3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine induces in vivo regional up-regulation of central nicotinic receptors in rats and potentiates the regulatory effects of nicotine on these receptors

Nicotine (NIC), the main psychostimulant compound of smoked tobacco, exerts its effects through activation of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), which become up-regulated after chronic administration. Recent work has demonstrated that the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has affinity for nAChR and also induces up-regulation of nAChR in PC 12 cells. Tobacco and MDMA are often consumed together. In the present work we studied the in vivo effect of a classic chronic dosing schedule of MDMA in rats, alone or combined with a chronic schedule of NIC, on the density of nAChR and on serotonin reuptake transporters. MDMA induced significant decreases in [3H]paroxetine binding in the cortex and hippocampus measured 24 h after the last dose and these decreases were not modified by the association with NIC. In the prefrontal cortex, NIC and MDMA each induced significant increases in [3H]epibatidine binding (29.5 and 34.6%, respectively) with respect to saline-treated rats, and these increases were significantly potentiated (up to 72.1%) when the two drugs were associated. Also in this area, [3H]methyllycaconitine binding was increased a 42.1% with NIC + MDMA but not when they were given alone. In the hippocampus, MDMA potentiated the a7 regulatory effects of NIC (raising a 25.5% increase to 52.5%) but alone was devoid of effect. MDMA had no effect on heteromeric nAChR in striatum and a coronal section of the midbrain containing superior colliculi, geniculate nuclei, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Specific immunoprecipitation of solubilised receptors suggests that the up-regulated heteromeric nAChRs contain a4 and b2 subunits. Western blots with specific a4 and a7 antibodies showed no significant differences between the groups, indicating that, as reported for nicotine, up-regulation caused by MDMA is due to post-translational events rather than increased receptor synthesis.

The study of genetic polymorphisms related to serotonin in Alzheimer's disease: a new perspective in a heterogenic disorder

Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Mutations in 3 genes mapped on chromosomes 21, 14 and 1 are related to the rare early onset forms of AD while the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene (on chromosome 19) is the major susceptibility locus for the most common late onset AD (LOAD). Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a key neurotransmitter implicated in the control of mood, sleep, appetite and a variety of traits and behaviors. Recently, a polymorphism in the transcriptional control region upstream of the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) gene has been studied in several psychiatric diseases and personality traits. It has been demonstrated that the short variant(s) of this 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with a different transcriptional efficiency of the 5-HTT gene promoter resulting in decreased 5-HTT expression and 5-HT uptake in lymphocytes. An increased frequency of this 5-HTTLPR short variant polymorphism in LOAD was recently reported. In addition, another common polymorphic variation in the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C serotonin receptor genes previously analyzed in schizophrenic patients was associated with auditory and visual hallucinations in AD. These observations suggest that the involvement of the serotonin pathway might provide an explanation for some aspects of the affective symptoms commonly observed in AD patients. In summary, research on genetic polymorphisms related to AD and involved in receptors, transporter proteins and the enzymatic machinery of serotonin might enhance our understanding of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder.

Antisense mRNA for NPY-Y1 receptor in the medial preoptic area increases prolactin secretion

We investigated the participation of neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptors within the medial preoptic area in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin release. Four bilateral microinjections of sense (control) or antisense 18-base oligonucleotides of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) (250 ng) corresponding to the NH2-terminus of the neuropeptide Y1 receptor were performed at 12-h intervals for two days into the medial preoptic area of ovariectomized Wistar rats (N = 16), weighing 180 to 200 g, treated with estrogen (50 µg) and progesterone (25 mg) two days before the experiments between 8.00 and 10:00 a.m. Blockade of Y1 receptor synthesis in the medial preoptic area by the antisense mRNA did not change plasma luteinizing hormone or follicle-stimulating hormone but did increase prolactin from 19.6 ± 5.9 ng/ml in the sense group to 52.9 ± 9.6 ng/ml in the antisense group. The plasma hormones were measured by radioimmunoassay and the values are reported as mean ± SEM. These data suggest that endogenous neuropeptide Y in the medial preoptic area has an inhibitory action on prolactin secretion through Y1 receptors.

The diversity of abnormal hormone receptors in adrenal Cushing's syndrome allows novel pharmacological therapies

Recent studies from several groups have indicated that abnormal or ectopic expression and function of adrenal receptors for various hormones may regulate cortisol production in ACTH-independent hypercortisolism. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)-dependent Cushing's syndrome has been described in patients with either unilateral adenoma or bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia; this syndrome results from the large adrenal overexpression of the GIP receptor without any activating mutation. We have conducted a systematic in vivo evaluation of patients with adrenal Cushing's syndrome in order to identify the presence of abnormal hormone receptors. In macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, we have identified, in addition to GIP-dependent Cushing's syndrome, other patients in whom cortisol production was regulated abnormally by vasopressin, ß-adrenergic receptor agonists, hCG/LH, or serotonin 5HT-4 receptor agonists. In patients with unilateral adrenal adenoma, the abnormal expression or function of GIP or vasopressin receptor has been found, but the presence of ectopic or abnormal hormone receptors appears to be less prevalent than in macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. The identification of the presence of an abnormal adrenal receptor offers the possibility of a new pharmacological approach to control hypercortisolism by suppressing the endogenous ligands or by using specific antagonists for the abnormal receptors.

Effect of one-week ethanol treatment on monoamine levels and dopaminergic receptors in rat striatum

We studied the effects of ethanol on the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites as well as on D1- and D2-like receptors in the rat striatum. Ethanol (2 or 4 g/kg, po) was administered daily by gavage to male Wistar rats and on the 7th day, 30 min or 48 h after drug administration, the striatum was dissected for biochemical assays. Monoamine and metabolite concentrations were measured by HPLC and D1- and D2-like receptor densities were determined by binding assays. Scatchard analyses showed decreases of 30 and 43%, respectively, in D1- and D2-like receptor densities and no change in dissociation constants (Kd) 48 h after the withdrawal of the dose of 4 g/kg. Ethanol, 2 g/kg, was effective only on the density of D2-like receptors but not on Kd of either receptor. Thirty minutes after the last ethanol injection (4 g/kg), decreases of D2 receptor density (45%) as well as of Kd values (34%) were detected. However, there was no significant effect on D1-like receptor density and a 46% decrease was observed in Kd. An increase in dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a decrease in norepinephrine, and no alteration in 5-HT levels were demonstrated after 48-h withdrawal of 4 g/kg ethanol. Similar effects were observed in dopamine and DOPAC levels 30 min after drug administration. No alteration in norepinephrine concentration and a decrease in 5-HT levels were seen 30 min after ethanol (4 g/kg) administration. Our findings indicate the involvement of the monoaminergic system in the responses to ethanol.

Melatonin and N-acetyl-serotonin cross the red blood cell membrane and evoke calcium mobilization in malarial parasites

The duration of the intraerythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium is a key factor in the pathogenicity of this parasite. The simultaneous attack of the host red blood cells by the parasites depends on the synchronicity of their development. Unraveling the signals at the basis of this synchronicity represents a challenging biological question and may be very important to develop alternative strategies for therapeutic approaches. Recently, we reported that the synchrony of Plasmodium is modulated by melatonin, a host hormone that is synthesized only during the dark phases. Here we report that N-acetyl-serotonin, a melatonin precursor, also releases Ca2+ from isolated P. chabaudi parasites at micro- and nanomolar concentrations and that the release is blocked by 250 mM luzindole, an antagonist of melatonin receptors, and 20 mM U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor. On the basis of confocal microscopy, we also report the ability of 0.1 µM melatonin and 0.1 µM N-acetyl-serotonin to cross the red blood cell membrane and to mobilize intracellular calcium in parasites previously loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator Fluo-3 AM. The present data represent a step forward into the understanding of the signal transduction process in the host-parasite relationship by supporting the idea that the host hormone melatonin and N-acetyl-serotonin generate IP3 and therefore mobilize intracellular Ca2+ in Plasmodium inside red blood cells.

Serotonin regulates osteoblast proliferation and function in vitro

The monoamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a well-known neurotransmitter, also has important functions outside the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of 5-HT in the proliferation, differentiation, and function of osteoblasts in vitro. We treated rat primary calvarial osteoblasts with various concentrations of 5-HT (1 nM to 10 µM) and assessed the rate of osteoblast proliferation, expression levels of osteoblast-specific proteins and genes, and the ability to form mineralized nodules. Next, we detected which 5-HT receptor subtypes were expressed in rat osteoblasts at different stages of osteoblast differentiation. We found that 5-HT could inhibit osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization at low concentrations, but this inhibitory effect was mitigated at relatively high concentrations. Six of the 5-HT receptor subtypes (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C) were found to exist in rat osteoblasts. Of these, 5-HT2A and 5-HT1Breceptors had the highest expression levels, at both early and late stages of differentiation. Our results indicated that 5-HT can regulate osteoblast proliferation and function in vitro.

Gene expression of estrogen and oxytocin receptors in the uterus of pregnant and parturient bitches

In the canine species, the precise mechanisms of pregnancy maintenance and the initiation of parturition are not completely understood. The expression of genes encoding the receptors for estrogen (ERα mRNA) and oxytocin (OTR mRNA) was studied in the endometrium and myometrium during pregnancy and parturition in dogs. Real-time PCR was performed to quantify the levels of ERα mRNA and OTR mRNA in the uterus of bitches during early (up to 20 days of gestation), mid (20 to 40 days) and late pregnancy (41 to 60 days), and parturition (first stage of labor). All tissues expressed ERα and OTR mRNA, and are thus possibly able to respond to eventual estrogen and oxytocin hormonal stimuli. No statistically significant differences in the expression of ERα mRNA were verified in the endometrium and myometrium throughout pregnancy and parturition, but expression of OTR mRNA increased at both parturition and late pregnancy. We concluded that the increase of endometrial and myometrial OTR mRNA expression in dogs is not an event dependent on estrogenic stimulation. Moreover, the contractility response of the canine uterus to oxytocin begins during pregnancy and maintains myometrial activity. The expression of OTR mRNA in canine uterine tissues varied over time, which supports an interpretation that the sensitivity and response to hormone therapy varies during the course of pregnancy and labor. Further studies are needed to elucidate the factors underlying the synthesis of uterine oxytocin receptors and the possible role of ERβ rather than ERα in the uterine tissues during pregnancy and parturition in dogs.

Modulation of Oxytocin Receptors in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

L’hypertension pulmonaire (HP) est une maladie dont l’étiologie est inconnue et qui entraîne ultimement une défaillance du ventricule droit (VD) et le décès. L’HP peut être induite chez le rat par la la monocrotaline (MCT), un alcaloïde pyrrolizidique extrait de la plante Crotalaria Spectabilis, causant des lésions à l’endothélium des artères pulmonaires, menant à un épaississement de ces dernières et à une augmentation de la résistance vasculaire. Ceci à pour conséquence de causer une hypertrophie du VD, de l’inflammation, une dysfonction endothéliale NO-dépendante des artères coronariennes et une augmentation des peptides natriurétiques circulants. Objectif: Nous avons testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’étiopathologie de l’HP impliquerait le récepteur à ocytocine (OTR) dû à son implication fonctionnelle avec les cytokines inflammatoires et la libération du peptide natriurétique atrial (ANP) et du NO. Méthodes: Des rats mâles Sprague-Dawley pesant 220-250g reçurent une seule injection sous-cutanée de MCT (60 mg/kg). 6 à 7 semaines (46±1 jours) suivant l’injection, les rats furent sacrifiés et l’expression génique et protéique fut déterminée par PCR en temps réel et par western blot, respectivement, dans le VD et le ventricule gauche (VG) Résultats: Les rats traités au MCT démontrèrent une augmentation significative du VD. Une hypertrophie du VD était évidente puisque le ratio du VD sur le VG ainsi que le poids du septum étaient près de 77% plus élevés chez les rats traités au MCT que chez les rats contrôles. Le traitement au MCT augmenta l’expression génique d’ANP (3.7-fois dans le VG et 8-fois dans le VD) ainisi que le NP du cerveau (2.7-fois dans le VG et 10-fois dans le VD). Les transcrits de trois récepteurs de NP augmentèrent significativement (0.3-2 fois) seulement dans le VD. L’expression protéique de la NO synthase (iNOS) fut également augmentée de façon sélective dans le VD. Par contre, les transcripts de NOS endothéliale et de NOS neuronale étaient plus élevés (0.5-2 fold) dans le VG. L’ARNm et l’expression protéique d’OTR furent diminués de 50% dans le VD, tandis qu’une augmentation de l’expression des cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 fut observée. L’ARNm de Nab1, un marqueur d’hypertrophie pathologique, fut augmentée de deux-fois dans le VD. Conclusion: L’augmentation d’expression génique de NP dans le VD des rats traités au MCT est associée à une augmentation des transcripts du récepteur NP, suggérant une action locale de NP dans le VD durant l’HP. L’expression d’OTR est atténuée dans le VD, possiblement par des cytokines inflammatoires puisque le promoteur du gène de l’OTR contient de multiples éléments de réponse aux interleukines. Diminuer l’expression d’OTR dans le VD durant l’hypertension pulmonaire pourrait influencer de manière positive la fonction cardiaque car l’OTR régule la contractilité et le rythme cardiaque. Mots clés: hypertension pulmonaire, hypertrophie du ventricule droit monocrotaline, récepteur à ocytocine, inflammation, peptides natriurétiques.

Contribution of tachykinin and kinin receptors in central autonomic control of blood pressure and behavioural activity in hypertensive rats

This work aims at studing the role of tachykinin NK-3 receptor (R) and kinin B1R in central autonomic regulation of blood pressure (BP) and to determine whether the B1R is overexpressed and functional in rat models of hypertension by measuring the effect of a B1R agonist on behavioural activity. Assumptions: (1) NK-3R located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) modulates the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and has a tonic activity in hypertension; (2) B1R is overexpressed in the brain of hypertensive rats and has a tonic activity, which contributes to hypertension via a dopamine mechanism; (3) the inhibition of NK-3R and B1R with selective antagonists, reduces central dopaminergic hyperactivity and reverses hypertension. A model of genetic hypertension and a model of experimental hypertension were used: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 16 weeks) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats infused for 14 days with angiotensin II (Ang II) (200 ng / kg / min, subcutaneous (s.c.) with Alzet mini pump). The age-matched untreated WKY rats served as common controls. In the first study (article # 1), the cardiovascular response in SHR was evaluated following intracebroventricular (i.c.v.) and/or intra-VTA injection of an agonist (senktide) and antagonists (SB222200 and R-820) of NK-3R. These responses have also been characterized using selective dopamine antagonists DA-D1R (SCH23390), DA-D2R (raclopride) or non-selective dopamine DA-D2R (haloperidol). Also the VTA has been destroyed by ibotenic acid. The pressor response induced by senktide and the anti-hypertensive response induced by SB222200 or R-820 were more pronounced by intra-VTA. These responses were prevented by pre-treatment with raclopride and haloperidol. The lesion of the VTA has prevented the pressor response relayed by senktide (i.c.v.) and the anti-hypertensive effect of R-820 (i.c.v.). In addition, SB222200 (intra-VTA) prevented the pressor response of senktide (i.c.v.) and conversely, senktide (i.c.v.) prevented the antihypertensive effect of SB222200 (intra-VTA). The second study (article # 2) showed that the B1R antagonist (SSR240612) administered by gavage or i.c.v. reverses hypertension in both models. This anti-hypertensive effect was prevented by raclopride and haloperidol. In contrast, the two B1R antagonists (R-715 and R-954) injected s.c., which do not cross the blood-brain barrier reduced weakly blood pressure in hypertensive rats. In the third study (article # 3), the i.c.v. injection of a selective kinin B1R agonist Sar[DPhe8][des-Arg9]BK caused behavioural responses in SHR and Ang II-treated rats and had no effect in control WKY rats . The responses elicited by B1R agonist were blocked by an antagonist of NK-1 (RP67580), an antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptor (DL-AP5), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (L -NNA) as well as raclopride and SCH23390.The responses were modestly affected by the inhibitor of inducible NOS (iNOS). The B1R mRNA (measured by RT-PCR) was significantly increased in the hypothalamus, the VTA and the nucleus accumbens of hypertensive animals (SHR and treated with Ang II) compared with control rats. These neuropharmacological studies suggest that: (1) the NK-3R from the VTA is involved in the maintenance of hypertension in SHR by increasing DA transmission in the midbrain; (2) the B1R in SHR and Ang II-treated rats contributes to hypertension via a central mechanism involving DA-D2R; (3) the central B1R increases locomotor activity and nocifensive behaviours via the release of substance P (NK-1), DA and nitric oxide in both rat models of hypertension. Thus, the brain tachykinin NK-3R and kinin B1R represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension. The modulation of the mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic pathway by these receptors suggests their involvement in other physiological functions (pleasure, motor activity, coordination of the response to stress) and pathophysiology (anxiety, depression).

Mécanismes cellulaires de l'induction du facteur de transcription Nur77 après un traitement aux antipsychotiques

Les antipsychotiques sont utilisés en clinique depuis plus de 50 ans pour pallier aux symptômes de la schizophrénie. Malgré une recherche intensive, les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires responsables de l’effet clinique de cette médication demeurent encore nébuleux. Ces drogues sont reconnues comme des antagonistes des récepteurs D2 de la dopamine et peuvent moduler la transcription génique dans le striatum. Au cours des recherches qui ont mené à l'écriture de cette thèse, nous avons exploré l’expression de Nur77, un facteur de transcription de la famille des récepteurs nucléaires, afin de caractériser le rôle de la dopamine, la sérotonine, l’adénosine et le glutamate dans la régulation génique contrôlée par les antagonistes D2. En premier lieu, nous avons examiné l’impact de la co-administration d’agents sérotonergiques et adrénergiques sur l’expression de l’ARNm de Nur77 induite par l’halopéridol, un antipsychotique de première génération. Nous avons observé que le 8-OH-DPAT et le MDL11939 préviennent partiellement l’induction de Nur77 dans le striatum. Au contraire, l’idazoxan potentialise l’effet de l’halopéridol sur l’expression de Nur77 alors que le prazosin reste sans effet. Ces résultats démontrent que l’expression striatale de Nur77 induite par l’halopéridol peut être modulée à la baisse avec un agoniste 5-HT1A ou un antagoniste 5-HT2A. Par la suite, nous avons évalué dans divers paradigmes expérimentaux l’effet de l’éticlopride, un antagoniste spécifique D2, afin d’explorer davantage le mécanisme de l’effet transcriptionnel des antagonistes D2. Étonnamment, la suppression de l’isoforme D2L chez la souris D2L KO ne réduit pas la réponse de l’éticlopride dans le striatum. Par contre, une lésion corticale avec l’acide iboténique bloque l’effet de l’éticlopride sur la transcription de Nur77, suggérant un rôle du glutamate. La combinaison d’un antagoniste des récepteurs métabotropes du glutamate de types 5 (mGluR5) et d’un antagoniste des récepteurs de l’adénosine A2A abolit complètement l’augmentation de la transcription de Nur77 induit par l’éticlopride dans le striatum. La modulation directe de l’expression striatale de Nur77 par les récepteurs mGluR5 et A2A a été confirmée dans un modèle de cultures organotypiques de tranches cérébrales. Ces résultats démontrent clairement que la modulation de l’expression génique dans le striatum, à la suite d’un traitement avec un antagoniste D2 pourrait être indépendante d’une interaction directe avec les récepteurs D2 post-synaptiques, et reposerait plutôt sur son interaction avec les récepteurs D2 hétérosynaptiques des afférences corticostriées et l’activation subséquente des récepteurs post-synaptiques du glutamate et de l’adénosine. En résumé, nos résultats suggèrent que l’interaction des antipsychotiques atypiques avec les récepteurs 5-HT2A et 5-HT1A pourrait expliquer la différence dans le patron d’expression génique induit par ces drogues en comparaison avec les antipsychotiques typiques. De plus, nos résultats révèlent un nouveau mécanisme d’action des antagonistes D2 et supportent un rôle primordial du glutamate et de l’adénosine dans les effets des antipsychotiques de première génération.

Increased expression of "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine receptors in human temporal lobe epilepsy: implications for PET imaging of hippocampal sclerosis.

Increased binding sites for "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine receptor (PTBR) ligands have been described in a wide range of neurological disorders including both human and experimental epilepsy. This study was undertaken to assess PTBR expression in relation to the presence of hippocampal sclerosis in human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). For this purpose, hippocampal CA1 subfields were dissected from surgical samples from patients with therapy-refractive TLE with (n = 5) or without (n = 2) hippocampal sclerosis and from age-matched nonepileptic postmortem controls (n = 5). PTBR expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Receptor sites were evaluated using an in vitro binding assay and the selective PTBR ligand [3H]PK11195. Epileptic patients with hippocampal sclerosis showed increases in PTBR binding sites, immunoreactivity, and mRNA expression compared to both nonsclerotic TLE patients and postmortem nonepileptic controls. Induction of PTBR expression and binding sites were directly correlated with the presence of hippocampal sclerosis and the accompanying reactive gliosis.

Functional Analysis of Nuclear beta-Adrenergic Receptors in the Myocardium

Récemment plusieurs récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs) ont été caractérisés au niveau des membranes intracellulaires, dont la membrane nucléaire. Notre objectif était de déterminer si les sous-types de récepteurs β-adrénergiques (βAR) et leurs machineries de signalisation étaient fonctionnels et localisés à la membrane nucléaire des cardiomyocytes. Nous avons démontré la présence des β1AR et β3AR, mais pas du β2AR à la membrane nucléaire de myocytes ventriculaires adultes par immunobuvardage, par microscopie confocale, et par des essais fonctionnels. De plus, certains partenaires de signalisation comme les protéines GαS, Gαi, l’adénylate cyclase II, et V/VI y étaient également localisés. Les sous-types de βAR nucléaires étaient fonctionnels puisqu'ils pouvaient lier leurs ligands et activer leurs effecteurs. En utilisant des noyaux isolés, nous avons observé que l'agoniste non-sélectif isoprotérénol (ISO), et que le BRL37344, un ligand sélectif du β3AR, stimulaient l'initiation de la synthèse de l’ARN, contrairement à l'agoniste sélectif du β1AR, le xamotérol. Cette synthèse était abolie par la toxine pertussique (PTX). Cependant, la stimulation des récepteurs nucléaires de type B de l’endothéline (ETB) causaient une réduction de l'initiation de la synthèse d’ARN. Les voies de signalisations impliquées dans la régulation de la synthèse d’ARN par les RCPGs ont ensuite été étudiées en utilisant des noyaux isolés stimulés par des agonistes en présence ou absence de différents inhibiteurs des voies MAP Kinases (proteines kinases activées par mitogènes) et de la voie PI3K/PKB. Les protéines impliquées dans les voies de signalisation de p38, JNK, ERK MAP Kinase et PKB étaient présents dans les noyaux isolés. L'inhibition de PKB par la triciribine, inhibait la synthèse d’ARN. Nous avons ensuite pu mettre en évidence par qPCR que la stimulation par l’ISO entrainait une augmentation du niveau d'ARNr 18S ainsi qu’une diminution de l'expression d’ARNm de NFκB. En contraste, l’ET-1 n’avait aucun effet sur le niveau d’expression de l’ARNr 18S. Nous avons ensuite montré que la stimulation par l’ISO réduisait l’expression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans l'activation de NFκB, tandis que l’inhibition de ERK1/2 et PKB renversait cet effet. Un microarray global nous a ensuite permis de démontrer que les βARs et les ETRs nucléaires régulaient un grand nombre de gènes distincts. Finalement, les βARs et ETRs nucléaires augmentaient aussi une production de NO de noyaux isolés, ce qui pouvait être inhibée par le LNAME. Ces résultats ont été confirmés dans des cardiomyocytes intacts en utilisant des analogues cagés et perméables d’ISO et de l'ET-1: l'augmentation de NO nucléaire détectée par DAF2-DA, causée par l'ET-1 et l'ISO, pouvait être prévenue par le LNAME. Finalement, l’augmentation de l’initiation de la transcription induite par l'ISO était aussi bloquée par le L-NAME ou par un inbitheur de PKG, le KT5823, suggérant que la voie NO-GC-PKG est impliquée dans la régulation de la transcription par les βAR. En conclusion, les βARs et les ETRs nucléaires utilisent des voies de signalisation différentes et exercent ainsi des effets distincts sur l’expression des gènes cardiaques. Ils représentent donc une avenue intéressante pour le développement de drogues pharmacologiques.

Consequences of Decreased Brain Serotonin in the Pyridoxine Deficient Young Rat

The concentrations of serotonin in various brain areas were significantly decreased in the pyridoxine-deficient young rat. 2. There was no change in the concentration of dopamine. 3. Both Bmax and Kid of [3H]serotonin binding to membrane preparations from cerebral cortex were increased in deficiency and were restored to normal upon pyridoxine supplementation. 4. There was no change in [3H]spiroperidol binding to corpus striatal membrane preparations in pyridoxine-deficient rats.

Enhancement of [m-methoxy 3H]MDL100907 binding to 5HT 2A receptors in cerebral cortex and brain stem of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

5-Hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptor kinetics was studied in cerebral cortex and brain stem of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Scatchard analysis with [3H] (±) 2,3dimethoxyphenyl-l-[2-(4-piperidine)-methanol] ([3H]MDL100907) in cerebral cortex showed no significant change in maximal binding (Bmax) in diabetic rats compared to controls. Dissociation constant (K) of diabetic rats showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in cerebral cortex, which was reversed to normal by insulin treatment. Competition studies of [3H]MDL100907 binding in cerebral cortex with ketanserin showed the appearance of an additional low affinity site for 5-HT2A receptors in diabetic state, which was reversed to control pattern by insulin treatment. In brain stem, scatchard analysis showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Bmax accompanied by a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Kd. Competition analysis in brain stem also showed a shift in affinity towards a low affinity State for 5-HT2A receptors. All these parameters were reversed to control level by insulin treatment. These results show that in cerebral cortex there is an increase in affinity of 5-HT2A receptors without any change in its number and in the case of brain stem there is an increase in number of 5HT2A receptors accompanied by a decrease in its affinity during diabetes. Thus, from the results we suggest that the increase in affinity of 5-HT2A receptors in cerebral cortex and upregulation of 5-HT2A receptors in brain stem may lead to altered neuronal function in diabetes.