Principales efectos de la aplicación de una metodología destinada a inducir la muda en ponedoras comerciales sobre su producción cuantitativa y cualitativa durante el segundo ciclo de puesta

En la presente Tesis Doctoral se ha estudiado el efecto de una metodología para inducir la muda en dos estirpes de gallinas ponedoras comerciales, una ligera y otra semipesada, mediante el suministro de tres alimentos: salvado de trigo, cebada en grano y un pienso comercial de ponedoras aportado en cantidad restringida. Se realizaron dos pruebas en dos lotes diferentes de gallinas. En la primera de ellas se utilizaron 472 animales (236 de cada estirpe) alojados en jaulas con cuatro o seis gallinas por jaula, con una estructura factorial 2 x 3 x 2 (2 estirpes, 3 alimentos, 2 densidades) y una duración total de 32 semanas (4 de muda y 28 de producción posmuda). En la segunda prueba fueron 432 animales los utilizados (216 de cada estirpe), alojados en grupos de cuatro aves por jaula, con una estructura factorial 2 x 3 (2 estirpes, 3 alimentos) y una duración de 27 semanas (4 de muda y 23 de producción postmuda). En los dos experimentos realizados se estudió el efecto del uso de los alimentos citados para inducir de la muda sobre los resultados cuantitativos: pérdida de peso vivo durante la muda e intensidad de puesta, peso medio del huevo y masa de huevo diaria, durante y después de la muda, así como la distribución de la puesta en clases comerciales durante el segundo ciclo de puesta. Así como sobre los resultados cualitativos después de la muda: color de la cáscara de los huevos morenos, espesor de la cáscara, peso específico del huevo, altura del albumen, unidades Haugh y color de la yema. En la primera prueba se estudió, además, el efecto que la inducción de la muda mediante los tres alimentos considerados tuvo sobre la regresión del aparato reproductor de las gallinas durante este período de muda. En el primer experimento se observaron diferencias entre estirpes. Las gallinas ligeras tuvieron una más rápida regresión del aparato reproductor (ovario+oviducto) (P=0,003) que las semipesadas, aunque la regresión total no presentó diferencias significativas. Las gallinas semipesadas tuvieron mejores resultados después de la muda en intensidad de puesta (P<0,0001), en peso medio del huevo (P<0,0001) y en masa de huevo diaria (P=0,0002). También hubo diferencias significativas para las variables cualitativas espesor de la cáscara (mayor en huevos de gallinas semipesadas) mientras que los huevos procedentes de gallinas ligeras presentaron mejores valores de altura del albumen, de unidades Haugh y de color de yema; todas estas variables tuvieron un nivel de significación P<0,0001. El suministro restringido de pienso dio lugar a un mayor porcentaje de pérdida de peso vivo (P<0,0001) aunque la regresión de los órganos del aparato reproductor fue la más baja (P<0,003), no habiéndose encontrado diferencias entre los otros dos alimentos utilizados. Con este alimento también fue más lenta (P<0,0001) la disminución de la puesta durante la muda, aunque fue mayor la producción durante el segundo ciclo (P<0,0001). La única variable cualitativa afectada fue el espesor de cáscara (P<0,0001), con valores más altos en los huevos producidos por las gallinas mudadas con cebada. Los grupos de seis gallinas por jaula produjeron más huevos durante la muda (P<0,0001) aunque después de ésta la densidad de animales no tuvo efecto significativo, como tampoco lo hubo sobre los parámetros de calidad del huevo. En la segunda prueba las gallinas semipesadas experimentaron un menor porcentaje de pérdida de peso corporal (P<0,01) pero tuvieron mayores índices de puesta (P<0,001) y de huevos clasificables (P<0,001) durante la muda. En cambio, durante el segundo ciclo de producción las gallinas ligeras produjeron más huevos (P=0,0041), de menor peso (P<0,02) y con menor consumo de pienso (P<0,001). Los huevos puestos por las gallinas semipesadas tuvieron mayor espesor de cáscara y mayor color de yema, pero peor calidad de albumen (P<0,0001). La mayor pérdida de peso la experimentaron las gallinas mudadas con salvado (P<0,02). La producción durante la muda fue mayor (P<0,001) en las gallinas que consumieron pienso en cantidad restringida y también fueron las que tuvieron menor intensidad de puesta (P<0,006) y masa de huevo diaria (P<0,042) durante el segundo ciclo. El tratamiento de muda no tuvo efecto significativo sobre la calidad del huevo en esta segunda prueba. La principal conclusión que merece destacarse es que es posible inducir la muda a las gallinas ponedoras utilizando alimentos bajos en energía o en proteína, o altos en fibra, con un porcentaje de pérdida de peso vivo no tan alta como las recomendaciones tradicionales, y alcanzar buenos resultados productivos, tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos, durante el segundo ciclo de puesta. ABSTRACT Present Doctoral Thesis has studied the effect of a methodology to induce molting in two strains of commercial laying hens, one light and another semi-heavy one, through the provision of three feed: wheat bran, barley grain and a commercial laying hens feed provided in limited quantity. Two tests were performed in two different lots of layers. In the first 472 animals were used (236 of each strain) housed in cages with four or six hens per cage, with a structure 2 x 3 x 2 factorial (2 strains, 3 meals, 2 densities) and a total duration of 32 weeks (4 of molt and 28 of postmolting). In the second test 432 animals were used (216 each strain), housed in groups of four birds per cage, with a structure factorial 2 x 3 (2 strain, 3 meals) along 27 weeks (4 of molt and 23 of postmolting). In both experiments, we studied the effect of the use of above mentioned foods to induce molting on the quantitative results: body weight lost during the molt and laying index, average egg weight and egg mass daily during and after the molt, as well as on grading in commercial classes during the second laying cycle. As well as on qualitative outcomes after the molt: colour of Brown eggsshell, shell thickness, specific density, albumen height, Haugh units and yolk colour. In the first test was studied, in addition, the effect of induction of molting through the three feed considered on the regression of the reproductive tract of hens during molting period. In the first experiment, differences between strains were observed. Light hens had a faster regression of the reproductive tract (ovary+oviduct) (P=0,003) than semi-heavy hens, although the total regression did not present significant differences. Semi-heavy hens had better outcomes after the molt in laying index (P<0.0001), in average egg weight (P<0.0001) and daily egg mass (P=0, 0002). There were also significant differences for the qualitative variables (higher in semi-heavy hen eggs) as shell thickness while light chicken eggs showed better values of albumen height, Haugh units and yolk color; all these variables had the same level of significance (P<0.0001). Restricted supply of layer feed resulted in a greater percentage of live weight loss (P<0.0001) although the regression of the reproductive organs was the lowest (P<0.003), having not found differences between the other two feed used. With this food decreasing of laying during molting period was also slower (P<0.0001), although production was higher during the second cycle (P < 0.0001). The only qualitative variable affected was shell thickness (P<0.0001), with higher values in the eggs produced by hens molted with barley. Groups of six hens per cage produced more eggs during the moult (P<0.0001) but after this animal density had no significant effect, as neither had it on egg quality parameters. In the second trial hens semi-heavy experienced a lower percentage of body weight loss (P<0.01) but had higher rates of egg production (P<0.001) and of grading eggs (P<0.001) during the moult. On the other hand, during the second production cycle light hens produced more eggs (P=0,0041), of lower weight (P < 0.02) and with less feed intake (P<0.001). Eggs from semi-heavy hens had thicker shell and greater color yolk, but poorer quality of albumen (P<0.0001). The greater weight loss was experimented by the hens molted with wheat bran (P=0.02). Production during molting period was greater (P<0.001) in hens which consumed feed in restricted quantities and were also less the laying index (P=0.006) and daily egg mass (P=0.042) during the second cycle. The molting treatment had no significative effect on the quality of the egg in this second test. The main conclusion that deserves to stand out is that it is possible to induce molting hens using foods low in energy or in protein or high in fiber, with a percentage of live weight loss not as high as the traditional recommendations, and achieve good productive, both quantitative and qualitative results during the second implementation cycle.

Factores nutricionales que influyen sobre las variables productivas y el desarrollo del tracto gastrointestinal en pollitas comerciales rubias = Nutritional factors affecting productive performance and gastrointestinal tract traits in commercial brown-egg laying pullets

El objetivo general de esta Tesis doctoral fue estudiar la influencia de diversos factores nutricionales sobre los parámetros productivos y el desarrollo del tracto digestivo de pollitas rubias destinadas a la producción de huevos comerciales. Para alcanzar este objetivo se realizaron tres experimentos donde se estudió el cereal principal, el tamaño de partícula del cereal y el nivel de energía y la presentación de los piensos. En el experimento 1 se estudió la influencia del cereal (piensos con enzimas) y la presentación del pienso sobre los parámetros productivos y las características del tracto digestivo en 576 pollitas rubias de 1 a 120 d de edad. De 1 a 45 d de la edad, se utilizaron 4 piensos experimentales organizados de forma factorial con 2 cereales al 50% de inclusión (maíz vs. trigo) y 2 presentaciones del pienso (harina vs. gránulo de 2- mm de diámetro). Cada tratamiento se replicó 6 veces (24 pollitas por réplica). De 46 a 120 d de edad todas las dietas (maíz o trigo) se ofrecieron en harina y por tanto, la única diferencia entre tratamientos fue el cereal utilizado. De 1 a 120 d de edad, las pollitas que recibieron los piensos basados en maíz tuvieron una ganancia de peso vivo (PV) superior (P < 0,05) que las que recibieron los piensos basados en trigo, pero el índice de conversión (IC) fue similar para ambos grupos. De 1 a 45 d de edad, las pollitas alimentadas con gránulo consumieron más pienso (P < 0,001) y tuvieron una ganancia de peso superior (P < 0,001) que las pollitas alimentadas con harina. Gran parte de los efectos beneficiosos de la granulación sobre los parámetros productivos se mantuvieron al final de la prueba (120 d de edad). A los 45 d de edad, el peso relativo de la molleja (PR; g/kg PV) fue superior (P < 0,01) en pollitas alimentadas con maíz que en pollitas alimentadas con trigo. La alimentación en gránulo redujo el PR del tracto gastro intestinal (TGI) y de la molleja (P < 0,001), así como la longitud relativa (LR; cm/kg PV) del intestino delgado (P< 0.01) a ambas edades (45 y 120 d de edad). El tipo de cereal utilizado no afectó al pH del contenido de la molleja a 120 d de edad pero fué inferior (P < 0,01) en las pollitas que recibieron el pienso en harina de 1 a 45 d de la edad que en las que recibieron el pienso en gránulo. Se concluye que el trigo puede substituir al maíz en piensos para pollitas si se acepta una ligera reducción en la ganancia de peso. Asímismo, la alimentación en gránulo de 1 a 45 d de edad aumentó la ganancia de peso a esta edad y al final de la prueba, así como el pH de la molleja a 120 d de edad. La presentación del pienso en gránulo redujo el PR de la molleja y la LR del TGI a 120 d de edad. En el experimento 2 se utilizaron un total de 864 pollitas rubias Hy-Line de 1 d de edad para estudiar la influencia del cereal de la dieta (500 g de maíz o trigo/kg) y el tamaño de partícula del mismo (molienda con molino de martillos con un diámetro de criba de 6, 8, o 10-mm) sobre los parámetros productivos y las características del TGI de 1 a 120 d de edad. Cada uno de los 6 tratamientos se replicó 6 veces (24 pollitas por réplica). De 1 a 45 d de edad, la ganancia de PV aumentó (P< 0,001) y el IC se mejoró (P < 0,05) al reducir el tamaño de partícula del cereal, pero no se observaron diferencias en el periodo crecimiento de 45 a 120 d de edad. A los 45 d de vida, las pollitas alimentadas con maíz tendieron (P < 0,10) a tener un mayor PR del TGI y del proventrículo y una mayor LR del intestino delgado que las pollitas alimentadas con trigo. Asímismo, el PR del TGI a esta edad, aumentó (P < 0,05) a medida que aumentaba el tamaño de partícula del cereal utilizado. A los 120 d de edad, el tratamiento no afectó el PR de ninguno de los órganos del TGI ni al pH de la molleja. Sin embargo, la LR del intestino delgado fue superior (P < 0,05) para las pollitas alimentadas con trigo que para las pollitas alimentadas con maíz. La LR del TGI se redujó (P < 0,05) al aumentar el tamaño de partícula del cereal. Se concluye que el trigo puede incluirse 500 g/kg en piensos de pollitas de 1 a 120 días de edad y que el tamaño de partícula de los cereales afecta el crecimiento de las pollitas durante los primeros 45 d de vida, pero no después. Por lo tanto, se recomienda moler el cereal utilizado al inicio del período de recría (1 a 45 d de edad) con una criba de diámetro igual o inferior a 8 mm. En el experimento 3 se utilizaron un total de 1.152 pollitas rubias Hy-Line de 1 d de edad para estudiar la influencia del nivel de energía de la dieta y la presentación del pienso sobre la productividad y las características del TGI. De 1 a 45 d de edad se utilizaron 6 piensos organizados de forma factorial con 3 concentraciones energéticas (baja: 11,44 MJ; media: 12,05 MJ y alta: 12,66 MJ/kg) y 2 presentaciones del pienso (harina vs. gránulo). De 45 a 120 d todos los piensos experimentales se suministraron en forma de harina y por tanto, la única diferencia entre tratamientos fue el nivel de EMAn utilizado. Cada uno de los 6 tratamientos se replicó 8 veces y la unidad experimental fue la jaula con 24 pollitas. De 1 a 120 d de edad, la ganancia de PV y el IC mejoraron a medida que aumentó la EMAn del pienso (P < 0,001). Las pollitas alimentadas con gránulo de 1 a 45 d de edad comieron mas y tuvieron una ganancia de peso superior (P < 0,001) que las alimentadas con harina. En el global de la prueba, la ganancia de PV fue mayor (P < 0,01) para las pollitas alimentadas con piensos en gránulo. A los 45 d de edad, el PR de todos los segmentos del TGI estudiados fue inferior para las pollitas alimentadas con piensos de alta energía que para las pollitas alimentadas con piensos de media o baja energía. A 120 d de edad, el PR de la molleja fue superior (P < 0,01) para las pollitas alimentadas con piensos de baja energía que con los otros piensos. Sin embargo, la LR del TGI no se vió afectada por el nivel de energía de los piensos. A los 45 d de edad, la alimentación con gránulo redujo el PR del proventrículo (P < 0,05), de la molleja (P < 0,001) y del TGI (P < 0.001), así como la LR del intestino delgado (P < 0,05) y de los ciegos (P < 0,001). A pesar de que las pollitas solo recibieron los piensos en gránulo durante los primeros 45 d de vida, la alimentación con gránulos redujo el PR de la molleja y del proventrículo a 120 d de edad. Se concluye que la alimentación con gránulos durante los primeros 45 d de vida mejora el consumo de pienso y el PV de las pollitas a 120 d de edad. Un aumento del nivel de energía de la dieta de 12,0 a 12,7 MJ/kg mejora los parámetros productivos de 1 a 120 d de edad pero reduce el tamaño del proventrículo y de la molleja. En base de estos resultados concluimos que maíz y trigo con enzimas pueden utilizarse indistintamente en piensos para pollitas de 1 a 120 d de edad con sólo una ligera disminución del PV final con trigo. La granulación y la reducción del tamaño de partícula del cereal del pienso de primera edad (1 a 45 d de vida) y el uso de piensos de alta densidad energética, mejoran los PV a 120 d de edad. Por lo tanto, es recomendable moler los cereales con cribas de no más de 8-mm de diámetro. También, la granulación del pienso y el uso de piensos de alta energía (pobres en fibra bruta) pueden reducir el desarrollo del TGI especialmente de la molleja, lo que puede perjudicar el consumo posterior de pienso durante el inicio del ciclo de puesta. ABSTRACT The general objective of this Thesis was to study the effect of different nutritional factors on productive performance and the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of commercial brown egg-laying pullets from 1 to 120 d of age. In this respect, the influence of type and particle size of the cereal, and feed form, and energy content of the die,t were studied in 3 experiments. In experiment 1, the influence of the main cereal and feed form of the diet on performance and GIT traits was studied in 576 brown-egg laying pullets from 1 to 120 d of age. From 1 to 45 d of age, 4 diets arranged factorially with 2 cereals (maize vs. wheat) and 2 feed forms (mash vs. pellets) were used. Each treatment was replicated 6 times (24 pullets per replicate). From 46 to 120 d of age, all diets were offered in mash form and therefore, the only difference among diets was the cereal used. Cumulatively, pullets fed the maize diets had higher body weight (BW) gain (P< 0.05) but similar feed conversion ratio (FCR) than pullets fed the wheat diets. From 1 to 45 d of age, pullets fed pellets consumed more feed (P < 0.001) and had higher BW gain (P < 0.001) than pullets fed mash. Most of the beneficial effects of pelleting on productive performance of the birds were still evident at 120 d of age. At 45 d of age, gizzard relative weight (RW; g/kg BW) was higher (P < 0.01) in pullets fed maize than in pullets fed wheat. Feeding pellets reduced the RW of the GIT and the gizzard (P < 0.001) as well as the relative length (RL; cm/kg BW) of the small intestine (SI, P < 0.01) at both ages. The pH of the gizzard contents at 120 d of age was not affected by the main cereal of the diet, but was lower in pullets fed mash from 1 to 45 d of age (P < 0.01) than in pullets fed pellets. We conclude that wheat supplemented with enzymes can be used in substitution of maize in pullet diets with only a slight reduction in BW gain at 120 d of age. Also, feeding pellets from 1 to 45 d of age increased BW gain and pH of the gizzard, and reduced the RW of the gizzard and the RL of the GIT at 120 d of age. In experiment 2, a total of 864 brown-egg laying pullets was used to study the effects of the main cereal of the diet (500 g maize or wheat/kg) and particle size of the cereal (hammer milled to pass through a 6, 8, and 10-mm screen) on growth performance and GIT traits from 1 to 120 d of age. Each of the 6 treatments was replicated 6 times (24 pullets per replicate). Type of cereal did not affect pullet performance at any age. From 1 to 45 d of age, BW gain was increased (P < 0.001) and FCR was improved (P < 0.05) as the particle size of the cereal was reduced, but no effects were observed after this age. At 45 d of age, pullets fed maize tended (P < 0.10) to have a heavier RW of the GIT and proventriculus and a higher relative length (RL, cm/kg BW) of the SI than pullets fed wheat. Also at this age, the RW of the GIT increased (P < 0.05) with increases in particle size of the cereal. At 120 d of age, dietary treatment did not affect the RW of any of the organs studied or gizzard pH, but the RL of the SI was higher (P < 0.05) for pullets fed wheat than for pullets fed maize. Also, the RL of the SI was reduced (P < 0.05) as the particle size of the cereal increased. We conclude that 500 g wheat/kg can be included in pullet feeds from 1 to 120 d of age, and that particle size of the cereal affects pullet performance during the first 45 d of life but not thereafter. Therefore, it is recommended to grind the cereal used in this period with a screen size of no more than 8-mm. In experiment 3, a total of 1,152 one-day-old Hy-Line Brown egg laying pullets were used to study the influence of the energy content of the diet and feed form on productive performance and on several GIT traits. From 1 to 45 d of age, there were 6 diets arranged factorially with 3 concentrations of AMEn (low: 11.66 MJ/kg, medium: 12.05 MJ/kg and high: 12.66 MJ/kg) of the diet and 2 feed forms (mash vs. pellets). From 45 to 120 d all diets were fed in mash form and therefore, the only difference among treatments in this period was the energy content of the diets. Each of the 6 treatments was replicated 8 times and the experimental unit was formed by 24 pullets. Cumulatively, BW gain and FCR improved as the AMEn of the diet increased (P < 0.001). Also, pullets fed pellets from 1 to 45 d of age had higher feed intake and BW gain (P < 0.001) in this period and higher cumulative BW gain (P < 0.01) than pullets fed mash. At 45 d of age, the RWof all the segments of the GIT was lower for pullets fed the high- than for pullets fed the medium- or low- energy diets. At 120 d of age, the RW of the gizzard was higher (P < 0.01) for pullets fed the low energy diets than for pullets fed the other diets. However, the RL of the GIT was not affected by the energy content of the diet. Feeding pellets reduced the RW of the proventriculus (P < 0.05), gizzard (P < 0.001), and GIT (P < 0.001), as well as the RL of the small intestine (P < 0.05) and the ceaca (P < 0.001) at 45 d of age. The effects of feeding pellets on RW of gizzard and proventriculus were still evident at 120 d of age. We concluded that feeding pellets from 1 to 45 d of age improved feed intake and BW of pullets at 120 d of age and that an increase in the energy content of the diet increased pullet performance at all ages but reduced the RW of the proventriculus and gizzard. We conclude that maize and wheat can be used indistinctly in diets for egg laying pullets from 1 to 120 d of age, with only a slight reduction in final BW when wheat is used. Also, particle size of the cereal affects pullet performance during the first 45 d of life but not thereafter. Pelleting of the feeds, and grinding the cereal with a screen size of no more than 8-mm from 1 to 45 d of age, and the use of high density energy diets are recommended in order to achieve adequate target BW at 120 d of age. However, pelleting of the feed, very fine grinding, and the use of high AMEn diets might hinder the development of the GIT, especially that of the gizzard, which might affect feed intake of laying hens especially at the beginning of the production cycle.

Desarrollo de una metodología de vigilancia tecnológica para la toma de decisiones : aplicación a las tecnologías multimedia

La aplicación de la vigilancia tecnología se ha mostrado como una de las herramientas más importantes para ganar competitividad y mejorar las actividades de innovación de las empresas. La vigilancia se basa en captar las informaciones, normalmente patentes y publicaciones científicas, más relevantes para un determinado campo tecnológico y valorarlas para influir en la toma de decisiones. Las fases clásicas son: búsqueda, análisis y comunicación de la información. El trabajo se soportará tanto en herramientas comerciales como en otras que deberá desarrollar el estudiante, y tendrá como objetivo fundamental el desarrollar una metodología, basada en la vigilancia, para tomar decisiones sobre tecnologías y en este caso aplicadas a las tecnologías multimedia. El objetivo principal en la propuesta de una metodología genérica de vigilancia tecnológica (VT/IC) para la toma de decisiones con un ejemplo de aplicación en las tecnologías multimedia y que más adelante se explicitó en TV 3D. La necesidad de que el proceso de VT/IC se soporte en una metodología es imprescindible si queremos darle la importancia que debe tener en el ciclo productivo de cualquier tipo de organización y muy especialmente en una organización involucrada en investigación y desarrollo (I+D+i). Esta metodología posibilitará, entre otras cosas, que estos procesos que conforman la VT/IC puedan integrarse en una organización compartiendo los procesos productivos, de administración y de dirección de la organización. Permitirá una medición de su funcionamiento y las posibles modificaciones para obtener un mejor funcionamiento. Proveerá a los posibles elementos involucrados en la VT/IC de la documentación, procesos, herramientas, elementos de medición de un sistema definido, publicado, medido y analizado de trabajo. Finalmente a modo de ejemplo de un proceso de consulta VT/IC utilizaremos el criterio de búsqueda genérico 3D TV propuesto. Estructura del PFC: Para lograr estos objetivos el trabajo ha sido dividido en 6 etapas: 1.- Descripción del PFC: Una presentación del PFC y su desarrollo. 2.- Vigilancia tecnológica: Desarrollo del concepto de VT/IC, los efectos esperados, beneficios y riesgos de la VT/IC, concepto de inteligencia competitiva (IC), concepto aplicado de vigilancia tecnológica e inteligencia competitiva (VT/IC). 3.- Técnicas de análisis empresarial donde la VT/IC es útil: para empezar a entender como debe ser la VT/IC analizamos como una organización utiliza las distintas técnicas de análisis y que información aportan cada una de ellas, finalmente analizamos como la VT/IC ayuda a esas técnicas de análisis. 4.- Gestión de las fuentes de información: análisis de los tipos de fuentes de información y sus herramientas de búsqueda asociadas. 5.- Metodología propuesta de la VT/IC: desarrollo de la metodología de implementación y de funcionamiento de una unidad de VT/IC. 6.- Observatorio: a modo de ejemplo, “3d TV”. ABSTRACT. The application of surveillance technology has proven to be one of the most important to increase competitiveness and improve the innovation activities of enterprises tools. Surveillance is based on capturing the information, usually patents and scientific publications most relevant to a given technological field and assess them to influence decision making. The classical phases are: search, analysis and communication of information. The work will support both commercial and other tools to be developed by the student, and will have as main objective to develop a methodology, based on monitoring to make decisions about technologies and in this case applied to multimedia technologies. The main objective in the proposed generic methodology for technological awareness (VT / IC) for decision making with an example application in multimedia technologies and later made explicit 3D TV. The need for the process of VT / CI support methodology is essential if we give it the importance it should have in the production cycle of any organization and especially in an organization involved in research and development (R + D + i). This methodology will allow, among other things, that these processes that make up the VT / IC can be integrated into an organization sharing production processes, management and direction of the organization. It will allow a measurement of its performance and possible changes for better performance. It will provide the possible elements involved in the VT / IC documentation, processes, tools, measuring elements of a defined system, published, measured and analyzed work. Finally an example of a consultation process VT / IC use generic search criteria proposed 3D TV. Structure of the PFC: To achieve these objectives the work has been divided into 6 stages: 1. PFC Description: A presentation of the PFC and its development. 2. Technology Watch: Concept Development of VT / IC, expected effects, benefits and risks of VT / IC concept of competitive intelligence (CI) concept applied technology watch and competitive intelligence (VT / IC). 3. Business analysis techniques where VT / IC is useful: to begin to understand how it should be the VT / IC analyze how an organization uses different analysis techniques and information provide each finally analyze how the VT / IC helps these analysis techniques. 4. Management information sources: analysis of the types of information sources and their associated search tools. 5. proposed methodology VT / IC: methodology development and operational deployment of a unit of VT / IC. 6. Observatory: by way of example, "3D TV".

Avaliação do desempenho ambiental de alternativas de reaproveitamento de vinhaça decorrente da produção de etanol.

A obtenção de etanol a partir de rotas alcoolquímicas consagradas gera resíduos com potencial de aproveitamento, tanto em outros setores produtivos como no ciclo produtivo do próprio combustível. Este é o caso de torta de filtro e vinhaça. A vinhaça em particular costuma ser devolvida ao campo com o intuito de ajustar teores nutricionais do solo no cultivo da cana. No entanto, estudos ambientais destacam que esta alternativa traz efeitos negativos sobre os meios receptores (água e solo), condição que abre a perspectiva para exploração de usos alternativos dessas substâncias. Este estudo se propôs a contribuir para o tema ao avaliar de forma sistêmica o desempenho ambiental de duas alternativas de reaproveitamento de vinhaça: (i) reuso no campo em processos de fertirrigação, alternativa consolidada no Brasil, e (ii) reuso da fração líquida da vinhaça em etapas diversas do processo industrial de obtenção de etanol. Em qualquer das situações fez-se uso da técnica de Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida - ACV para proceder tal verificação. A análise ambiental da prática de reuso de vinhaça e torta para fertirrigação foi conduzida a partir da comparação de cenários que consideraram a forma de suprimento de nutrientes para a cana e o método de colheita. A avaliação de impactos ocorreu em dois níveis: quanto ao consumo de recursos, a partir de Primary Energy Demand (PED); e em termos de emissões para o ambiente por meio da elaboração do Perfil Ambiental. Uma Análise de Sensibilidade foi também realizada para verificar o efeito de oscilações dos teores de Nitrogênio (N), Fósforo (P) e Potássio (K) na composição da vinhaça sobre os resultados obtidos, caso da primeira alternativa. Concluiu-se para esse caso que a substituição parcial de fertilizantes químicos por vinhaça traz aumento da Demanda de Energia Primária global para ambos os métodos de colheita. Em termos de Perfil Ambiental, a comparação entre cenários das mesmas práticas de manejo mostrou que a troca de adubos por vinhaça e torta é positiva para o desempenho ambiental do etanol por reduzir impactos quanto a Mudanças Climáticas (CC), Acidificação Terrestre (TA) e Toxicidade Humana (HT). Por outro lado, o tratamento de vinhaça para reposição de água na etapa industrial resultou em aumento global das contribuições para as categorias acima mencionadas além de incrementos para Eutrofização de água doce (FEut) e Ecotoxicidade de água doce (FEC), a despeito de ser constatada a redução de 45% quanto a Depleção de água (WD). Os aumentos no impacto se deveram principalmente aos efeitos negativos causados durante a produção do CaO usado no processo de tratamento da vinhaça. No entanto, a substituição deste insumo por NaOH só representou melhora em termos de CC. Pode-se concluir que a reutilização de vinhaça e de torta de filtro como complemento nutricional para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar resultou em uma alternativa mais adequada de reaproveitamento do que o se este fluído fosse reutilizado para suprir parte da demanda hídrica de processo, mesmo quando o consumo de água na etapa industrial tenha inexoravelmente se reduzido a partir da implantação dessa medida.

Boston, Massachusetts Region, Digital Elevation Model with Bathymetry

This raster layer represents surface elevation and bathymetry data for the Boston Region, Massachusetts. It was created by merging portions of MassGIS Digital Elevation Model 1:5,000 (2005) data with NOAA Estuarine Bathymetric Digital Elevation Models (30 m.) (1998). DEM data was derived from the digital terrain models that were produced as part of the MassGIS 1:5,000 Black and White Digital Orthophoto imagery project. Cellsize is 5 meters by 5 meters. Each cell has a floating point value, in meters, which represents its elevation above or below sea level.

The role of micro computers on the construction site

The control needed in the management of a project was analysed with particular reference to the unique needs of the construction industry within the context of site management. This was explored further by analysing the various problems facing managers within the overall system and determining to what extent the organisation would benefit from an integrated mangement information system. Integration and management of information within the organisational units and the cycles of events that make up the main sub-system was suggested as the means of achieving this objective. A conceptual model of the flow of information was constructed within the whole process of project management by examining the type of information and documents which are generated for the production cycle of a project. This model was analysed with respect to the site managers' needs and the minimum requirements for an overall integrated system. The most tedious and time-consuming task facing the site manager is the determination of weekly production costs, calculation and preparation of interim certificates and valuation of variations occurring during the production stage and finally the settlement and preparation of supplier and sub-contractors' accounts. These areas where microcomputers could be of most help were identified and a number of packages were designed and implemented for various contractors. The gradual integration of stand-alone packages within the whole of the construction industry is a logical sequence to achieve integration of management system. The methods of doing this were analysed together with the resulting advantages and disadvantages.

Strategic planning as communicative process

This thesis looks at the construction of a strategic plan within a British university (Unico). After a change in leadership, the well-known strategic planning sequence was adopted to set directions according to Unico’s three Missions, followed by the development of respective goals and measures. The evolving strategic content coincided with the development of Unico’s strategic plan. I was able to follow Unico’s planning efforts over 10 months, from first planning meeting to completion of its strategic plan. The main data source provided non-participant observation (n = 25) and ten versions of Unico’s strategic plan. Additionally, seventy-six interviews were held with participants at various points. In order to examine the strategic plan’s construction, I reconceptualised strategic planning as a communicative process consisting of oral talk and written text. Through this interplay strategic planning activities come in to being. Such reconceptualisation provided a conceptual framework to study the in situ interactions without neglecting contextual characteristics embedding the communicative process. Strategic plans are currently seen as promoting inflexibility and reinforcing the institutional nature of formal strategic planning. Adopting dialogism, as advocated by Bakhtin and Ricoeur, this research provides novel insights into the dialogic of strategy talk and strategy text, such as a strategic plan. Findings illustrated that a strategic plan production cycle provided a meaning making platform for its participants. Through recurrently amending the plan, its content became increasingly specific while at the same time reflecting agreed terminology. This thesis offers an alternative view on strategic planning, elaborates on the strategy-as-practice perspective, focusing on the under-explored area of individuals’ interactions at the micro level, and elaborates on the dialogic of text and agency/conversation, distinguishing between talk and text.

A heuristic algorithm to generate test program sequences for moving probe electronic test equipment

The electronics industry, is experiencing two trends one of which is the drive towards miniaturization of electronic products. The in-circuit testing predominantly used for continuity testing of printed circuit boards (PCB) can no longer meet the demands of smaller size circuits. This has lead to the development of moving probe testing equipment. Moving Probe Test opens up the opportunity to test PCBs where the test points are on a small pitch (distance between points). However, since the test uses probes that move sequentially to perform the test, the total test time is much greater than traditional in-circuit test. While significant effort has concentrated on the equipment design and development, little work has examined algorithms for efficient test sequencing. The test sequence has the greatest impact on total test time, which will determine the production cycle time of the product. Minimizing total test time is a NP-hard problem similar to the traveling salesman problem, except with two traveling salesmen that must coordinate their movements. The main goal of this thesis was to develop a heuristic algorithm to minimize the Flying Probe test time and evaluate the algorithm against a "Nearest Neighbor" algorithm. The algorithm was implemented with Visual Basic and MS Access database. The algorithm was evaluated with actual PCB test data taken from Industry. A statistical analysis with 95% C.C. was performed to test the hypothesis that the proposed algorithm finds a sequence which has a total test time less than the total test time found by the "Nearest Neighbor" approach. Findings demonstrated that the proposed heuristic algorithm reduces the total test time of the test and, therefore, production cycle time can be reduced through proper sequencing.

Effects of seasonally varying temperature and salinity on the dynamics of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are an economically significant parasite in salmonid aquaculture. They exhibit temperature-dependent development rates and salinity-dependent mortality, which can greatly impact sea lice population dynamics, but no deterministic models have incorporated these seasonal variables. To understand how seasonality affects sea lice population dynamics, I derive a delay differential equation model with temperature and salinity dependence. I find that peak reproductive output in Newfoundland and British Columbia differs by four months. A sensitivity analysis shows sea lice abundance is most sensitive to variation in mean annual water temperature and salinity, whereas it is lease sensitive to infection rate. Additionally, I investigate the effects of production cycle timing on sea lice management and find that optimal production cycle start times are between the 281st and 337th days of the year in Newfoundland. I also demonstrate that adjusting follow-up treatment timing in response to temperature can improve treatment regimes. My results suggest that effective sea lice management requires consideration of local temperature and salinity patterns.

Development of sustainable, innovative and energy-efficient concrete, based on the integration of all-waste materials: SUS-CON panels for building applications

The building sector requires the worldwide production of 4 billion tonnes of cement annually, consuming more than 40% of global energy and accounting for about 8% of the total CO2 emissions. The SUS-CON project aimed at integrating waste materials in the production cycle of concrete, for both ready-mixed and pre-cast applications, resulting in an innovative light-weight, ecocompatible and cost-effective construction material, made by all-waste materials and characterized by enhanced thermal insulation performance and low embodied energy and CO2. Alkali activated “cementless” binders, which have recently emerged as eco-friendly construction materials, were used in conjunction with lightweight recycled aggregates to produce sustainable concrete for a range of applications. This paper presents some results from the development of a concrete made with a geopolymeric binder (alkali activated fly ash) and aggregate from recycled mixed plastic. Mix optimisation was achieved through an extensive investigation on production parameters for binder and aggregate. The mix recipe was developed for achieving the required fresh and hardened properties. The optimised mix gave compressive strength of about 7 MPa, flexural strength of about 1.3 MPa and a thermal conductivity of 0.34 W/mK. Fresh and hardened properties were deemed suitable for the industrial production of precast products. Precast panels were designed and produced for the construction of demonstration buildings. Mock-ups of about 2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 m were built at a demo park in Spain both with SUS-CON and Portland cement concrete, monitoring internal and external temperatures. Field results indicate that the SUS-CON mock-ups have better insulation. During the warmest period of the day, the measured temperature in the SUS-CON mock-ups was lower.

Seleção e divergência genética de pessegueiros e nectarineiras e susceptibilidade a danos causados pelo frio na Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC)

The peaches and nectarines are highly appreciated by consumer, but it is climacteric fruits, with availability in the market in small time. It is necessary to invest to obtain genotypes with fruit quality and small perishability or that it presente less physiological disorders after storage. The aims of this work were i) to evaluate the genetic divergence among 40 peach and nectarine trees genotypes based on postharvest quality and select posible parents; ii) to evaluate the susceptibility to chilling injury in peaches and nectarines after cold storage; iii) to evaluate divergence of peaches and nectarines on the basis in the susceptibility for chiling injury and select superior genotypes; iv) evaluate the correlations between quality and susceptibility to chilling injury of peaches and nectarines v) select parents with the combination of lower susceptibility to chilling injury and higher quality fruit. The study was carried out in EEAD-CSIC, Zaragoza - Spain, during the production cycle 2013/2014. A total of 40 peaches and nectarines genotypes from germplasm collection were evaluated. The quality characteristics as flesh firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, rippining index and flesh color parameters were evaluated. The fruits were submitted to cold storage at 0 °C and 5 °C, with 95% average relative humidity. The evaluations were after 14 and 28 days, it being observed the presence of symptoms, such as wooliness through mealiness, flesh grainy, leatheriness and flesh color changes, through browning, bleeding and off flavor. As a selection parameter was adopted 20% of genotypes that had a higher frequency of superiority for quality characteristics, susceptibility to chilling injury and the combining of both. For quality characteristic presented greater divergence the ‘Queen Giant’, ‘Sudanel Blanco’ and ‘Borracho de Jarque’. Based on the quality the eight genotypes were selected, ‘Andross’, ‘San Jaime’, ‘San Lorenzo’, ‘Borracho de Jarque’, ‘Sudanell 1’, ‘Carson’, ‘Baby Gold 6’ and ‘Stanford’. All genotypes studied exhibited susceptibility to one or more symptoms caused by cold storage during 28 days, independent of temperature. For 14 days, the ‘Baby Gold 6’, ‘Flavortop’ and ‘Queen Giant’ genotypes did not show any physiological disorder caused by cold. In general, the temperature of 0 °C favored fruit postharvest conservation, it have a lower incidence and severity of symptoms caused by cold storage. The storage for 14 days contributed for the lower incidence of damage in the genotypes fruits studied. For 14 days, with both temperatures, it was observed divergence for ‘Queen Giant’, ‘Sudanell Blanco’, ‘Baby Gold 6’ ‘GF3’, ‘Baby Gold 8’, ‘Campiel’ and ‘Campiel Rojo’ genotypes. For 28 days, in the 5 °C condition, ‘Queen Giant’, ‘Big Top’, ‘Flavortop’ and ‘Redhaven’ genotypes were divergents. Based on susceptibility to chilling injury at 0 °C, the eight genotypes were selected, it being these, ‘Queen Giant’, ‘Keimoes’, ‘Flavortop’, ‘Big Top’, 'Redhaven', 'Sudanell 3', 'Bonet I' and ‘Carson’. The quality parameters as rippining index, soluble solids, firmness and titratable acidity presented correlation among them. These, also it had correlation with woolines and bowning, what it indicate that fruits with more ripening can have this symptoms more easily. The browning, mealiness, flesh grainy and off flavor variables were correlationed with the time period and temperartures, what it confirm that these symptoms are the main disorders caused by cold storage. The quality characteristics together susceptibility to chilling injury allowed selected ‘Baby Gold 6’, ‘Sarell’, ‘Keimoes’, ‘GF3’ ‘San Jaime’, ‘Big Top’, ‘Sudanell 1’, ‘Carson’, ‘Baby Gold 8’, and ‘San Lorenzo’ genotypes.

Entre o mar e a escola: os processos formadores que se entrelaçam nas histórias escolares das mulheres pescadoras artesanais da Ilha dos Marinheiros – RS

A presente investigação se insere na linha de pesquisa Educação, Linguagens e Utopias do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – PPGEDU\FURG e teve como problemática central compreender quais são os processos formadores que se entrelaçam nas histórias escolares das mulheres pescadoras artesanais da Ilha dos Marinheiros, situada às margens da Lagoa dos Patos, na cidade do Rio Grande (RS). A pesquisa justificou-se em virtude da desvalorização do trabalho desenvolvido pelas mulheres pescadoras artesanais dentro do ciclo produtivo pesqueiro artesanal, as quais buscaram a escola novamente em suas vidas por meio de um Projeto de Educação formal destinado a jovens e adultos moradores de uma comunidade tradicional de pesca artesanal. A investigação construída se enquadra na metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa. A produção dos dados constituiu-se de quatro encontros junto a três mulheres pescadoras artesanais e foram utilizados diferentes instrumentos investigativos para produção dos dados: entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações registradas em Diário de Campo. Para a interpretação dos fenômenos investigados, utilizou-se a Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD), composta primeiramente pela unitarização dos dados, seguido da categorização dos mesmos, captação do novo emergente e a reconstrução textual. Compreende-se a metodologia de pesquisa como parte integrante da construção contínua de todo o processo investigativo. O estudo fundamentou-se nas contribuições teóricas de autores como Maria Cristina Maneschy, Paulo Freire, Caroline Terra de Oliveira, Antônio Diegues, entre outros. Neste estudo foram três as categorias que emergiram: A escola do hoje e a escola do ontem: as experiências escolares das mulheres pescadoras artesanais; A volta à escola para mulheres pescadoras artesanais: construção de sentimentos de emancipação; O que dizem as mulheres pescadoras artesanais sobre a profissão. Nesta última categoria as participantes da pesquisa falaram sobre o que é ser pescadora artesanal e se apresentaram enquanto profissionais da pesca artesanal, assim como reconheceram a atuação das famílias em prol das comunidades tradicionais. Na primeira categoria, os diálogos com as participantes da pesquisa, aliados as interlocuções teóricas possibilitaram a compreensão sobre o que pensam e dizem as mulheres pescadoras artesanais sobre suas experiências escolares, apresentado suas vivências escolares em escolas distintas, porém ambas as experiências compuseram seus processos de escolarização. Contudo, enfatiza-se na segunda categoria que voltar à escola possibilitou novas releituras de mundo para as pescadoras artesanais, fortalecendo a autonomia das mulheres em prol da luta pela valorização da categoria em meio à crise socioambiental enfrentada pelas comunidades pesqueiras tradicionais.

Relations between zero-inflated variables in trials with horticultural crops

Certain characteristics of some vegetable crops allow multiple harvests during the production cycle; however, to our knowledge, no study has described the behavior of fruit production with progression of the production cycle in vegetable crops with multiple harvests that present data overdispersion. We aimed to characterize the data overdispersion of zero-inflated variables and identify the behavior of these variables during the production cycle of several vegetable crops with multiple harvests. Data from 11 uniformity trials were used without applying treatments; these comprise the database from the Experimental Plants Group at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. The trials were conducted using four horticultural species grown during different cultivation seasons, cultivation environments, and experimental structures. Although at each harvest, a larger number of basic units with harvest fruit was observed than units without harvest fruit, the basic unit percentage without fruit was high, generating an overdispersion within each individual harvest. The variability within each harvest was high and increased with the evolution of the production cycle of Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Cucurbita pepo species. However, the correlation coefficient between the mean weight and number of harvest fruits tended to remain constant during the crop production cycle. These behaviors show that harvest management should be done individually, at each harvest, such that data overdispersion is reduced.

Impactos socioeconômocos e ambientais e construção de cenários em áreas tradicionais e de expansão da cana-de-açúcar no N-Ne do Brasil.

2009

Performance and economic indicators of a large scale fish farming in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Performance and economic indicators of a large scale fish farm that produces round fish, located in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, were evaluated. The 130.8 ha-water surface area was distributed in 30 ponds. Average total production costs and the following economic indicators were calculated: gross income (GI), gross margin (GM), gross margin index (GMI), profitability index (PI) and profit (P) for the farm as a whole and for ten ponds individually. Production performance indicators were also obtained, such as: production cycle (PC), apparent feed conversion (FC), average biomass storage (ABS), survival index (SI) and final average weight (FAW). The average costs to produce an average 2.971 kg.ha-1 per year were: R$ 2.43, R$ 0.72 and R$ 3.15 as average variable, fixed and total costs, respectively. Gross margin and profit per year per hectare of water surface were R$ 2,316.91 and R$ 180.98, respectively. The individual evaluation of the ponds showed that the best pond performance was obtained for PI 38%, FC 1.7, ABS 0.980 kg.m-2, TS 56%, FAW 1.873 kg with PC of 12.3 months. The worst PI was obtained for the pond that displayed losses of 138%, FC 2.6, ABS 0.110 kg.m-2, SI 16% and FAW 1.811 kg. However, large scale production of round-fish in farms is economically feasible. The studied farm displays favorable conditions to improve performance and economic indicators, but it is necessary to reproduce the breeding techniques and performance indicators achieved in few ponds to the entire farm.