Genera et species orchidearum novarum quas collegit, descripsit et iconibus illustravit ...

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Morphological, ecological and genetic aspects associated with endemism in the Fly Orchid group.

The European genus Ophrys (Orchidaceae) is famous for its insect-like floral morphology, an adaptation for a pseudocopulatory pollination strategy involving Hymenoptera males. A large number of endemic Ophrys species have recently been described, especially within the Mediterranean Basin, which is one of the major species diversity hotspots. Subtle morphological variation and specific pollinator dependence are the two main perceptible criteria for describing numerous endemic taxa. However, the degree to which endemics differ genetically remains a challenging question. Additionally, knowledge regarding the factors underlying the emergence of such endemic entities is limited. To achieve new insights regarding speciation processes in Ophrys, we have investigated species boundaries in the Fly Orchid group (Ophrys insectifera sensu lato) by examining morphological, ecological and genetic evidence. Classically, authors have recognized one widespread taxon (O. insectifera) and two endemics (O. aymoninii from France and O. subinsectifera from Spain). Our research has identified clear morphological and ecological factors segregating among these taxa; however, genetic differences were more ambiguous. Insights from cpDNA sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphisms genotyping indicated a recent diversification in the three extant Fly Orchid species, which may have been further obscured by active migration and admixture across the European continent. Our genetic results still indicate weak but noticeable phylogeographic clustering that partially correlates with the described species. Particularly, we report several isolated haplotypes and genetic clusters in central and southeastern Europe. With regard to the morphological, ecological and genetic aspects, we discuss the endemism status within the Fly Orchid group from evolutionary, taxonomical and conservation perspectives.

Convergent evolution of floral signals underlies the success of Neotropical orchids.

The great majority of plant species in the tropics require animals to achieve pollination, but the exact role of floral signals in attraction of animal pollinators is often debated. Many plants provide a floral reward to attract a guild of pollinators, and it has been proposed that floral signals of non-rewarding species may converge on those of rewarding species to exploit the relationship of the latter with their pollinators. In the orchid family (Orchidaceae), pollination is almost universally animal-mediated, but a third of species provide no floral reward, which suggests that deceptive pollination mechanisms are prevalent. Here, we examine floral colour and shape convergence in Neotropical plant communities, focusing on certain food-deceptive Oncidiinae orchids (e.g. Trichocentrum ascendens and Oncidium nebulosum) and rewarding species of Malpighiaceae. We show that the species from these two distantly related families are often more similar in floral colour and shape than expected by chance and propose that a system of multifarious floral mimicry-a form of Batesian mimicry that involves multiple models and is more complex than a simple one model-one mimic system-operates in these orchids. The same mimetic pollination system has evolved at least 14 times within the species-rich Oncidiinae throughout the Neotropics. These results help explain the extraordinary diversification of Neotropical orchids and highlight the complexity of plant-animal interactions.

Generalized food-deceptive orchid species flower earlier and occur at lower altitudes than rewarding ones

Aims Food-deceptive pollination, in which plants do not offer any food reward to their pollinators, is common within the Orchidaceae. As food-deceptive orchids are poorer competitors for pollinator visitation than rewarding orchids, their occurrence in a given habitat may be more constrained than that of rewarding orchids. In particular, the success of deceptive orchids strongly relies on several biotic factors such as interactions with co-flowering rewarding species and pollinators, which may vary with altitude and over time. Our study compares generalized food-deceptive (i.e. excluding sexually deceptive) and rewarding orchids to test whether (i) deceptive orchids flower earlier compared to their rewarding counterparts and whether (ii) the relative occurrence of deceptive orchids decreases with increasing altitude. Methods To compare the flowering phenology of rewarding and deceptive orchids, we analysed data compiled from the literature at the species level over the occidental Palaearctic area. Since flowering phenology can be constrained by the latitudinal distribution of the species and by their phylogenetic relationships, we accounted for these factors in our analysis. To compare the altitudinal distribution of rewarding and deceptive orchids, we used field observations made over the entire Swiss territory and over two Swiss mountain ranges. Important Findings We found that deceptive orchid species start flowering earlier than rewarding orchids do, which is in accordance with the hypotheses of exploitation of naive pollinators and/or avoidance of competition with rewarding co-occurring species. Also, the relative frequency of deceptive orchids decreases with altitude, suggesting that deception may be less profitable at high compared to low altitude.

Orchid growth and nutrition in response to mineral and organic fertilizers

Orchid fertilization is fundamental for a satisfactory plant growth and development for commercial orchid production as well as in collections. Mineral and/or organic sources can be used for fertilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of organic and/or mineral fertilizers on the nutrition and growth of orchid (Laelia purpurata 'werkhanserii' x L. lobata 'Jeni') seedlings in greenhouse. The following fertilizers were tested: an NPK fertilizer + micronutrients; a Ca source in the form of calcium nitrate; two organic fertilizers, one prepared with a mixture of bone meal, castor meal and ash, and a similar commercial fertilizer. The organic fertilizers were distributed on the surface of the pots every two months and the minerals were applied weekly to the substrate in 25 mL aliquots of a solution containing 1 g L-1 of the respective fertilizer. The plant response to the application of mineral together with organic fertilizer was better, with higher dry matter production than by the isolated application of each fertilizer (organic or mineral). The treatments with calcium nitrate + NPK fertilizer did not differ significantly from the use of NPK fertilizer, probably due to the S deficiency detected in a mineral analysis of the tissues. Commercial organic fertilizer had a very elevated B level, leading to toxicity symptoms, reduced growth and necrotized tips of the older leaves in all fertilized treatments.

Bactérias produtoras de auxinas isoladas de raízes de Cattleya walkeriana, orquídea Brasileira ameaçada de extinção, e sua função na aclimatização

Bactérias produtoras de auxinas habitam raízes de orquídeas e podem trazer benefícios para a planta hospedeira. Plantas dessa família são multiplicadas em condições assimbióticas in vitro e pouco se conhece sobre a função desses microrganismos para a aclimatização ex vitro. Quatro rizobactérias isoladas da espécie Cattleya walkeriana foram avaliadas por sua capacidade de promoção do crescimento e sobrevivência de plântulas germinadas in vitro durante a aclimatização. Essas rizobactérias foram identificadas como Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter e Curtobacterium, com base no sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. A presença de compostos indólicos no sobrenadante filtrado de culturas líquidas foi quantificada por ensaios colorimétricos e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Ácidos 3-indol lático (AIL) e indol-3-acetaldeído (AIAld) foram encontrados em grande quantidade, exceto na cultura de Enterobacter sp., em que ácido 3-indol acético (AIA) e ácido 3-indol pirúvico (AIP) prevaleceram. As rizobactérias foram inoculadas em plântulas germinadas in vitro, aclimatizadas em casa de vegetação durante 90 dias e avaliadas quanto à sua capacidade de promover o crescimento. Burkholderia sp. e Curtobacterium sp. proporcionaram a menor eficiência para o crescimento, enquanto Bacillus sp. e Enterobacter sp. favoreceram incrementos em todas as características avaliadas e ampliaram a percentagem de sobrevivência. Este trabalho elucida a função de rizobactérias produtoras de auxinas e seus benefícios para a promoção de crescimento de uma orquídea brasileira germinada em condições assimbióticas durante a aclimatização - condição que confere alta letalidade e limitante para a propagação de orquídeas.

A macro-ecological perspective on crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis evolution in Afro-Madagascan drylands: Eulophiinae orchids as a case study.

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is an adaptation to water and atmospheric CO2 deficits that has been linked to diversification in dry-adapted plants. We investigated whether CAM evolution can be associated with the availability of new or alternative niches, using Eulophiinae orchids as a case study. Carbon isotope ratios, geographical and climate data, fossil records and DNA sequences were used to: assess the prevalence of CAM in Eulophiinae orchids; characterize the ecological niche of extant taxa; infer divergence times; and estimate whether CAM is associated with niche shifts. CAM evolved in four terrestrial lineages during the late Miocene/Pliocene, which have uneven diversification patterns. These lineages originated in humid habitats and colonized dry/seasonally dry environments in Africa and Madagascar. Additional key features (variegation, heterophylly) evolved in the most species-rich CAM lineages. Dry habitats were also colonized by a lineage that includes putative mycoheterotrophic taxa. These findings indicate that the switch to CAM is associated with environmental change. With its suite of adaptive traits, this group of orchids represents a unique opportunity to study the adaptations to dry environments, especially in the face of projected global aridification.

Estudo fitossociológico de uma comunidade vegetal sobre canga como subsídio para a reabilitação de áreas mineradas no quadrilátero ferrífero, MG

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a estrutura e composição de um campo rupestre sobre canga para servir de base a estudos sobre reabilitação de áreas degradadas pela mineração de ferro. Estudou-se uma canga no Parque Estadual da Serra do Rola-Moça, MG. Em 30 parcelas de 2 m², foram amostrados 2.151 indivíduos pertencentes a 32 espécies e 16 famílias, com diversidade de 2,45 nats/ind. A altura média foi de 15,8 ± 16,3 cm, com 80% dos indivíduos menores do que 25 cm. As famílias mais importantes foram Orchidaceae, Poaceae e Cyperaceae, e as espécies com maior valor de importância foram Andropogon ingratus (Poaceae), Lychnophora pinaster (Asteraceae), Bulbostylis fimbriata (Cyperaceae), Sophronitis caulescens (Orchidaceae) e Sebastiania glandulosa (Euphorbiaceae). Sugere-se que essas espécies mais importantes, aquelas com crescimento clonal como gramíneas, ciperáceas e orquídeas epilíticas, as facilitadoras como Stachytarpheta glabra e Mimosa calodendron e espécies tolerantes a metais pesados como Vellozia spp. sejam candidatas prioritárias em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas por mineração de ferro.

Heterogeneidade florística das fitocenoses de restingas nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo, Brasil

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo comparar florísticamente as formações vegetacionais que compõe o ecossistema Restinga dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo. Para isto foi realizado uma compilação de dados de levantamentos florísticos e fitossociológicos, sendo utilizado para esta análise o índice de similaridade de Jaccard, onde as interpretações se deram pela média de grupo (UPGMA). As 11 formações analisadas apresentaram uma riqueza total de 990 espécies, distribuídas em 141 famílias, sendo Fabaceae (73), Myrtaceae (59), Rubiaceae (48), Orchidaceae (44), Cyperaceae (38), Poaceae (36), Bromeliaceae (35), Euphorbiaceae (30), Asteraceae (30) as de maior riqueza. A similaridade entre as formações foi baixa, sendo o maior valor de 33%. Os resultados obtidos denotam uma alta heterogeneidade florística existente nas formações que compõe o ecossistema Restinga nos dois Estados analisados, sendo esta determinada por diferentes fatores que atuam em cada fitocenose.

Levantamento e características ecológicas de orchidacea e da mata ciliar do rio dourados, Dourados-MS

A família Orchidaceae é uma das maiores entre as plantas com flores e apresenta grande importância do ponto de vista da conservação. Apesar disso, não existe nenhum trabalho sobre as orquídeas de Mato Grosso do Sul. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar o levantamento das espécies de Orchidaceae e de aspectos de sua ecologia na Mata Ciliar de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, às margens do rio Dourados (Dourados, MS). O levantamento foi realizado em sistema de varredura, sendo, nas epífitas, avaliadas as disposições vertical e horizontal sobre os forófitos. Para caracterização do microclima foram utilizados termo-higrômetro e luxímetro. Identificaram-se 17 espécies, pertencentes a 13 gêneros. Dos gêneros levantados, os de maior abundância foram: Acianthera, Macradenia e Capanemia. Relacionaram-se, ainda, as disposições vertical e horizontal das Orchidaceae com os gradientes inversos de disponibilidades hídrica e luminosa. Algumas espécies mostraram-se sensíveis à categorização em níveis de altura, enquanto outras pareciam ocorrer com frequência similar ao longo de todo o forófito. Em relação à orientação cardeal, a aparente resposta preferencial pelas faces sul e leste foi associada à insuficiência amostral e à menor disponibilidade hídrica que poderia ocorrer em razão de a face norte estar oposta ao espelho d'água.