där eleverna får öva läsförmågan minst en gång i veckan. De flesta lärarna använder läroböcker regelbundet och av de analyserade böckerna ansågs historieboken inte ha ett särskilt meningsfull innehåll medan svenskboken ansågs ha ett meningsfullt textinnehåll.

Icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan öka välbefinnandet hos personer med demens

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilka icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder som bidrar till reducerad förekomst av beteendestörningar och ökar välbefinnandet hos personer med demens. Studien utfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie där 15 artiklar inkluderades. Icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder som inkluderades i den här studien var musik, aktivitet och träning och massage och beröring. Beteendestörningar framför allt agitation kan lindras med hjälp av massage och beröring, aktivitet samt musikterapi i olika former. Det är viktigt att utforma alla dessa omvårdnadsåtgärder utifrån individen för att erhålla ett gott resultat. Även välbefinnandet påverkas positivt av dessa icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder. Fördelarna med dessa omvårdnadsåtgärder är att de är enkla att utföra och lära ut, kostnadseffektiva och har få biverkningar. I denna litteraturstudie framgår även att det sociala samspelat har en viktig roll för att personer med demens upplever välbefinnande. Slutsatsen är att det borde vara enkelt att använda sig av dessa effektiva metoder i både demensvård och annan vård.

Hur teknikundervisning kan utformas för att öka flickors teknikintresse : En systematisk litteraturstudie om elever i årskurs 1-6

Studiens syfte är att med hjälp av denna systematiska litteraturstudie undersöka om förändringar inom teknikämnet i årskurs 1-6 kan öka flickors teknikintresse. Frågeställningen som det sökts svar på i aktuell internationell forskning, är följande: Anser aktuell forskning att skolan bör förändras för att öka teknikintresset hos flickor i årskurs 1-6, och i så fall, varför och på vilket sätt? För att få svar på frågeställningarna har systematiska sökningar i databaserna Eric (Proquest), Summon och www.avhandlingar.se gjorts. Engelska sökord som är aktuella för ämnet har valts ut för att ge en bred men ändå riktad sökning. Resultatet till studien är baserad på två avhandlingar och fem artiklar, varav en artikel är en metaanalys och fyra är forskningsstudier. Resultatet visar att flickors teknikintresse kan öka med hjälp av en mer genusmedveten undervisning som tar hänsyn till flickor och pojkars olika intressen. Det har också visat sig att det är av stor vikt för flickor att få en tidig god teknikundervisning för att öka självförtroendet inom ämnet, då val till framtida utbildningar och yrken görs tidigt. För att dessa åtgärder ska kunna genomföras krävs det att lärare och skolledare får mer utbildning i ämnet teknik och hur en genusmedveten undervisning kan bedrivas.  

Geochemical evidence of the 8.2 ka event and other Holocene environmental changes recorded in paleolagoon sediments, southeastern Brazil

The paleoclimatic record of Jureia Paleolagoon, coastal southeastem Brazil, includes cyclic and gradual changes with different intensities and frequencies through geological time, and it is controlled by astronomical, geophysical, and geological phenomena. These variations are not due to one single cause, but they result from the interaction of several factors, which act at different temporal and spatial scales. Here, we describe paleoenvironmental evidence regarding climatic and sea level changes from the last 9400 cal yr BP at the Jureia Paleolagoon - one of the main groups of protected South Atlantic ecosystems. Geochemical evidences were used to identify anomalies from multi-proxy analyses of a paleolagoon sediment core. The anomalies of centennial scale were correlated to climate and transgression-regression cycles from the Holocene period. Decadal scale anomalous oscillations in the Quaternary paleolagoon sediments occur between 9400 and 7500 cal yr BP, correlated with long- and short-term natural events, which generated high sedimentation rates, mainly between 8385 and 8375 cal yr BP (10 cm/yr). Our results suggest that a modem-day short-duration North Atlantic climatic event, such as the 82 ka event, could affect the environmental equilibrium in South America and intensify the South American Summer Monsoon. (C) 2011 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Patterns of millennial variability over the last 500 ka

Millennial variability is a robust feature of many paleoclimate records, at least throughout the last several glacial cycles. Here we use the mean signal from Antarctic climate events 1 to 4 to probe the EPICA Dome C temperature proxy reconstruction through the last 500 ka for similar millennial-scale events. We find that clusters of millennial events occurred in a regular fashion over half of the time during this with a mean recurrence interval of 21 kyr. We find that there is no consistent link between ice-rafted debris deposition and millennial variability. Instead we speculate that changes in the zonality of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic form a viable alternative to freshwater release from icebergs as a trigger for millennial variability. We suggest that millennial changes in the zonality of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic are linked to precession via sea-ice feedbacks and that this relationship is modified by the presence of the large, Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during glacial periods.

Early last glacial maximum in the southern Central Andes reveals northward shift of the westerlies at similar to 39 ka

The latitudinal position of the southern westerlies has been suggested to be a key parameter for the climate on Earth. According to the general notion, the southern westerlies were shifted equatorward during the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: ~24–18 ka), resulting in reduced deep ocean ventilation, accumulation of old dissolved carbon, and low atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In order to test this notion, we applied surface exposure dating on moraines in the southern Central Andes, where glacial mass balances are particularly sensitive to changes in precipitation, i.e. to the latitudinal position of the westerlies. Our results provide robust evidence that the maximum glaciation occurred already at ~39 ka, significantly predating the global LGM. This questions the role of the westerlies for atmospheric CO2, and it highlights our limited understanding of the forcings of atmospheric circulation.

A refined TALDICE-1a age scale from 55 to 112 ka before present for the Talos Dome ice core based on high-resolution methane measurements

A precise synchronization of different climate records is indispensable for a correct dynamical interpretation of paleoclimatic data. A chronology for the TALDICE ice core from the Ross Sea sector of East Antarctica has recently been presented based on methane synchronization with Greenland and the EDC ice cores and δ18Oice synchronization with EDC in the bottom part (TALDICE-1). Using new high-resolution methane data obtained with a continuous flow analysis technique, we present a refined age scale for the age interval from 55–112 thousand years (ka) before present, where TALDICE is synchronized with EDC. New and more precise tie points reduce the uncertainties of the age scale from up to 1900 yr in TALDICE-1 to below 1100 yr over most of the refined interval and shift the Talos Dome dating to significantly younger ages during the onset of Marine Isotope Stage 3. Thus, discussions of climate dynamics at sub-millennial time scales are now possible back to 110 ka, in particular during the inception of the last ice age. Calcium data of EDC and TALDICE are compared to show the impact of the refinement to the synchronization of the two ice cores not only for the gas but also for the ice age scale.

Distinct lake level lowstand in Lake Prespa (SE Europe) at the time of the 74 (75) ka Toba eruption

Abstract. The 74 (75) ka Toba eruption in Sumatra, Indonesia, is considered to be one of the largest volcanic events during the Quaternary. Tephra from the Toba eruption has been found in many terrestrial and marine sedimentary deposits, and acidity peaks related to the eruption have been used to synchronize ice core records from Greenland and Antarctica. Seismic profiles and sedimentological data from Lake Prespa on the Balkan Peninsula, SE Europe, indicate a lake level lowstand at 73.6±7.7 ka based on ESR dating of shells. Tephrostratigraphy, radiocarbon dating and tuning of the total organic carbon content with the NGRIP isotope record, corroborate that the lake level lowstand was a short-term event superimposed on the general cooling trend at the end of MIS 5, most likely at the onset of the Greenland Stadial GS- 20. Acknowledging that tectonic events or karst processes could have triggered this lake level lowstand, the chronological correspondence between the lowstand and the Toba eruption is intriguing. Therefore a Toba-driven short-term shift to aridity in the Balkan region, leading to lake level changes and triggering spatial expansion events in one of the lake’s most abundant benthic species, the carino mussel Dreissena presbensis, cannot be excluded.

A 350 ka record of climate change from Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic: refining the pattern of climate modes by means of cluster analysis

Abstract. Rock magnetic, biochemical and inorganic records of the sediment cores PG1351 and Lz1024 from Lake El’gygytgyn, Chukotka peninsula, Far East Russian Arctic, were subject to a hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis in order to refine and extend the pattern of climate modes as defined by Melles et al. (2007). Cluster analysis of the data obtained from both cores yielded similar results, differentiating clearly between the four climate modes warm, peak warm, cold and dry, and cold and moist. In addition, two transitional phases were identified, representing the early stages of a cold phase and slightly colder conditions during a warm phase. The statistical approach can thus be used to resolve gradual changes in the sedimentary units as an indicator of available oxygen in the hypolimnion in greater detail. Based upon cluster analyses on core Lz1024, the published succession of climate modes in core PG1351, covering the last 250 ka, was modified and extended back to 350 ka. Comparison to the marine oxygen isotope (�18O) stack LR04 (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005) and the summer insolation at 67.5� N, with the extended Lake El’gygytgyn parameter records of magnetic susceptibility (�LF), total organic carbon content (TOC) and the chemical index of alteration (CIA; Minyuk et al., 2007), revealed that all stages back to marine isotope stage (MIS) 10 and most of the substages are clearly reflected in the pattern derived from the cluster analysis.

Environmental change within the Balkan region during the past ca. 50 ka recorded in the sediments from lakes Prespa and Ohrid

Abstract. Lakes Prespa and Ohrid, in the Balkan region, are considered to be amongst the oldest lakes in Europe. Both lakes are hydraulically connected via karst aquifers. From Lake Ohrid, several sediment cores up to 15m long have been studied over the last few years. Here, we document the first long sediment record from nearby Lake Prespa to clarify the influence of Lake Prespa on Lake Ohrid and the environmental history of the region. Radiocarbon dating and dated tephra layers provide robust age control and indicate that the 10.5m long sediment record from Lake Prespa reaches back to 48 ka. Glacial sedimentation is characterized by low organic matter content and absence of carbonates in the sediments, which indicate oligotrophic conditions in both lakes. Holocene sedimentation is characterized by particularly high carbonate content in Lake Ohrid and by particularly high organic matter content in Lake Prespa, which indicates a shift towards more mesotrophic conditions in the latter. Long-term environmental change and short-term events, such as related to the Heinrich events during the Pleistocene or the 8.2 ka cooling event during the Holocene, are well recorded in both lakes, but are only evident in certain proxies. The comparison of the sediment cores from both lakes indicates that environmental change affects particularly the trophic state of Lake Prespa due to its lower volume and water depth.