Concessions and road and rail transport optimization

Includes bibliography

Suggestions regarding the principles which may be adopted by the Caribbean countries in negotiating agreements for the avoidance of double taxation with developed countries

Includes bibliography

Road Concessions in Latin America: Achievements and Challenges

Concessions have become an important mechanism in Latin America for attracting financing and private management to the highway sector. Highways are one of the areas of transport infrastructure in which this concept in long-term investment in road conservation and management has been widely applied and the concession-holder's costs are recouped through tolls and other complementary mechanisms.After a brisk start in the 1990s, the pattern of road concessions has proved to be less dynamic in the current decade. Nevertheless, highway concessions have expanded significantly and now account for 1% of the total inter-city road network. The international seminar entitled "Concessions for the provision of transport infrastructure: challenges for Latin America" was organized jointly by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Agency for the Promotion of Private Investment of Peru (PROINVERSION) and held in Lima, Peru, on 13 and 14 November 2003.

Highway Concessions: An Evaluation Methodology

The Transport Unit has developed a project evaluation methodology whereby benefits may be broken down by target groups. To date, this approach has been used in three highway concession projects in Argentina, Chile and Colombia. It is also applicable to other projects where it is important to know how benefits are to be distributed as well as what the overall benefits will be. For general inquiries and information on this methodology, please contact ithomson@eclac.cl.

Tax policy in Latin America: Assessment and guidelines for a second generation of reforms

Includes bibliography

The redistributive potential of taxation in Latin America

This study uses internationally comparable methodologies to analyse the distributional impact of income tax and public transfers in 17 countries of Latin America. The results indicate that fiscal policy plays a limited role in improving the distribution of disposable income; the Gini coefficient decreased by barely three percentage points after direct fiscal action. On average, 61% of this reduction was due to public cash transfers and the rest to direct taxes, reflecting the pressing need for personal income tax to be strengthened. Analysis of household surveys gives an indication of the potential effects of tax reforms aimed at increasing the average effective tax rate of the top income decile. Allocating this additional revenue to targeted transfers would produce significant results. Consequently, tax reforms must be evaluated bearing in mind how those resources are used.

Amazônia: mineração, tributação e desenvolvimento regional

Neste artigo, apresentam-se algumas lógicas que fundamentam a tributação, a cobrança de royalties e o estabelecimento de favores fiscais, analisando-se as possibilidades de usar essas compensações para favorecer a articulação da mineração com dinâmicas de enraizamento social do desenvolvimento. Conclui-se que na Amazônia não há políticas públicas de concessão de favores fiscais que induzam as empresas mineradoras a adotar comportamentos que contribuam para o desenvolvimento regional. Constata-se também que as alíquotas de royalties fixadas no Brasil são relativamente baixas, o que se deve mais a uma apropriação desigual do poder político do que a uma restrição microeconômica.