Influência de tratamentos térmicos nas propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas em liga odontológica à base de níquel-cromo.

É crescente a preocupação com o desenvolvimento de materiais adequados a trabalharem interagindo com o corpo humano. Diversas pesquisas têm sido realizadas no desenvolvimento de biomateriais aplicáveis na odontologia, este empenho é justificável pelo grande número de intervenções cirúrgicas para extração de dentes realizadas em todo o mundo. Durante o processo de fabricação de reconstruções dentárias, que utilizam sistemas metalocerâmicos, é utilizado um tratamento térmico que tem a função de promover a adesão da porcelana ao metal. Entretanto, sabe-se que tratamentos térmicos podem alterar a microestrutura do material metálico, modificando suas propriedades. Este trabalho avaliou as modificações causadas em propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais da liga à base de níquel (FIT CAST-SB) utilizada para fins odontológicos, quando a mesma é submetida ao tratamento térmico para adesão da porcelana (denominado de queima). A liga foi inicialmente fundida através da técnica de centrifugação e cera perdida. Posteriormente, um grupo de amostras (grupo TT) foi submetido ao tratamento térmico de queima para adesão da porcelana e o outro grupo (grupo F), permaneceu apenas submetido ao processo de fundição. Os grupos F e TT foram submetidos a ensaio de tração. Nos grupos F e TT, e no material como recebido pelo fabricante (grupo CR), foram realizados ensaios de microdureza e caracterização microestrutural, esta ultima através da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os grupos F e CR foram submetidos à análise química quantitativa (em um espectrômetro de emissão atômica) e semi-quantitativa por um sistema de Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) acoplado ao MEV, sendo que esta ultima técnica também foi aplicada ao grupo TT. A técnica de tratamento digital de imagem foi aplicada às micrografias dos grupos F e TT, para a determinação de possíveis modificações quantitativas nas fases presentes, antes e após o tratamento térmico. Todos os resultados dos ensaios foram submetidos ao teste de hipótese nula (H0), para a distribuição t de Student. Concluiu-se que, para as amostras testadas, o limite de resistência foi superior ao fornecido pelo fabricante, respectivamente 559,39 e 545,55 MPa para os grupos F e TT, contra 306 MPa do fabricante. Enquanto o limite de escoamento foi ligeiramente inferior, 218,71 e 240,58 MPa para os grupos F e TT, respectivamente, contra 258 MPa do fabricante. Os resultados de microdureza ficaram entorno de 70HV, superior aos 21HV fornecido pelo fabricante. Pode-se afirmar, com 95% de confiabilidade, que não houve variação nas propriedades mecânicas e na microestrutura (quantidades de fases presentes e tamanho) antes e após a queima para adesão da porcelana, para os corpos de prova testados. A microestrutura da liga, quando observada em MEV no modo elétrons retroespalhados (modo BSE), é formada por uma matriz de estrutura dendrítica e coloração cinza, uma segunda fase interdendrítica de coloração branca e aspecto rendilhado, e precipitados de coloração preta, apresentando também porosidades.

The mechanism of high temperature aqueous corrosion of steel

A new model is presented which describes the growth of the duplex layers of Fe3O4 on mild steel in high temperature, deoxygenated, neutral or alkaline aqueous solutions. It is shown that the layers grow by the ingress of water along oxide micropores to the metal-oxide interface and by the rate-limiting outward diffusion of Fe ions along oxide grain boundaries. The new model accounts for the observed temperature-dependence and pH-dependence of the corrosion, the morphology of inner and outer layer crystallites, the segregation of alloying elements, and the location of hydrogen evolution. The model can also be generalized to other steels and alloys. © 1989.

CERIUM SILICIDE FORMATION IN THIN CE SI MULTILAYER FILMS

Alternating layers of Si(200 angstrom thick) and Ce(200 angstrom thick) up to 26 layers altogether were deposited by electron evaporation under ultrahigh vacuum conditions on Si(100) substrate held at 150-degrees-C. Isothermal, rapid thermal annealing has been used to react these Ce-Si multilayer films. A variety of analytical techniques has been used to study these multilayer films after annealing, and among these are Auger electron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering, X-ray diffraction, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Intermixing of these thin Ce-Si multilayer films has occurred at temperatures as low as 150-degrees-C for 2 h, when annealed. Increasing the annealing temperature from 150 to 400-degrees-C for 1 h, CeSi2 forms gradually and the completion of reaction occurs at approximately 300-400-degrees-C. During the formation of CeSi2 from 150-400-degrees-C, there is some evidence for small grains in the selected area diffraction patterns, indicating that CeSi2 crystallites were present in some regions. However, we have no conclusive evidence for the formation of epitaxial CeSi2 layers, only polycrystals were formed when reacted in the solid phase even after rapid thermal anneal at 900-degrees-C for 10 s. The formation mechanism has also been discussed in combining the results of the La-Si system.

Avaliação dos tipos de reabilitações fixas dento-suportadas em dentes anteriores

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária

Reabilitação fixa aparafusada Vs. reabilitação fixa cimentada

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária

Multiphysics modelling of the metals casting process

Metals casting is a process governed by the interaction of a range of physical phenomena. Most computational models of this process address only what are conventionally regarded as the primary phenomena-heat conduction and solidification. However, to predict the formation of porosity (a factor of key importance in cast quality) requires the modelling of the interaction of the fluid flow, heat transfer, solidification and the development of stress-deformation in the solidified part of a component. In this paper, a model of the casting process is described which addresses all the main continuum phenomena involved in a coupled manner. The model is solved numerically using novel finite volume unstructured mesh techniques, and then applied to both the prediction of shape deformation (plus the subsequent formation of a gap at the metal-mould interface and its impact on the heat transfer behaviour) and porosity formation in solidifying metal components. Although the porosity prediction model is phenomenologically simplistic it is based on the interaction of the continuum phenomena and yields good comparisons with available experimental results. This work represents the first of the next generation of casting simulation tools to predict aspects of the structure of cast components.

Turbulence model performance in continuous casting simulations

This paper concerns the development and validation (using an oil/water system) of a finite volume computer model of the continuous casting process for steel flat products. The emphasis is on hydrodynamic aspects and in particular the dynamic behaviour of the metal/slag interface. Instability and wave action encourage the entrainment of inclusions into the melt affecting product quality. To track the interface between oil and water a new implicit algorithm was developed, called the Counter Diffusion Method. To prevent excessive damping, a time-filtered version of the k-e model, was found necessary, with appropriate density stratification terms representing interface turbulence damping.

Far-Field Optical Microscopy with a Nanometer-Scale Resolution Based on the In-Plane Image Magnification by Surface Plasmon Polaritons

A new far-field optical microscopy capable of reaching nanometer-scale resolution is developed using the in-plane image magnification by surface plasmon polaritons. This approach is based on the optical properties of a metal-dielectric interface that may provide extremely large values of the effective refractive index neff up to 103 as seen by surface polaritons, and thus the diffraction limited resolution can reach nanometer-scale values of lambda/2neff. The experimental realization of the microscope has demonstrated the optical resolution better than 60 nm at 515 nm illumination wavelength.

Promotion of Ceria Catalysts by Precious Metals: Changes in Nature of the Interaction under Reducing and Oxidizing Conditions

By depositing ceria over supported precious metal (PM) catalysts and characterizing them with in situ diffuse reflectance UV (DR UV) and in situ Raman spectroscopy, we have been able to prove a direct correlation between a decrease in ceria band gap and the work function of the metal under reducing conditions. The PM ceria interaction results in changes on the ceria side of the metal ceria interface, such that the degree of oxygen vacancy formation on the ceria surface also correlates with the precious metal work function. Nevertheless, conclusive evidence for a purely electronic interaction could not be provided by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. On the contrary, the results highlight the complexity of the PM ceria interaction by supporting a spillover mechanism resulting from the electronic interaction under reducing conditions. Under oxidizing conditions, another effect has been observed; namely, a structural modification of ceria induced by the presence of PM cations. In particular, we have been able to demonstrate by in situ Raman spectroscopy that, depending on the PM ionic radius, it is possible to create PM ceria solid solutions. We observed that this structural modification prevails under an oxidizing atmosphere, whereas electronic and chemical interactions take place under reducing conditions.

Digital image correlation analysis of the load transfer by implant-supported restorations

This study compared splinted and non-splinted implant-supported prosthesis with and without a distal proximal contact using a digital image correlation method. An epoxy resin model was made with acrylic resin replicas of a mandibular first premolar and second molar and with threaded implants replacing the second premolar and first molar. Splinted and non-splinted metal-ceramic screw-retained crowns were fabricated and loaded with and without the presence of the second molar. A single-camera measuring system was used to record the in-plane deformation on the model surface at a frequency of 1.0 Hz under a load from 0 to 250 N. The images were then analyzed with specialist software to determine the direct (horizontal) and shear strains along the model. Not splinting the crowns resulted in higher stress transfer to the supporting implants when the second molar replica was absent. The presence of a second molar and an effective interproximal contact contributed to lower stress transfer to the supporting structures even for non-splinted restorations. Shear strains were higher in the region between the molars when the second molar was absent, regardless of splinting. The opposite was found for the region between the implants, which had higher shear strain values when the second molar was present. When an effective distal contact is absent, non-splinted implant-supported restorations introduce higher direct strains to the supporting structures under loading. Shear strains appear to be dependent also on the region within the model, with different regions showing different trends in strain changes in the absence of an effective distal contact. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

COLOR STABILITY OF DENTAL CERAMICS SUBMITTED TO ARTIFICIAL ACCELERATED AGING AFTER REPEATED FIRINGS

Statement of problem. Color stability is an important factor to ensure the long-term clinical success of ceramic restorations. There is a lack of information on how color is affected by fabrication procedures, such as the number of firings. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects that the number of firings and type of substrate have on the color stability of dental ceramic submitted to artificial accelerated aging. Material and methods. Sixty specimens were fabricated: 30 metal ceramic (Verabond II + IPS d.SIGN) and 30 all-ceramic (IPS d.SIGN). Specimens were divided into 3 groups (n=10), and submitted to 2, 3, or 4 firings (+/- 900 degrees C), respectively, according to the manufacturer`s instructions. Color readings were obtained with a spectro photometer before and after artificial accelerated aging, and L*, a*, and b* coordinates and total color variation (Delta E) were analyzed (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, (alpha=05). Results. For metal ceramic specimens, differences for the L* coordinates were significant (P<.05) only for the group submitted to 3 firings. With respect to the all-ceramic specimens, smaller L* coordinates were obtained for greater a* and b* coordinates, indicating that the greater the number of firings, the darker and more reddish/yellowish the specimen. All Delta E values, for all groups, were below 1.0. All-ceramic specimens submitted to 3 and 4 firings presented Delta E means differing statistically (P<.05) from those of the metal ceramic group. Conclusions. The type of substrate and number of firings affected the color stability of the ceramic material tested. Artificial accelerated aging did not produce perceptible color stability changes (Delta E<1.0). (J Prosthet Dent 2009-101:13-18)

Adsorption kinetics and charge inversion in layer-by-layer films from nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine and poly(allylamine hydrochloride)

Layer-by-layer (LBL) films of nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine (NiTsPc) alternated with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) have been prepared, whose surface charge has been evaluated using surface potential measurements. From adsorption kinetics results, we obtained the immersion time of similar to 40 s, which was used to assemble layers of NiTsPc. The effect of gold (Au) and aluminum (Al) electrodes on the charge behavior was examined. We found that the surface potential (i.e. surface charge) was inverted each time a layer of PAH was alternated with another of NiTsPc molecules for the two types of electrodes, which was attributed to charge overcompensation between positive charges of PAH molecules, and negative charges from NiTsPc molecules. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influência do número de refundições da liga Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti sobre as propriedades de próteses metalocerâmicas

A frequently encountered difficulty in oral prosthetics is associated with the loss of metallic alloys during the melting stage of the production of metal-ceramic replacement systems. Remelting such materials could impar their use in oral rehabilitation due to loss in esthetics, as well as in the chemical, physical, electrochemical and mechanical properties. Nowadays, the Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti alloy is widely used in metal-ceramic systems. Manufacturers state that this material can be remelted without significant alterations in its behavior, however little has been established as to the changes in the performance of this alloy after successive remelting, which is common practice in oral prosthetics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate possible changes in the esthetics and associated properties of metalceramic samples consisting of Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti and dental porcelain. Three to five remelting steps were carried out. The results revealed that Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti can be safely used even after three remelting steps. Further remelting significantly affect the characteristics of the alloys and should not be recommended for the manufacture of metal-ceramic systems

Caracterização Microestrutural e Tribocorrosiva de Sistemas Metalocerâmicos Odontológicos do Tipo Ni-Cr/Porcelana E Ni-Cr/Ti/Porcelana

The partial fixed prosthodontics restoration is used to rehabilitate form and function of partial or total compromised teeth, having to remain permanently joined to remainder tooth. The most useful material on prosthodontics is the feldspar porcelain, commercialized as aluminosilicate powders. Dental porcelains are presented with limited mechanical properties to rehabilitate extensive spaces. The association with Ni-Cr metallic systems (metal-ceramic system) allows that the metallic substructure compensates the fragile porcelain nature, preserving the thermal insulation and aesthetics desirable, as well as reducing the possibility of cracking during matication efforts. Cohesive flaws by low mechanical strength connect the metallic substructure to the oral environment, characterized by a electrolytic solution (saliva), by aggressive temperature, pH cyclic changes and mechanical requests. This process results on ionic liberation that could promote allergic or inflammatory responses, and/or clinical degradation of ceramometal system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of an intermediate titanium layer on the microscopic fracture behavior of porcelains on ceramometal systems. Plasma deposition of titanium films result in regular passivating oxide layers which act as barriers to protect the metallic substrate against the hazardous effects of corrosive saliva. Tribocorrosion tests were performed to simulate the oral environment and mechanical stress, making it possible the early detection of crack formation and growth on metal-ceramic systems, which estimate the adherence between the compounds of this system. Plain samples consisting of dental feldspar porcelain deposited either onto metallic substrates or titanium films were fired and characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The result showed that the titanium film improved the adherence of the system compared to conventional metal-ceramic interfaces, thus holding crack propagation

Revestimentos a base de Ta/Al2O3 produzidos por aspersão térmica sobre substrato metálico

Metal substrates were coated by thermal spraying plasma torch, they were positioned at a distance of 4 and 5 cm from the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The starting materials were used for deposition of tantalum oxide powder and aluminium. These two materials were mixed and ground into high-energy mill, then immersed in the torch for the production of alumina coating infused with particles of tantalum with nano and micrometric size. The spraying equipment used is a plasma torch arc not transferred, which operating in the range of 250 A and 80 V, was able to produce enough heat to ignite aluminothermic between Ta2O5 and aluminum. Upon reaching the plasma jet, the mixing powders react with the heat of the blaze, which provides sufficient energy for melting aluminum particles. This energy is transferred through mechanisms of self-propagating to the oxide, beginning a reduction reaction, which then hits on the surface of the substrate and forms a coating on which a composite is formed by a junction metal - ceramic (Ta +Al2O3). The phases and quantification of each were obtained respectively by X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld method. Morphology by scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS. It was also performed measurements of the substrate roughness, Vickers microhardness measurements in sprays and determination of the electron temperature of the plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy EEO. The results confirmed the expectation generated around the end product of spraying the mixture Ta2O5 + Al, both in the formation of nano-sized particles and in their final form. The electron excitation temperature was consistent with the purpose of work, in addition, the thermodynamic temperature was efficient for the reduction process of Ta2O5. The electron excitation temperature showed values of 3000, 4500 and 8000 K for flows10, 20 and 30 l / min respectively, these values were taken at the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The thermodynamic temperature around 1200 ° C, was effective in the reduction process of Ta2O5