1000 resultados para produto sólido


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The production of visible light by chemical reactions constitutes interesting and fascinating phenomena and several reaction mechanisms are discussed to rationalize excited state formation. Most efficient chemiluminescence reactions are thought to involve one or more electron transfer steps and chemiexcitation is believed to occur by radical annihilation. A brief introduction to the general principles of light production and the main known chemiexcitation mechanisms will be given here. Subsequently, recent results on the mechanistic elucidation of efficient chemiluminescence systems, as the peroxyoxalate reaction, the induced decomposition of phenoxy-substituted 1,2-dioxetanes and the catalyzed decomposition of new a-peroxylactones will be discussed.

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The use of probes, such as paramagnetic species diluted in diamagnetic materials in EPR spectroscopy, and mathematical tools such, as the Kubelka-Munk function in DRUV-VIS spectroscopy are strategies in the analysis of complex mixtures of solid materials. The results obtained here show that the solid state reaction between the complex, [VO(acac)(BMIMAPY)] [ClO4], BMIMAPY = [(bis(1-methylimidazole-2-yl)methyl)(2-(pyridyl-2-yl)ethyl) amine] and acac = acetilacetonate, with kaolinite turns possible to obtain anisotropic EPR spectrum of the complex with a reasonable level of resolution. The study by DRUV-VIS using the method of second derivative mode of the Kubelka-Munk function revealed new complex structural arrangements, a solid hitherto unknown.

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This work presents a route for processing spent ink-jet cartridges in an experimental course. The disassembly of the cartridges requires several steps and the recognition of their different components is essential to define the best final destination (recycling, co-processing). The plastic strips were chemically processed so as to recover gold and copper. The students recognized the difficulty of processing multicomponent wastes and the importance of the chemical work under the best safety conditions; they also experienced many laboratory techniques and recognized the value of the selective collection and the reverse logistics to reach a viable commercial scale recycling.

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This work reports a review on the status and technical feasibility of the application of ethanol as fuel for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), presenting both external reform and cell with direct utilization of ethanol. Based on this survey, both experimental results and mathematical modeling indicated the technical feasibility of power generation by ethanol SOFC, with cell units producing 450 mW/cm², sufficient for scale up to large stationary plants. The quantitative assessments in the literature show this field to be promising for researchers and private sector investment as well being a strategic technology for government policy in the short and long term.

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The nature of the solid residue formed in beef tallow biodiesel from two commercial producers in Brazil was determined by comparative analytical techniques, namely, gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and thermogravimetry (TG). Pure monopalmitin and monostearin were used as reference standards for both methodologies. Analyses were carried out before and after filtration of the solids formed, which allowed the observation that the formation of precipitate reduced the levels of monoglycerides in the beef tallow biodiesel. The chromatographic and thermogravimetric results confirmed the nature of the residue as saturated monoglycerides, predominantly monostearin and monopalmitin.

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Composite solid propellants prepared with HTPB prepolymer - Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene, AP - Ammonium Perchlorate as oxidizer and aluminum particles as an additive metal, have characteristics of high electrical resistivity. The loading process of the polymer matrix did not obtain homogeneity, resulting in clusters, mainly of metal particles. The effect of clustering in the composite was studied and observed experimentally, and this effect was one of the factors explaining the phenomenon of electrical charging of the composite. This electrical potential, when discharged abruptly, can generate an electric spark with sufficient energy for sustained ignition of a solid rocket motor.

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The objective of this study was to optimize and validate a solid-liquid extraction method with low-temperature partitioning (SLE/LTP) for the analysis of pesticides. This method was coupled with gas chromatography (GC/ECD) and used to evaluate the degradation of bifenthrin and pirimiphos-methyl in maize grains on exposure to ozone. The optimized SLE/LTP-GC/ECD method is simple, effective and consumes low quantities of the solvent. It can be routinely used for the determination of bifenthrin and pirimiphos-methyl in maize samples. The use of this method of analysis determined that the levels of the insecticides in maize grains were reduced on exposure of the grains to the ozone gas. The observed reduction in the levels of insecticide was directly proportional to the increase in the concentration of the ozone gas.

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Enzymatic conversion of gaseous substrates into products in aquo-restricted media, using enzymes or whole cells (free and immobilized) as biocatalysts, constitutes a promising technology for the development of clearer processes. Solid-gas systems offer high production rates for minimal plant sizes, allow important reduction of treated volumes, and permit simplified downstream processes. In this review article, principles and applications of solid-gas biocatalysis are discussed. Comparisons of its advantages and disadvantages with those of the organic- and aqueous-phase reactions are also presented herein.

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In this study, a method of solid-liquid extraction and purification at low temperature (SLE-PLT) to determine 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge was optimized and validated. The analyses were performed by HPLC-UV. The extraction phase, homogenization procedure, influence of pH, ionic strength and clean-up of the extracts were optimized. Recoveries were higher than 63.4% for 11 PAHs. The correlation coefficients were greater than 0.99 and limits of detection and quantitation were less than 0.060 and 0.15 µg g-1, respectively. These values were lower than the maximum residue limits of PAHs established by European legislation. SLE-PLT proved a more practical, economical method with fewer steps compared to Soxhlet extraction (reference method) for PAHs in sewage sludge.

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Filamentous fungi were cultured under solid state fermentation of soybean residues to produce lipases. Enzymes produced by Aspergillus niger esterified oleic and butyric acids in the presence of ethanol, while enzymes produced by Aspergillus fumigatus demonstrated no esterification activity toward lauric acid. In case of A. niger, direct lyophilization of fermented bran led to higher esterification activity. The esterification of oleic acid by enzymes of A. fumigatus was neither influenced by pH adjustment nor by the extraction process. Conversions to ethyl esters were higher after pH adjustment with lyophilized liquid extract of A. niger.

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Manchas nos grãos de aveia (Avena sativa) é limitante à sua comercialização por tornar o produto escuro e não permitir seu uso pela indústria alimentícia. A localização do micélio de Pyrenophora avenae nos grãos de aveia e sua atividade enzimática podem esclarecer a causa das manchas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a localização de P. avenae, na cariopse de aveia, avaliar a sua atividade enzimática e seu efeito sobre proteínas e lipídios dos grãos de aveia. A localização do micélio nos tecidos da cariopse foi determinada após hidratação e cortes da mesma, seguido da análise dos tecidos sob lupa e microscópio. Para avaliação da atividade enzimática foram utilizados 18 isolados de P. avenae obtidos das principais regiões produtoras de aveia do Brasil, avaliando-os quanto às suas atividades amilolítica, proteolítica e lipolítica, sendo realizada por plaqueamento das estruturas vegetativas em meio sólido específico para as enzimas testadas. As determinações do percentual de proteínas e lipídios foram obtidas pelos métodos de Kjeldahl e Bligh & Dyer, respectivamente. O micélio de P. avenae é a principal causa da mancha nos grãos de aveia, localizando-se nos três tecidos do pericarpo. O fitopatógeno apresenta boa atividade enzimática para lipase e protease porém insignificante para a amilase. Os grãos de aveia manchados e sadios não diferiram nos teores de proteínas e de lipídios. Esses teores foram mais elevados nos tecidos superficiais do pericarpo e aleurona independente da presença ou não de manchas, justificando o crescimento superficial de P. avenae sobre os grãos de aveia.

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No presente trabalho avaliou-se as etapas de decomposição térmica de alguns compostos de lantanídeos (III) e ítrio (III), envolvendo diferentes ligantes fenil substituído derivados do benzalpiruvato, utilizando-se a termogravimetria (TG). Uma correlação foi realizada a partir dos teores dos íons metálicos, comparando-se os resultados obtidos por termogravimetria e titulação complexométrica com EDTA.

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A síntese do complexo sólido de estanho(II)-EDTA é descrita e sua caracterização efetuada através da análise elementar, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, difratometria de raios X e ressonância magnética nuclear de ¹H e 13C. O comportamento térmico é avaliado através das curvas termogravimétricas TG e de análise térmica diferencial DTA em atmosferas inerte e oxidante sugerindo etapas de decomposição térmica para o quelato de estequiometria [H2SnH2O(NCH2(CH2COO)2)2].¹/2H2O. As microscopias eletrônicas de varredura demonstram diferentes morfologias para os resíduos óxidos obtidos a 1200ºC em função da razão de aquecimento utilizada.

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Este trabalho descreve a preparação de eletrodo de pasta de carbono (EPC) em minicavidade de contato sólido e sua avaliação quando a pasta de carbono contém ou não partículas sub-micormétricas de SiO2(Eu3+ 2%) e SiO2(Eu3+ 2%)-lisina. Nestes estudos, medidas de voltametria cíclica e impedância eletroquímica foram realizadas em PBS (0,1 mol L-1 pH 7,4) contendo as espécies redox Fe(CN)6-3/-4. Os resultados de impedância foram interpretados baseados na reação de transferência de carga envolvendo as espécies Fe(CN)6-3/-4 e/ou oxigênio em frequências mais altas e, difusão das espécies eletroativas e características da pasta de carbono a baixas frequências. EPC-minicavidade é apropriado para eletroanálises usando pasta de carbono modificada.