Unga män berättar om våld

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka och belysa vad som motiverar vissa killar till att tillämpa våld som problemlösning i deras vardag utifrån dessa killars egna förståelse för sina våldshandlingar. För att ge en ökad förståelse för detta har en narrativ intervjumetod använts med livsberättelser som utgångspunkt. För att belysa detta ämne har vi använt oss av maktlöshetsteorin där bemästring av vanmakt ingår. Våra resultat visar på att dessa unga män sökte att genom våldshandlingar bemästra sin vardag genom att skaffa sig position inom gänget och ett rykte om att vara farlig. Att föreställningen om ”respekt” handlade om att ingjuta rädsla hos andra och hur detta tillsammans med bemästring blev en motivator för våldet. Strävan efter kickupplevelser genom våld var också en viktig motivator för våld. Deras sociala nätverk som i huvudsakligen bestod av kamratgänget hade en stor betydelse för anammandet av våldsamma attityder och föreställningar samt för utvecklandet av en överdriven mansroll vilken bidrog till våld. Bruket av alkohol var en del av socialiseringsprocessen i kamratgänget och alkoholintag var vanligt förekommande i samband med våldshandlingar. Problematiska familjeförhållanden bidrog till upplevelse av vanmakt vilken bemästrades med våld. Förslag på vidare forskning är att undersöka vilka mekanismer som ligger bakom till att killar söker bekräftelse och självförverkligande på destruktivasätt.

”Det skulle aldrig hända här” : En vinjettstudie om sex socialsekreterares handlande och beslutsfattande i situationer med hot och våld.

Hot, våld och otillåten påverkan är en problematik som förekommer inom socialtjänstens barn- och familjestöd. Denna undersöknings syfte var att studera hur socialsekreterares tror sig handla och påverkas av denna problematik, speciellt i beslutsfattandet. Detta med anledning av att, om socialsekreterarnas beslutsfattande skulle påverkas, kan i värsta fall barns rätt till en trygg uppväxt sättas på spel. I studien användes vinjetter i sex kvalitativa intervjuer som utfördes enskilt. De resultat som redovisas pekar på att socialsekreterare inte skulle låta sig påverkas av hot och våld när de fattar beslut. Detta är något som strider mot andra forskares resultat. Socialsekreterarna i studien skulle i de flesta fall rådgöra med sin chef när de blivit utsatta för otillåten påverkan. Chefen är en oerhört viktig part i arbetet, då socialsekreterarna i hög grad förlitar sig på chefens kompetens. Hot, våld och otillåten påverkan är situationsbaserat. Socialsekreterarna skulle, i de vinjettsituationer som studien baseras på, fatta de beslut som går rakt emot klientens önskningar och därför kvarstår hotbilden. Konsekvenserna av deras handlingar och beslut hade socialsekreterarna svårigheter att sia om.

UNG OCH UTBRÄND- sex unga personers berättelser om hur det är att vara ung och utbränd

Vi har valt att göra en kvalitativ studie om utbrändhet bland unga människor i åldrarna 19-25 år i Sverige. Syfte med denna studie är att få en inblick i och ökad förståelse över hur utbrändhet påverkar unga i Sverige. Vi ville belysa orsakerna till varför allt fler unga människor i Sverige drabbas av utmattningssyndrom. Vi utgick från ett hermeneutiskt synsätt och en narrativ metod. Under de senaste tio åren har den psykiska ohälsan och sjukskrivningsantalet i Sverige ökat och då framförallt bland ungdomar. Forskningen talar om ett nytt sjukdomsfenomen, utbrändhet. Det är en stressrelaterad sjukdom som framförallt handlar om en känslomässig utmattning. Varje människa kan uppleva stress men det är endast de som går in i arbetet med höga förväntningar och som arbetar hårt för att uppnå dessa förväntningar som kan bli utbrända. Intervjupersonenerna grundade sin självkänsla och identitet i sina arbetsprestationer. Vi tror att alla intervjupersonerna saknade en grundläggande självkänsla vilket gjorde att de hela tiden sökte bekräftelse utifrån sina prestationer. Om en person blir utbränd eller inte beror såväl på fysiologiska, biologiska som psykologiska faktorer. Risken är större för personer som redan har drabbats av utbrändhet att drabbas igen. Kraven och pressen som unga människor känner idag kan härstamma från både familjen och samhället. Dagens samhälle är uppbyggt på så sätt att vi hela tiden måste göra en massa val. Ingenting är längre som det var förr då allt och alla hade sin plats i samhället. Den ökade individualiseringen kanske inte alltid är positiv. I socialt arbete kan vi hjälpa till med att förebygga utbrändhet bland ungdomar genom att finnas ute i skola och andra miljöer där ungdomar vistas för att hjälpa dem in i vuxenlivet.

Den flygande maran : En studie om åtta narkotikabrukande kvinnor i Stockholm

Between April 1997 and November 1999, I followed eight socially excluded female drug users in an attempt to describe their lives and living conditions. The study employs an ethnographic approach with the focus being directed at the specific woman and her life in relation to the social context where this life is lived. The study’s objective has been to describe the lives and living conditions of the eight drug-using women, as well as the extent of the opportunities available to them, as being determined by mechanisms of social exclusion. Their lives are understood on the basis of a feminist and social constructionist perspective where perceptions of ‘the drug-abusing woman’ are regarded as the result of constructions of gender and deviance. The theoretical perspectives proceeds from the idea that one is not born a woman but rather becomes one. The fundamental idea is that women become women by means of processes of femininisation, in the context of which certain ways of interpreting and presenting oneself as a woman are regarded as good and others as bad. Our images of ‘the female drug addict’ are based on how we define and interpret deviance and on the cultural and social thought and behaviour patterns we ascribe to people on the basis of bodily differences. It is images of ‘the good woman’ that defines what we regard as characteristic of ‘the bad woman’ and vice versa. The findings are organised into three main topics: femininity, living conditions and social control. The main findings are: The women described themselves as women by relating to normative messages about how women “are and should be”, and their drug use constituted a means of coping with life from their social position. Their life revolved to a large extent around money via a constant struggle to find enough to cover the rent, food and other basic necessities. And finally, how the women’s relations to societal institutions were formed by their social position as ‘female drug addicts’ and how the asymmetry of these relations produced certain fixed patterns of action for the parties involved.

Skyddandets förnuft : En studie om anhöriga till hjälpbehövande äldre som invandrat sent i livet

This dissertation aims to examine and deepen the knowledge of family member caregiving where the care recipient is an elderly person who immigrated late in life. It also aims to contribute to the knowledge of the complexities underlying informal care giving and add to our understandings of what it means to be an immigrant in Sweden. The caregiver is in focus. The research conducted is explorative and partly inductive. The main material used is a qualitative interview study carried out with family members from different countries who are providing informal care to elderly immigrant relatives. The analysis gives three patterns of caregiving. One shows help from informal caregivers only who are not compensated economically. Another shows help from family members who are compensated. The third shows help from family members and staff from the public care system. Three ideal-typical informal caregiver roles show different positions vis-à-vis the new: “guardian”, “filter” and “reinterpreter of traditional care ideals”. Swedish born and immigrated informal caregivers are also compared through analysis of data gathered in telephone interviews with a representative selection of inhabitants in the County of Stockholm. A philosophy of action together with theory on integration and multiculturalism serves as theoretical frameworks to understand discrepancies and ambiguities in the data. Young immigrants experience different integration processes than do the older ones. They strive to protect older family members from changes linked to the migration experience. Talk about dependence on culture underlines family feelings and legitimates the processes of protection. Preconceptions about great differences between Swedish born and immigrant families are not supported by quantitative data. A conclusion is that protection can be understood in relation both to the traditional and the new, the latter in the forms of meetings with Swedish society where unequal relations prevail. It is a kind of counter-strategy where the range of actions is diminished, and thus it has its own logic. Protection can be loosened up when the circumstances change and the range of actions grow.

Essays on Bayesian Inference for Social Networks

This thesis presents Bayesian solutions to inference problems for three types of social network data structures: a single observation of a social network, repeated observations on the same social network, and repeated observations on a social network developing through time. A social network is conceived as being a structure consisting of actors and their social interaction with each other. A common conceptualisation of social networks is to let the actors be represented by nodes in a graph with edges between pairs of nodes that are relationally tied to each other according to some definition. Statistical analysis of social networks is to a large extent concerned with modelling of these relational ties, which lends itself to empirical evaluation. The first paper deals with a family of statistical models for social networks called exponential random graphs that takes various structural features of the network into account. In general, the likelihood functions of exponential random graphs are only known up to a constant of proportionality. A procedure for performing Bayesian inference using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is presented. The algorithm consists of two basic steps, one in which an ordinary Metropolis-Hastings up-dating step is used, and another in which an importance sampling scheme is used to calculate the acceptance probability of the Metropolis-Hastings step. In paper number two a method for modelling reports given by actors (or other informants) on their social interaction with others is investigated in a Bayesian framework. The model contains two basic ingredients: the unknown network structure and functions that link this unknown network structure to the reports given by the actors. These functions take the form of probit link functions. An intrinsic problem is that the model is not identified, meaning that there are combinations of values on the unknown structure and the parameters in the probit link functions that are observationally equivalent. Instead of using restrictions for achieving identification, it is proposed that the different observationally equivalent combinations of parameters and unknown structure be investigated a posteriori. Estimation of parameters is carried out using Gibbs sampling with a switching devise that enables transitions between posterior modal regions. The main goal of the procedures is to provide tools for comparisons of different model specifications. Papers 3 and 4, propose Bayesian methods for longitudinal social networks. The premise of the models investigated is that overall change in social networks occurs as a consequence of sequences of incremental changes. Models for the evolution of social networks using continuos-time Markov chains are meant to capture these dynamics. Paper 3 presents an MCMC algorithm for exploring the posteriors of parameters for such Markov chains. More specifically, the unobserved evolution of the network in-between observations is explicitly modelled thereby avoiding the need to deal with explicit formulas for the transition probabilities. This enables likelihood based parameter inference in a wider class of network evolution models than has been available before. Paper 4 builds on the proposed inference procedure of Paper 3 and demonstrates how to perform model selection for a class of network evolution models.

Vad man ska kunna och hur man ska vara : En studie om enhetschefers och vårdbiträdens yrkeskompetens inom äldreomsorgens särskilda boendeformer

The dissertation What to do and how to be reflects upon the professional skills needed by unit managers and nursing staff within the institutions of eldercare. Throughout the study, three conceptions are essential: formal education and training, professional skills, and individual competence. In order to understand the professional skills within its proper context, an activity perspective has been applied. The study is based on empirical materials, historical and present national and municipal documents, interviews with and observations of unit managers as well as questionnaires filled in by nursing staff members. A main result is the stress the respondents put on the importance of individual competence among unit managers and nursing staff members. “How to be” is more important than formal training and professional skills. To work with – and develop – individual competence therefore becomes momentous both to job activities and to education. The result shows a discrepancy between the way professional skills are discussed and the actual work performance. A lot of tasks carried out by unit managers and nursing stuff are never mentioned in connection with professional skills. The unit manager’s task is to lead both unit operations and staff work. Such responsibilities demand basic knowledge in social sciences, an overall understanding of the work activities from political management, job conditions and duties of the nursing staff. The professional skills given priority are those present in organisations and leadership. Problematic are economic and budget tasks which may sometimes cause unit managers to give up their economic responsibility, favouring client – directed over economy – directed care. The main task of the nursing staff is the care of elderly. It calls for social, caring, medical and housekeeping skills. For this one needs an upper secondary level education supplying the students with solid knowledge within social science as well as basic medicine and an overall understanding of the situation and needs of the elderly. Throughout the study, knowledge of the demented and of other mental disorders is emphasized as well as treatment of elderly persons suffering from those disorders. Units still have a long way to go before reaching the goal that every nursing staff member be given a formal education. Some municipalities already offer employees shorter nursing staff training. As to the rest, the educational development is neglected.

Einträge zu insg. 95 Begriffen im Bereich der Statistik

Dieses Lexikon ist ein interdisziplinäres Nachschlagewerk mit fast 2.000 Stichworten aus den Bereichen Methodologie, qualitative und quantitative Methoden sowie Statistik. Forschungspraktische Themen werden ebenso behandelt wie die Grundlagen der empirischen Sozialforschung. Die Methoden in den Einzeldisziplinen werden in Langartikeln systematisch präsentiert. Über 100 MethodikerInnen aus der Soziologie, der Politikwissenschaft, den Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaften, der Geschichtswissenschaft, der Ethnologie und Kulturanthropologie, der Sozialpsychologie, den Erziehungswissenschaften, den Gesundheitswissenschaften sowie der Sozial- und Kulturgeographie haben zu dem Lexikon beigetragen. Es dient für Studium und Forschung, aber auch für die Praxis in sozialwissenschaftlichen Berufsfeldern als Wissensgrundlage.

Einführung in die Statistik: Anwendungsorientierte Methoden zur Datenauswertung. 2., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage

Dieses Buch enthält eine Einführung in die Methoden der sozialwissenschaftlichen Datenanalyse. Es eignet sich als Begleittext zu einer einführenden Statistikvorlesung an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen. Ziel des Buches ist, die Grundzüge der angewandten Statistik gut verständlich und in möglichst kompakter Form zu vermitteln. Es soll die Leser und Leserinnen dazu befähigen, einfache statistische Instrumente selber anzuwenden und deren Resultate zu interpretieren. Gleichzeitig sollen die Grundlagen für das Verständnis von weiterführenden statistischen Methoden geschaffen werden. Insbesondere sollen auch Personen, die nur spärliche mathematische Vorkenntnisse besitzen und/oder kein primäres Interesse an statistischen Verfahren haben, einen einfachen Zugang zur Materie finden.

Generalpoststyrelsens berättelse om postverkets förvaltning under år.

Description based on: 1910.

Archiv für soziale Gesetzgebung und Statistik.

Mode of access: Internet.

Försök till en statsekonomisk statistik öfver Sverige /

Volume 4 has imprint: Stockholm, Hos Samson & Wallin.

Kvinnligt och manligt på sociala medier : En kvantitativ studie om medieanvändning och negativa känslor

In the present study the use and experience of using social media was examined in men and women in order to evaluate a possible relationship to gender. Particular emphasis was placed upon negative emotions. A questionnaire was constructed and submitted via Facebook by an online survey. There were 61 women and 50 men who completed the questionnaire. It was found that women and men used social media similarly with regard to frequency and the kind of social media they approached. Both genders used social media on a daily basis and both had profiles on the most popular social network sites as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Snapchat. The main purpose for using social media was to maintain already established friend relationships and to take part of other peoples content. A majority of the women but not the men used blogs, whereas a majority of the men but not the women used Twitter more frequently. The study also indicated a sex difference concerning the contents they took part of in the social media. More women took part of content that was related to a female stereotypic image whereas more men took part of content that was related to a male stereotypic image. There was no gender difference concerning contents such as fashion, entertainment, humour, news or politics. In the women there was a significant relationship between the use of social media and negative emotions. However, in the men, such a relationship was not found. The results indicate that more women tend to experience negative emotions when active on social media. More women experienced life as meaningless and boring, as well as stress after consuming contents in social media. They also did compare their life with others on social media leaving them with negative feelings. Such relationships could not be found in the men. In conclusion the present study indicated that for many aspects the use of social media is similar in women and men. However there seems to be a difference with regard to the experience of negative emotions in relation to the use of social media in women but not in men. 

Flexibele Leerroutes voor Propedeusestudenten: Grounded Theory Onderzoek naar het Identificeren van Studentkenmerken in de Matching, ten behoeve van een Vraaggerichte, Gepersonaliseerde Leerroute in de Propedeuse Social Work

De Groot, D. (2016). Flexibele Leerroutes voor Propedeusestudenten: Grounded Theory Onderzoek naar het Identificeren van Studentkenmerken in de Matching, ten behoeve van een Vraaggerichte, Gepersonaliseerde Leerroute in de Propedeuse Social Work. Juli, 26, 2016, Heerlen, Nederland: Open Universiteit.