An investigation of the effect of replacing fish meal with soyabean meal, groundnut cake and blood meal at varied proportion on growth and food utilization of the Clarias anguillaris fingerlings fed in outdoor hapas

Fingerlings of Clarias anguillaris obtained from a homogenous source through induce breeding and each with a mean weight of 2.8g were stocked in ten hapas each measuring 1.0x1.0m in outdoor concrete tank and were fed for eight (8) weeks. Results shows that the best growth rate was recorded among fingerlings fed fish meal as the only protein source (TD5) while DT2 containing soya bean, groundnut cake (40%), blood meal as the protein sources came next. The growth rate of fingerlings fed DT2 (40 % groundnut cake, 10% soyabean meal and 10% blood meal) was higher than those fed DT4 containing 10% fish meal but lower than those fed DT5 which has fish meal as its sole source of protein (53.0%). Analysis of various growth parameters like SGR, FCR and PER. shows that DT5 was the overall best diet but there was no significant statistical difference in weight gained by fish fed the five diets (P <0.05)

Conservation and sustainable utilization of Nigerian ornamental fishes

The paper assessed qualitatively the threat status of nigerian freshwater fishes that are presently being exported and those that have potential in aquarium trade using such criteria as rarity, size at maturity, mode of reproduction, human population density, habitat degradation, pollution and range of each species among others. For their conservation captive breeding of these fishes were proffered with information that can assist collectors, exporter and aquaculturists that wants to breed polypterids, Butterfly fish, Knife fish, Elephantfish, Pollymyrus isidori, Arnordichthys spilopterus, Nannaethiops unitaeniatus, Killifishes, Polycentropsis abbreviatta, Cichlids, Ctenpomas, Mastacembelids and Tetraodon lineatus

Resource utilization practices and sustainable development at the Lake Chad basin

The paper examines the resource utilization practices of the Lake Chad in view of the need for sustainable development of the natural resources of the area, which are being recklessly exploited. The issues of obnoxious fishing practices, inappropriate agricultural practices, indiscriminate grazing, reckless fuel-wood harvesting, water pollution etc were discussed. There are clear indications that the current resources utilization practices are pushing the natural resources of the area beyond the limit of their regenerative capacity. This is traceable to institutional weakness and inadequate management strategies at the Lake Chad basin. Suggestions were made towards witnessing a change of attitude to resource use, exploitation and management strategies

Effects of fermented fluted pumpkin leaf (Telfaria occidentalis) on the growth and nutrient utilization of Clarias (Clarias gariepinus)

Clarias (Clarias gariepinus) (Burshell, 1821) fingerlings were fed isonitrogenous diets (38.9% crude protein) with fermented fluted pumpkin leaves (FFPL) replacing different proportion (0,50,75,100%) of extruded soybean meal (ESM) for 8 weeks. Growth responses at the different substitution levels measured. Increasing FFPL intake resulted in better weight gains and higher specific growth rates (SGR) of 0.29, 0.36 and 0.38% per day respectively. The increase in growth from feeding diets containing 75% and 100% of the ESM replaced with FFPL were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other diets. Further more fish tissue protein deposition consistently increased with increasing level of FFPL concentration in their diets. Fish fed diets where whole ESM was replace 100% FFPL gave the best overall response in terms of their weight gain, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate. Economic considerations indicate the replacement of ESM with FFPL, which is a cheaper ingredient in feeds for Clarias

Utilization of some aquatic macrophytes in Nigeria in-land water bodies: a review

Aquatic vegetation is an essential component of the aquatic ecosystem with both positive and negative implications on the water body. Efforts are always made to curtail the excessive growth of aquatic plants in order to prevent them from becoming a nuisance in the ecosystem. One of the ways of solving such problem is the positive economic use of such plants. Utilization as a method of weed control within the aquatic ecosystem is considered to be one of the safest methods of weed control as this provides the riparian communities double advantages in terms of save environment and personal benefits of the plant. The flora diversity of freshwater and brackish environments posses a great potential to both man and higher animals alike. Due to this fact, this paper attempt to review the exploited and unexploited aquatic plants resources of many of our water bodies in Nigeria both economica/ly and socially, to the populace. Recommendations are also advanced for further studies that will enhance sound management of the resources for maximum benefits and sustainability

Feed conversion, protein efficiency, digestibility and growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus fed Delonix regia seed meal

Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 5.27~c0.29g) were fed raw and boiled Delonix regia seed meals following standard procedures. The weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU) were determined as growth indices. Diet formulated with seed boiled for 80 minutes showed significantly (P<0.05) high values for the growth indices. Carcass nutrients composition were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the control (raw) diet. Delonix regia seed meal when boiled has high potential of being utilized efficiently by O.niloticus. The implications of the respective index in fish metabolism are discussed

Effects of substituting fish meal with grasshopper meal on growth and food utilization of the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

The effects of substituting fish meal with grasshopper meal in fish diets on the growth, food utilization and survival of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (mean weight = 40.1g) were investigated. The results show that the best growth and food utilization were recorded in the fingerlings fed in the 10% grasshopper meal and 30% fish meal while the poorest growth and food utilization indexes were recorded with the 25% grasshopper meal and 15% fish meal. In general, at 10% inclusion, the fingerlings performed even better than the control (40% fishmeal and no grasshopper meal)

Plant nutrients and major ions in the Little Sea, Studland, Dorset

This short paper records some measurements made on the Little Sea, a shallow, coastal, acidic lake on Studland Heath, Dorset. The lake, formed about 100 years ago by dunes cutting off a sea inlet, has not received any input of agricultural fertilizers or other waste products for at least the last 30 years. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Samples of surface water were taken from the northern and southern ends of the lake at 3-monthly intervals, from July 1995 to April 1996. The first samples in July 1995 were taken during a period of drought; rain, sometimes very heavy, came in late September. With the exception of silicate, potassium and phosphate, there were no large changes in plant nutrient concentrations during the year. The concentration of nitrate-nitrogen was very low (close to the limits of analytical detection), but total phosphorus at ca. 30 mu g per litre was similar to concentrations found in some of the Cumbrian eutrophic lakes. The large number of algal species at low cell/colony concentrations suggested that the lake is mesotrophic. Sodium, chloride and magnesium in the lake water were close to the same proportions as those found in sea water. Dry and wet deposition of sea-salts on the lake surface and its catchment area probably is the major source of sodium, magnesium and chloride ions in the lake, and also accounts for about half of the mean potassium and sulphate concentrations.

Generation time and utilization of energy by aquatic bacteria. [Translation from: Trudy Instituta Biologii Vnutrennykh Vodnany 11(14), 198-202, 1966.]

Recent research has shown that the biomass of bacteria in lakes and other water-bodies can attain significant values. The huge production of bacteria is brought about by their great rate of reproduction. In a series of cases their biomass exceeds the biomass of phytoplankton. Therefore in a study of the biological productivity of water bodies it is necessary to calculate the biomass and production not only of the phyto- and zooplankton, but also of bacteria.The authors uses different methods and formulae to to compare the time of one generation of the bacteria.

The efficiency of plankton in the utilization of the sun radiation [Translation from: Briroda, 12, 29-35, 1948]

The efficiency of utilisation of the sun's radiation by natural communities has not been properly demonstrated with what so far has been obtained of reliable values, and it represents a great interest in many respects. A systematic study of the biotic balance of lakes was done in the course of a succession of summers starting in 1932, extensive material was obtained, which permitted to compute a value fear the utilisation of the sun's radiation by plankton in lakes, and to compare this with corresponding values for marine plankton and terrestrial vegetation.

Efetividade das dietas enriquecidas com imunonutrientes na redução de complicações e mortalidade em pacientes críticos: abordagem pela utilização de metanálise

Nutrientes específicos, denominados farmaconutrientes, demonstraram possuir a capacidade de modular a resposta imunológica e inflamatória de animais e seres humanos, em estudos clínicos e laboratoriais. Dentre os substratos conhecidos, os que têm maior relevância e ação imunomoduladora são a arginina, glutamina, ácido graxo n-3 e nucleotídeos. No entanto, revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises buscam consenso em relação aos vários e controversos resultados publicados sobre os possíveis benefícios da imunonutrição em pacientes críticos. Nossos objetivos foram avaliar a efetividade das dietas enriquecidas com Imunonutrientes na redução de complicações e mortalidade nos diferentes tipos de pacientes críticos. O presente estudo é uma revisão sistemática com metanálise onde foram inseridos ensaios clínicos randomizados avaliando o uso de nutrientes imunomoduladores em doente adulto de ambos os sexos, definido como crítico traumatizado, séptico, queimado ou cirúrgico; as dietas utilizadas deveriam conter um ou mais dos imunonutrientes, em qualquer dose, administradas por via enteral comparadas à dieta padrão pela mesma via em pelo menos um dos grupos de comparação. As bases de dados consultadas foram Pubmed e Cinhal, utilizando os termos: Immunonutrition, arginine, glutamine, n-3, nucleotides e criticall illness. De 206 artigos encontrados inicialmente, apenas 35 preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade estabelecidos. Destes 35 ensaios clínicos, 18 foram conduzidos em pacientes cirúrgicos, 6 em pacientes traumatizados, 5 em pacientes queimados, 5 em pacientes críticos em geral e 1 em pacientes sépticos. Para a população geral, não houve redução significativa do risco de morrer indicada pelo RR de 0,84 (IC de 0,68 a 1,05) e os queimados foram mais protegidos de morrer com RR de 0,25 (IC de 0,09 a 0,66); as complicações infecciosas foram reduzidas com RR de 0,56 (IC de 0,42 a 0,73); a incidência de sepse foi reduzida com RR de 0,45 (IC de 0,29 a 0,69), especialmente nos pacientes traumatizados com RR de 0,42 (IC de 0,26 a 0,68); a incidência de abscesso abdominal também foi reduzida com RR de 0,39 (IC de 0,21 a 0,72) e também de bacteremia com RR de 0,46 (IC de 0,31 a 0,66); o tempo de internação hospitalar diminuiu -3,9 dias (IC de -5,0 a -2,8). Para a população de pacientes cirúrgicos: o óbito não apresentou redução significativa do RR de 0,93 (IC de 0,44 a 1,95), as complicações infecciosas foram reduzidas com RR de 0,51 (IC de 0,41 a 0,63), o tempo de internação hospitalar foi reduzido - 3,41 dias (IC de -4,25 a -2,58) e o tempo de internação em UTI -1,72 dias (IC de -2,12 a -1,31). A utilização de dietas com nutrientes imunomoduladores não alterou a mortalidade em doentes críticos ou cirúrgicos. Indivíduos com mais de 60 anos são menos protegidos de morrer pela utilização de dietas com imunomoduladores. As complicações infecciosas são reduzidas em pacientes críticos com a utilização de imunonutrição, em especial a população de pacientes cirúrgicos. Dietas com mais de 10g/l de arginina protegem mais os pacientes críticos da incidência de complicações infecciosas. Pacientes traumatizados são protegidos da incidência de sepse pela utilização da imunonutrição. O tempo de internação hospitalar e o tempo de internação em UTI foram reduzidos em críticos e cirúrgicos com imunonutrição. A execução de ensaios clínicos explanatórios nos diferentes tipos de doentes críticos com um nutriente imunomodulador isolado, seguida de ensaios pragmáticos de acordo com os resultados dos anteriores, é um fato a ser considerado em futuras pesquisas.

Dietary Phytase: an ideal approach for a cost effective and low-polluting aquafeed

Global fishmeal production from wild-catch sources cannot continue to increase indefinitely; suitable alternatives have to be found for sustainable aquaculture. Plant-based aquafeed seems to be the ideal alternative to this, but has its own limitations. Plant ingredients are rich in phytic acid, which reduces the bioavailability of nutrients like minerals and protein to the fish, thereby causing aquaculture pollution. Dietary phytase treatment reduces the aquaculture pollution by improving the bioavailability of nutrients, and reduces the feed cost as evident from poultry and piggery. Phytase activity is highly dependent upon the pH of the gut. Unlike mammals, fish are either gastric or agastric, and hence, the action of dietary phytase varies from species to species. In this article, the authors attempt to summarise various effects of phytase on nutrient utilization, growth of fish and aquatic pollution.