Decentralized load balancing for highly irregular search problems

In this paper, we present a distributed computing framework for problems characterized by a highly irregular search tree, whereby no reliable workload prediction is available. The framework is based on a peer-to-peer computing environment and dynamic load balancing. The system allows for dynamic resource aggregation, does not depend on any specific meta-computing middleware and is suitable for large-scale, multi-domain, heterogeneous environments, such as computational Grids. Dynamic load balancing policies based on global statistics are known to provide optimal load balancing performance, while randomized techniques provide high scalability. The proposed method combines both advantages and adopts distributed job-pools and a randomized polling technique. The framework has been successfully adopted in a parallel search algorithm for subgraph mining and evaluated on a molecular compounds dataset. The parallel application has shown good calability and close-to linear speedup in a distributed network of workstations.

A comparison-based diagnosis algorithm tailored for crossed cube multiprocessor systems

Comparison-based diagnosis is an effective approach to system-level fault diagnosis. Under the Maeng-Malek comparison model (NM* model), Sengupta and Dahbura proposed an O(N-5) diagnosis algorithm for general diagnosable systems with N nodes. Thanks to lower diameter and better graph embedding capability as compared with a hypercube of the same size, the crossed cube has been a promising candidate for interconnection networks. In this paper, we propose a fault diagnosis algorithm tailored for crossed cube connected multicomputer systems under the MM* model. By introducing appropriate data structures, this algorithm runs in O(Nlog(2)(2) N) time, which is linear in the size of the input. As a result, this algorithm is significantly superior to the Sengupta-Dahbura's algorithm when applied to crossed cube systems. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Pancyclicity of Mobius cubes with faulty nodes

An interconnection network with n nodes is four-pancyclic if it contains a cycle of length l for each integer l with 4 <= l <= n. An interconnection network is fault-tolerant four-pancyclic if the surviving network is four-pancyclic in the presence of faults. The fault-tolerant four-pancyclicity of interconnection networks is a desired property because many classical parallel algorithms can be mapped onto such networks in a communication-efficient fashion, even in the presence of failing nodes or edges. Due to some attractive properties as compared with its hypercube counterpart of the same size, the Mobius cube has been proposed as a promising candidate for interconnection topology. Hsieh and Chen [S.Y. Hsieh, C.H. Chen, Pancyclicity on Mobius cubes with maximal edge faults, Parallel Computing, 30(3) (2004) 407-421.] showed that an n-dimensional Mobius cube is four-pancyclic in the presence of up to n-2 faulty edges. In this paper, we show that an n-dimensional Mobius cube is four-pancyclic in the presence of up to n-2 faulty nodes. The obtained result is optimal in that, if n-1 nodes are removed, the surviving network may not be four-pancyclic. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hardware development of the Yorick series of active vision systems

This paper presents a review of the design and development of the Yorick series of active stereo camera platforms and their integration into real-time closed loop active vision systems, whose applications span surveillance, navigation of autonomously guided vehicles (AGVs), and inspection tasks for teleoperation, including immersive visual telepresence. The mechatronic approach adopted for the design of the first system, including head/eye platform, local controller, vision engine, gaze controller and system integration, proved to be very successful. The design team comprised researchers with experience in parallel computing, robot control, mechanical design and machine vision. The success of the project has generated sufficient interest to sanction a number of revisions of the original head design, including the design of a lightweight compact head for use on a robot arm, and the further development of a robot head to look specifically at increasing visual resolution for visual telepresence. The controller and vision processing engines have also been upgraded, to include the control of robot heads on mobile platforms and control of vergence through tracking of an operator's eye movement. This paper details the hardware development of the different active vision/telepresence systems.

LAR : laboratório de automação residencial para análise comparativa entre Jini e UPnP

A Automação Residencial é uma área em crescimento no mercado mundial. À medida que os avanços tecnológicos são incorporados aos dispositivos pertencentes ao ambiente residencial, e que estes se tornam mais disseminados, surgem necessidades para fabricantes e usuários. Para os fabricantes, é desejável maior capacidade de conexão e intercâmbio de dados entre os dispositivos e, conseqüentemente, padronização. Para os usuários, é desejável maior facilidade na utilização dos dispositivos e, principalmente, na configuração dos mesmos em ambientes dinâmicos, de forma a não requerer interação do usuário para a conexão e desconexão, característica das redes espontâneas. Grandes empresas têm unido esforços no desenvolvimento de novos padrões e uma das tendências observadas é o isolamento destas novas necessidades numa camada entre a aplicação e o sistema operacional, denominada middleware. Este trabalho compara duas tecnologias que se enquadram nos critérios acima: Jini, da Sun Microsystems e Universal Plug and Play (UPnP), de um consórcio de empresas liderado pela Microsoft. O estudo é feito através do desenvolvimento de um protótipo, da definição de um conjunto de métricas qualitativas e quantitativas, e da implementação de um conjunto de workloads para a análise comparativa entre elas. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados e analisados, contribuindo com subsídios para os interessados em conhecer melhor ou optar por uma delas. Por fim, são registradas algumas necessidades observadas que poderão servir como base para trabalhos futuros.

Multiple minima hypersurfaces procedures for biomimetic ligands screening

In this work the interaction of the pesticide carbaryl with two groups of biomimetic ligands, peptides and MIPs was screened by multiple minima hypersurfaces (MMH) procedures, through the AM1 semiempirical method. Data related to the properties of the molecular association of the complex biomimetic ligand-pesticide were obtained and compared with another molecular modeling algorithm named Leapfrog, as included in the Sybyl software package, and experimental results from the literature, remarking good correlation between them. All important MMH program parameters (cells number, box size, conformers) were studied and optimized with the aim of getting the minimum computation time without losing the correlation with experimental data. The data demonstrated that MMH approach can be used as a fast biomimetic ligand screening tool for MIPs. In the case of peptides the computation time was not comparable with the molecular dynamics methods conventionally used for this approach. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

O pensar e o fazer na creche: um estudo a partir de crenças de mães e professoras

Fundamentadas nos pressupostos do modelo bioecológico, essa investigação dirigiu o olhar para a creche como um sistema composto por vários subsistemas (ambiente físico, família, profissionais e as crianças) que se interinfluenciam. Assim, a compreensão da função educativa dessa instituição perpassa pela leitura de diferentes sistemas que interferem no trabalho desenvolvido com e para as crianças. Estudiosos têm argumentado que uma das razões para se investigar as crenças dos cuidadores é a ligação entre a maneira como os adultos pensam e as formas como eles se relacionam com as crianças. Vêm apontando também a necessidade de se dar continuidade aos processos proximais para que o desenvolvimento ocorra. Abordamos as crenças de mães e professoras de creche sobre o desenvolvimento da criança, bem como a influência dessas concepções das profissionais nas relações que estabelecem com as crianças e com os familiares. O presente estudo tem por objetivo conhecer as crenças de mães e professoras de creche sobre o desenvolvimento da criança e da relação creche-família, bem como relacionar as crenças das profissionais com suas crenças sobre o trabalho com e para as crianças e destas com as relações existentes entre subsistemas que interagem no dia-a-dia creche. Fizeram parte do estudo, 32 adultos (16 mães e 16 professoras) e uma média de 40 crianças que freqüentavam uma creche pública da cidade de Belém. O critério adotado para a seleção desta creche foi o espaço físico, pois na rede municipal ela é considerada a que apresenta melhor estrutura. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se a observação e o grupo focal. Neste, abordou-se os seguintes eixos: a criança, a relação creche-família, e o trabalho da creche. Os dados observacionais foram analisados tendo por referência o estudo realizado por Bondioli (2004) e Nigito (2004). Já os dados do grupo focal, depois de transcritos, foram analisados, tendo por inspiração as orientações propostas pela análise de conteúdo. Os principais resultados apontam que as participantes dos dois microssistemas possuem uma mesma crença (ambientalista) sobre desenvolvimento, mas têm concepções diferentes quanto à direção em que o contexto familiar e/ou da creche influencia no desenvolvimento da criança. No que se refere à crença sobre a relação creche-família, ela é considerada bidirecional e com um conteúdo que supera a solução de problemas imediatos. Essas concepções estão intimamente ligadas às crenças sobre o trabalho com e para crianças, contudo se afastam da prática das professoras, sugerindo, assim, que investigações dirigidas a essas crenças sobre a prática não são suficientes para uma leitura coerente com esta. Desse modo, constatou-se que além das crenças há outros fatores que influenciam no fazer da profissional que trabalha com crianças. Entende-se que esses dados contribuem com indicadores de alguns elementos indispensáveis para que a creche promova sua função educativa. Assim, pode servir de referencial para intervenções governamentais no sentido de promover mudanças no pensar e no fazer daqueles que participam do espaço da creche.

Development of Nanoinjector Devices for Electrospray Ionization - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MSn)

In mass spectrometric (MS) systems with electrospray ionization (ESI), the sample can be analyzed coupled to separation systems (such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis) or simply by direct infusion. The greatest benefit of the type of injection is the possibility of continuous use of small amounts of samples over a long period of time. This extended analysis time allows a complete study of fragmentation by mass spectrometry, which is critical for structure elucidation of new compounds, or when using an ion trap mass analyzer. The injector filled with the sample is placed at the ESI source inlet creating an electric field suitable for the continuous formation of a spray (solvent and sample) and consequently, the gradual and even release of the sample. For the formation of the spray, is necessary that the injector end is metalized. The formation of a bilayer of titanium and gold provided an excellent attachment of the film, resulting in a nanoinjector for ionization/spray formation in the system for MS. The nanoinjectors showed high repeatability and stability over 100 min by continuous sampling with 10 mu L of sample.

Compact and autonomous multiwavelength microanalyzer for in-line and in situ colorimetric determinations

Nowadays, the attainment of microsystems that integrate most of the stages involved in an analytical process has raised an enormous interest in several research fields. This approach provides experimental set-ups of increased robustness and reliability, which simplify their application to in-line and continuous biomedical and environmental monitoring. In this work, a novel, compact and autonomous microanalyzer aimed at multiwavelength colorimetric determinations is presented. It integrates the microfluidics (a three-dimensional mixer and a 25 mm length "Z-shape" optical flow-cell), a highly versatile multiwavelength optical detection system and the associated electronics for signal processing and drive, all in the same device. The flexibility provided by its design allows the microanalyzer to be operated either in single fixed mode to provide a dedicated photometer or in multiple wavelength mode to obtain discrete pseudospectra. To increase its reliability, automate its operation and allow it to work under unattended conditions, a multicommutation sub-system was developed and integrated with the experimental set-up. The device was initially evaluated in the absence of chemical reactions using four acidochromic dyes and later applied to determine some key environmental parameters such as phenol index, chromium(VI) and nitrite ions. Results were comparable with those obtained with commercial instrumentation and allowed to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed microanalyzer as an autonomous and portable device able to be applied to other analytical methodologies based on colorimetric determinations.

Development of nanoinjector devices for electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn)

In mass spectrometric (MS) systems with electrospray ionization (ESI), the sample can be analyzed coupled to separation systems (such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis) or simply by direct infusion. The greatest benefit of the type of injection is the possibility of continuous use of small amounts of samples over a long period of time. This extended analysis time allows a complete study of fragmentation by mass spectrometry, which is critical for structure elucidation of new compounds, or when using an ion trap mass analyzer. The injector filled with the sample is placed at the ESI source inlet creating an electric field suitable for the continuous formation of a spray (solvent and sample) and consequently, the gradual and even release of the sample. For the formation of the spray, is necessary that the injector end is metalized. The formation of a bilayer of titanium and gold provided an excellent attachment of the film, resulting in a nanoinjector for ionization/spray formation in the system for MS. The nanoinjectors showed high repeatability and stability over 100 min by continuous sampling with 10 µL of sample.

Modeling, design and experimental characterization of Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems for gas chromatographic applications

Design parameters, process flows, electro-thermal-fluidic simulations and experimental characterizations of Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) suited for gas-chromatographic (GC) applications are presented and thoroughly described in this thesis, whose topic belongs to the research activities the Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM)-Bologna is involved since several years, i.e. the development of micro-systems for chemical analysis, based on silicon micro-machining techniques and able to perform analysis of complex gaseous mixtures, especially in the field of environmental monitoring. In this regard, attention has been focused on the development of micro-fabricated devices to be employed in a portable mini-GC system for the analysis of aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) like Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-benzene and Xylene (BTEX), i.e. chemical compounds which can significantly affect environment and human health because of their demonstrated carcinogenicity (benzene) or toxicity (toluene, xylene) even at parts per billion (ppb) concentrations. The most significant results achieved through the laboratory functional characterization of the mini-GC system have been reported, together with in-field analysis results carried out in a station of the Bologna air monitoring network and compared with those provided by a commercial GC system. The development of more advanced prototypes of micro-fabricated devices specifically suited for FAST-GC have been also presented (silicon capillary columns, Ultra-Low-Power (ULP) Metal OXide (MOX) sensor, Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)), together with the technological processes for their fabrication. The experimentally demonstrated very high sensitivity of ULP-MOX sensors to VOCs, coupled with the extremely low power consumption, makes the developed ULP-MOX sensor the most performing metal oxide sensor reported up to now in literature, while preliminary test results proved that the developed silicon capillary columns are capable of performances comparable to those of the best fused silica capillary columns. Finally, the development and the validation of a coupled electro-thermal Finite Element Model suited for both steady-state and transient analysis of the micro-devices has been described, and subsequently implemented with a fluidic part to investigate devices behaviour in presence of a gas flowing with certain volumetric flow rates.