Oxygen uptake kinetics and time to exhaustion in cycling and running: A comparison between trained and untrained subjects

The objective of the present study was to compare pulmonary gas exchange kinetics (VO 2 kinetics) and time to exhaustion (Tlim) between trained and untrained individuals during severe exercise performed on a cycle ergometer and treadmill. Eleven untrained males in running (UR) and cycling (UC), nine endurance cyclists (EC), and seven endurance runners (ER) were submitted to the following tests on separate days: (i) incremental test for determination of maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max) and the intensity associated with the achievement of VO 2max (IVO 2max) on a mechanical braked cycle ergometer (EC and UC) and on a treadmill (ER and UR); (ii) all-out exercise bout performed at IVO 2max to determine the time to exhaustion at IVO 2max (Tlim) and the time constant of oxygen uptake kinetics (τ). The τ was significantly faster in trained group, both in cycling (EC = 28.2 ± 4.7 s; UC = 63.8 ± 25.0 s) and in running (ER = 28.5 ± 8.5 s; UR = 59.3 ± 12.0 s). Tlim of untrained was significantly lower in cycling (EC = 384.4 ± 66.6 s vs. UC; 311.1 ± 105.7 s) and higher in running (ER = 309.2 ± 176.6 s vs. UR = 439.8 ± 104.2 s). We conclude that the VO 2 kinetic response at the onset of severe exercise, carried out at the same relative intensity is sensitive to endurance training, irrespective of the exercise type. The endurance training seems to differently influence Tlim during exercise at IVO 2max in running and cycling. © 2003 Taylor & Francis Ltd.

Prognostic factors associated with time to hCG remission in patients with low-risk postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical factors associated with time to hCG remission among women with low-risk postmolar GTN. Methods This study included a non-concurrent cohort of 328 patients diagnosed with low-risk postmolar GTN according to FIGO 2002 criteria. Associations of time to hCG remission with history of prior mole, molar histology, time to persistence, use of D&C at persistence, presence of metastatic disease, FIGO score, hCG values at persistence, type of first line therapy and use of multiagent chemotherapy were investigated with both univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Overall median time to remission was 46 days. Ten percent of the patients required multi-agent chemotherapy to achieve hCG remission. Multivariate analysis incorporating the variables significant on univariate analysis confirmed that complete molar histology (HR 1.45), metastatic disease (HR 1.66), use of multi-agent therapy (HR 2.00) and FIGO score (HR 1.82) were associated with longer time to remission. There was a linear relationship between FIGO score and time to hCG remission. Each 1-point increment in FIGO score was associated with an average 17-day increase in hCG remission time (95% CI: 12.5-21.6). Conclusions Complete mole histology prior to GTN, presence of metastatic disease, use of multi-agent therapy and higher FIGO score were independent factors associated with longer time to hCG remission in low-risk GTN. Identifying the prognostic factors associated with time to remission and effective counseling may help improve treatment planning and reduce anxiety in patients and their families. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The impact of aid for trade on the cost and time to trade The case of Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography.

Time to tax for inclusive growth

Safeguarding the advances the continent has already achieved and ensuring inclusive and sustainable growth must be a priority for all the countries in the region. That is why the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and Oxfam are committed to working together in order to promote and build a new consensus against inequality. There is no silver bullet, but there are measures that can be taken, which together can make a big difference —and tax reform is a good place to start. This publication has been prepared in the hope that it will contribute to efforts to combat inequality in Latin America, by analysing the fiscal challenges involved and proposing policy guidelines.

Bioenergetics and neuromuscular determinants of the time to exhaustion at velocity corresponding to (V) over dotO(2)max in recreational long-distance runners

Bertuzzi, R, Bueno, S, Pasqua, LA, Acquesta, FM, Batista, MB, Roschel, H, Kiss, MAPDM, Serrao, JC, Tricoli, V, and Ugrinowitsch, C. Bioenergetics and neuromuscular determinants of the time to exhaustion at velocity corresponding to (V) over dotO(2)max in recreational long-distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 26(8): 2096-2102, 2012-The purpose of this study was to investigate the main bioenergetics and neuromuscular determinants of the time to exhaustion (T-lim) at the velocity corresponding to maximal oxygen uptake in recreational long-distance runners. Twenty runners performed the following tests on 5 different days: (a) maximal incremental treadmill test, (b) 2 submaximal tests to determine running economy and vertical stiffness, (c) exhaustive test to measured the T-lim, (d) maximum dynamic strength test, and (e) muscle power production test. Aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions during the T-lim test were also estimated. The stepwise multiple regression method selected 3 independent variables to explain T-lim variance. Total energy production explained 84.1% of the shared variance (p = 0.001), whereas peak oxygen uptake ((V) over dotO(2)peak) measured during T-lim and lower limb muscle power ability accounted for the additional 10% of the shared variance (p = 0.014). These data suggest that the total energy production, (V) over dotO(2)peak, and lower limb muscle power ability are the main physiological and neuromuscular determinants of T-lim in recreational long-distance runners.

Congenital Chagas disease: time to screen pregnant women?

The congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi has gained epidemiological importance because it is partially responsible for the spread of Chagas disease worldwide. The feasibility of a cure when infected children are treated early makes the detection of congenital infection a valuable goal toward the control of the disease. Here, the authors review and discuss the findings of Bua et al., who quantified the parasitemia of infected women and their newborns by quantitative PCR. The authors demonstrate that the maternal parasite burden is directly related to the risk of neonatal infection. This study points out the importance of a quantitative screen for T. cruzi in pregnant women who live in, or have traveled to, endemic areas for improving the diagnosis of infected newborns and providing prompt treatment.

Time to digital converter

In questa tesi è analizzato il caso di sensori con uscita in frequenza e periodo, si traduce in ultima analisi nella capacità di misurare con precisione un intervallo temporale. La rivelazione del tempo risulta essere lo stadio fondamentale da cui deriva la risoluzione dell'intero sistema di misura. Nella realtà, la questione della simultaneità cioè individuare con assoluta precisione due eventi che si verificano contemporaneamente, in un determinato istante t, è un problema piuttosto complesso: le difficoltà sono correlate soprattutto alle limitazioni fisiche intrinseche degli strumenti di misura. E' utile allora fornire un'analisi sui principi e le tecniche alla base della misura di intervalli temporali, detta Time Interval Measurement (TIM). Lo scopo della tesi è studiare i vari metodi per realizzare TDC lineari digitali, facendo un'analisi critica e ed evidenziando pro e contro che i vari approcci presentano, attingendo e analizzando criticamente informazioni dalle varie fonti riportate in bibliografia.

The influence of thrombus, calcification, angulation, and tortuosity of attachment sites on the time to the first graft-related complication after endovascular aneurysm repair

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is associated with high graft-related complication rates during follow-up. Anatomical fit between patient and endograft could be an important factor for successful treatment. Aim was to assess whether extent of thrombus, calcification, angulation, and tortuosity are associated with occurrence of complications after EVAR.

Time to initiation of antiretroviral therapy among patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa

We studied the time interval between starting tuberculosis treatment and commencing antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV-infected patients (n = 1433; median CD4 count 71 cells per microliter, interquartile range: 32-132) attending 3 South African township ART services between 2002 and 2008. The overall median delay was 2.66 months (interquartile range: 1.58-4.17). In adjusted analyses, delays varied between treatment sites but were shorter for patients with lower CD4 counts and those treated in more recent calendar years. During the most recent period (2007-2008), 4.7%, 19.7%, and 51.1% of patients started ART within 2, 4, and 8 weeks of tuberculosis treatment, respectively. Operational barriers must be tackled to permit further acceleration of ART initiation as recommended by 2010 WHO ART guidelines.