Avaliação de suporte nutricional sobre a alta hospitalar em cães e gatos

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Terapia nutricional perioperatória em pacientes submetidos à hepatectomia devido carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC): revisão sistem[atica de ensaios clínicos randonizados

Pós-graduação em Bases Gerais da Cirurgia - FMB

Aspectos Nutricionais na Doença Renal Crônica em Cães

It is understood by Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or Stage IV Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) the morbid state in which there is a substantial and irreversible loss of functional capacity, metabolic and endocrine function in both kidneys, leading to a framework of dehydration, azotemia, electrolyte imbalance, anemia, uremic syndrome, secondary hyperparathyroidism, among other conditions that make the patient's life without treatment unfeasible. An adequate nutritional support to patients with CKD at any stage aims to maintain a good clinical condition and an attempt to delay the progression of the disease. The basis of a diet for patients with CKD is the restriction in this protein being of high biological value, low-phosphorus, high energy density, fiber and antioxidants combined with a good dietary practices that allow the patient a good quality of life

Nutrição e nutrição parenteral no animal hospitalizado

The beneficial effects derived from the nutritional support in human patients and experimental animal models include the improvement of immune function, repair of wounds, answer to the treatment, time of recovery and survival. In front of these benefits, we end up alienating the nutritional needs of hospitalized patients, especially those with clinical or surgical affections threatening. The objective of the nutritional support is to indicate the importancea and the proportions of energy and nutrients that the patient can use with the maximum effectiveness. The majority of hospitalized patients do not have voluntary food intake adequate to meet even the minimal nutritional needs. It is often perceived that lack of adequate food intake, will have serious impact on the patient’s clinical outcome. The nutritional assessment will help determine which route of feeding will be the safest, most effective and best tolerated by the patient. Diet choice is based on which of the patient’s problems can and should be addressed with nutrition and the feeding access available

Lipidose hepática felina

Feline hepatic lipidosis or fatty liver disease is a cholestatic syndrome that affects domestic cats and is characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver of cats. Symptoms commonly seen with this syndrome are anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, vomiting, jaundice, and occasionally behavioral or neurologic signs such as excessive drooling, blindness, coma, and seizures. The diagnosis is based on the patient history, clinical examination, complementary examination, and the definitive diagnosis is obtained by cytology and/or histopathology of hepatic tissue. In serum biochemistry, the main findings include increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and bilirubin. The gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is normal or slightly increased. The cornerstone of therapy is aggressive feeding to supply the cat full caloric requirements. Without aggressive nutritional support and intensive monitoring the fatty liver disease can be fatal

Evolução antropométrica de crianças hospitalizadas com diarréia persistente e desnutrição grave, submetidas a suporte nutricional

In order to estimate the nutritional rehabilitation (NR) during admission of malnourished children with persistent diarrhea (PD) receiving standardized nutritional support (NS), we prospectively evaluated the weight, height, head circumference and arm measurements (AM) of 20 children, 19 below 1 year, admitted to the ward with weigh/age -2.89 to -5.21 standard deviation. Four infants comprised the death group (DG) and 16 survived (SG). The SG was separated, according to initial weight behavior, into weight gain (WG) or weight loss (WL). Compared to SG at admission, DG only had lower AM and more metabolic-infectious alterations (p<05). The survivors presented NR but this was evident for WL only when considering the minimum weight. DG received less calories than SG and weight loss during the pre-death period was higher than for WL (p<05). It was concluded that very altered AM, severe metabolic-infectious insults, low caloric input and high weight loss velocity are associated to bad prognosis; severely malnourished infants with PD began NR during hospitalization while receiving adequate NS, but minimum weight must be considered for this evaluation; AM must be obtained at admission, due to its prognostic value, and adequate NS as well as anthropometric follow-up during the hospital stay are essential.

Uso do amido resistente na promoção da saúde intestinal de cães idosos: formação de produtos de fermentação e características histológicas da mucosa intestinal

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Indicadores de qualidade assistencial e Nursing Activities Score análise correlacional em um Hospital Especializado

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência do tratamento anti-helmíntico e da suplementação no desempenho de bezerros nelore no período pós-desmame

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Incidence of gastric extubation of users in a home care program of a university hospital

This quantitative, prospective study, aimed to characterize the profile of users and caregivers and to measure the incidence of gastric extubation, identifying the type and the reasons for the extubation of these users in a Home Care Program of a university hospital. The population consisted of 37 subjects and the date were collected from April to August 2010. For the analysis, descriptive statistics, test of significance of 5% and calculation of indicators were adopted. It was found that 51.4% of the users were female, 67.5% in the age group >= 60 years and 67.6% presented neurological diseases. Regarding the caregivers 89.2% were female and their mean age was 50.6 years. The incidence of extubation, considering 100 days of intubation, corresponded to 1.08, with 0.26 planned and 0.82 unplanned (p=0.009). These results allowed the rates to be calculated of the extubation of patients with gastric intubation for nutritional support in domicile care, providing support in establishing care and management goals for the continuous improvement of quality.

Pancreatite aguda em pediatria: revisão sistemática da literatura

OBJETIVO: Descrever os principais aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, diagnósticos e do tratamento de crianças com pancreatite aguda. FONTES DOS DADOS: Realizada revisão sistemática das bases de dados MEDLINE e SciELO nos últimos 5 anos sobre pancreatite aguda em crianças, bem como consultadas referências relevantes dos textos obtidos. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Os casos de pancreatite aguda em crianças recebem crescente atenção nos últimos anos, sendo verificado um aumento na incidência da doença em diversos estudos. As principais etiologias em crianças envolvem doença biliar, pancreatite secundária a medicamentos, pancreatite hereditária recorrente e trauma, sendo até 30% dos casos sem etiologia definida. O diagnóstico baseia-se na combinação de aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais com elevação das enzimas acinares e testes radiológicos. Tratamento de suporte inicial, com reposição volêmica adequada e correção dos distúrbios metabólicos, além de terapêutica nutricional específica, são os pontos fundamentais no manejo dos quadros agudos. Complicações a longo prazo são incomuns, e as taxas de mortalidade, inferiores às da população adulta. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico precoce e o manejo apropriado podem contribuir para a melhor evolução da criança com pancreatite e prevenir as complicações imediatas e tardias relacionadas à doença. Mais estudos são necessários para melhor elucidar aspectos relacionados ao diagnóstico clínico e radiológico da pancreatite em crianças, bem como aspectos da terapêutica nutricional nessa faixa etária.

Terapia nutricional no traumatismo cranioencefálico grave

O objetivo do presente artigo é revisar a literatura e organizar os principais achados, gerando recomendações baseadas nas melhores evidências encontradas relativas à terapia nutricional nos casos de traumatismo cranioencefálico. O traumatismo cranioencefálico permanece uma patologia altamente letal, apesar dos avanços em seu diagnóstico e tratamento. Poucas intervenções terapêuticas tem se mostrado eficazes em melhorar este quadro. Há múltiplas alterações metabólicas e hidroeletrolíticas decorrentes do traumatismo cranioencefálico, caracterizadas por um estado hipermetabólico associado a um intense catabolismo, que levam a necessidades nutricionais específicas. Na literatura atual não há diretrizes específicas para terapia nutricional em pacientes vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico grave, mas há muitos dados interessantes e questões que estão sendo melhores estudadas, possibilitando um melhor direcionamento da terapia nutricional neste cenário. Além de avaliação e acompanhamento por uma equipe multiprofissional qualificada e treinada para estas questões, a introdução precoce do suporte nutricional, a utilização preferencial da via enteral com a infusão adequada de calorias, o uso de formulações adequadas e nutricionalmente equilibradas para cada caso específico, associadas a utilização de imunonutrientes específicos, melhor controle hidroeletrolítico e metabólico, além de melhor entendimento fisiopatológico e das consequências das próprias terapêuticas instituídas, parece modificar os desfechos destes casos.

Bedeutung der synovialen Strukturqualität für die Ernährung des Chondrozyten

In dieser Arbeit wird eine Einteilung der degenerativen strukturellen Veränderungen der Synovialmembran vorgestellt. Anhand der Kriterien Fibrosierung des Stromas, Rückgang des Gefäßnetzes, Auftreten von Hyalinose und chondroider Metaplasie mit und ohne Nachweis von CPPD Kristallen wurden Präparate der Synovialmembran von 59 Patienten mit Nachweis degenerativer strukturellen Veränderungen in 4 Stadien eingeteilt. rnHyalinose (Stadium 3) konnte in den untersuchten Schnitten nur relativ selten beobachtet werden, so dass am ehesten von einem Vorstadium zur chondroiden Metaplasie auszugehen ist. rnDie Verteilung der Erkrankungsdauer und des Alters in den verschiedenen Stadien lassen darauf schließen, dass höhere Stadien mit höherem Alter und längerer Erkrankungsdauer korrelieren. rnAus der vorhandenen Literatur ergeben sich Hinweise, welche Faktoren zu der Entstehung der strukturellen Veränderungen beitragen können: rnAus dem Netzwerk der Zytokine scheinen TGF-beta und die BMP’s an der Zunahme der Fibrose und an der Entstehung chondroider Metaplasie beteiligt zu sein. Makrophagen scheinen dabei eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Dies weist darauf hin, dass entzündliche und strukturelle Veränderungen miteinander vernetzt sind. rnBei der Entstehung der chondroiden Metaplasie kommen zusätzlich mechanische Einflüsse in Form von zyklischen Kompressionen als Einflussfaktor in Frage. rnDie Regulierung der Angiogenese ist noch zu wenig verstanden, um den Gefäßrückgang bei fortgeschrittenen strukturellen Veränderungen zu erklären. Erklärungsansätze sind zum einen zunehmende mechanische Schädigung bei zunehmender Inkongruenz der Gelenkflächen. Zum anderen könnte eine beginnende chondroide Metaplasie mit Expression von Chondromodulin I eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. rnInsgesamt muss man davon ausgehen, dass die zunehmenden strukturellen Veränderungen die Ernährung des Knorpels erschweren. Dabei ist an erster Stelle der Rückgang des Gefäßnetzes zu nennen. Dies erschwert nicht nur die Versorgung mit Nährstoffen, sondern auch den Abtransport von Stoffwechselprodukten. Ab einem gewissen Punkt ist aber auch davon auszugehen, dass die Funktion der Deckzellschicht beeinträchtigt wird. Wenn die Konzentration der Hyaluronsäure in der Synovia dadurch sinkt, kann dies durch eine vermehrte Permeabilität der Synovialmembran zum verstärkten Ausstrom von Wasser aus der Gelenkhöhle führen. Durch ein Ödem des umliegenden Gewebes kann dadurch der Blutfluss im Bereich des Gelenks zusätzlich vermindert werden. rnAuch die zunehmende Fibrosierung der Synovialmembran kann einen Einfluss auf die Permeabilität der Synovialmembran haben. Ob und in welchen Stadien der Veränderungen das einen relevanten Einfluss für die Ernährung der Chondrozyten hat, ist noch unklar.rn

Characteristics and comprehensiveness of adult HIV care and treatment programmes in Asia-Pacific, sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas: results of a site assessment conducted by the International epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Collaboration

INTRODUCTION HIV care and treatment programmes worldwide are transforming as they push to deliver universal access to essential prevention, care and treatment services to persons living with HIV and their communities. The characteristics and capacity of these HIV programmes affect patient outcomes and quality of care. Despite the importance of ensuring optimal outcomes, few studies have addressed the capacity of HIV programmes to deliver comprehensive care. We sought to describe such capacity in HIV programmes in seven regions worldwide. METHODS Staff from 128 sites in 41 countries participating in the International epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS completed a site survey from 2009 to 2010, including sites in the Asia-Pacific region (n=20), Latin America and the Caribbean (n=7), North America (n=7), Central Africa (n=12), East Africa (n=51), Southern Africa (n=16) and West Africa (n=15). We computed a measure of the comprehensiveness of care based on seven World Health Organization-recommended essential HIV services. RESULTS Most sites reported serving urban (61%; region range (rr): 33-100%) and both adult and paediatric populations (77%; rr: 29-96%). Only 45% of HIV clinics that reported treating children had paediatricians on staff. As for the seven essential services, survey respondents reported that CD4+ cell count testing was available to all but one site, while tuberculosis (TB) screening and community outreach services were available in 80 and 72%, respectively. The remaining four essential services - nutritional support (82%), combination antiretroviral therapy adherence support (88%), prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) (94%) and other prevention and clinical management services (97%) - were uniformly available. Approximately half (46%) of sites reported offering all seven services. Newer sites and sites in settings with low rankings on the UN Human Development Index (HDI), especially those in the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief focus countries, tended to offer a more comprehensive array of essential services. HIV care programme characteristics and comprehensiveness varied according to the number of years the site had been in operation and the HDI of the site setting, with more recently established clinics in low-HDI settings reporting a more comprehensive array of available services. Survey respondents frequently identified contact tracing of patients, patient outreach, nutritional counselling, onsite viral load testing, universal TB screening and the provision of isoniazid preventive therapy as unavailable services. CONCLUSIONS This study serves as a baseline for on-going monitoring of the evolution of care delivery over time and lays the groundwork for evaluating HIV treatment outcomes in relation to site capacity for comprehensive care.

Loss of appetite in acutely ill medical inpatients: physiological response or therapeutic target?

Loss of appetite and ensuing weight loss is a key feature of severe illnesses. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contributes significantly to the adverse outcome of these conditions. Pharmacological interventions to target appetite stimulation have little efficacy but considerable side effects. Therefore nutritional therapy appears to be the logical step to combat inadequate nutrition. However, clinical trial data demonstrating benefits are sparse and there is no current established standard algorithm for use of nutritional support in malnourished, acutely ill medical inpatients. Recent high-quality evidence from critical care demonstrating harmful effects when parenteral nutritional support is used indiscriminately has led to speculation that loss of appetite in the acute phase of illness is indeed an adaptive, protective response that improves cell recycling (autophagy) and detoxification. Outside critical care, there is an important gap in high quality clinical trial data shedding further light on these important issues. The selection, timing, and doses of nutrition should be evaluated as carefully as with any other therapeutic intervention, with the aim of maximising efficacy and minimising adverse effects and costs. In light of the current controversy, a reappraisal of how nutritional support should be used in acutely ill medical inpatients outside critical care is urgently required. The aim of this review is to discuss current pathophysiological concepts of PEM and to review the current evidence for the efficacy of nutritional support regarding patient outcomes when used in an acutely ill medical patient population outside critical care.