Milking machines and mastitis.

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Etiología y epidemiología de las mastitis humanas

La mastitis infecciosa es una patología común durante la lactancia y constituye una de las primeras causas de destete precoz. Por tanto, debería ser considerada un problema de Salud Pública relevante, ya que priva a la pareja madre-hijo de los incuestionables beneficios que la lactancia proporciona. No obstante, la mastitis humana ha sido hasta la fecha una enfermedad subestimada e infradiagnosticada, ya que habitualmente sólo se consideran mastitis los casos agudos que cursan con una sintomatología evidente y su diagnóstico microbiológico no se realiza de forma rutinaria. La etiopatogenia de la mastitis se ha relacionado con un proceso de disbiosis en la glándula mamaria, que da lugar al sobrecrecimiento de ciertas especies presentes en la leche humana. Sin embargo, la ausencia de un diagnóstico microbiológico rutinario de la leche humana hace que los estudios microbiológicos sobre esta patología sean muy escasos y que se desconozca el papel que juegan muchos agentes etiológicos. En este trabajo, el análisis microbiológico de 1.849 muestras de leche materna procedentes de mujeres con mastitis ha revelado que el género Staphylococcus constituye el primer grupo microbiano implicado en esta patología, siendo Staphylococcus epidermidis la especie aislada con mayor frecuencia (91,56% de las muestras). La especie Staphylococcus aureus se detectó en el 29,74% de los casos. Los géneros Streptocococcus y Corynebacterium constituyeron, respectivamente, el segundo (70,20%) y tercer (16,60%) grupo microbiano con mayor prevalencia en este estudio. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto que los estafilococos coagulasa-negativos, los estreptococos del grupo viridans y las corinebacterias, habitualmente considerados microorganismos comensales y subestimados como causa de mastitis humanas, tienen un papel relevante como agentes etiológicos de esta patología. Este hecho avala que el análisis microbiológico de la leche, identificando los agentes causales a nivel de especie, es el único medio posible para obtener un diagnóstico etiológico preciso y establecer un tratamiento eficaz para la mastitis...

Bovine Streptococcus uberis Intramammary Infections and Mastitis

Streptococcus (S.) uberis is a causative agent for clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis which significance for the udder health has increased over the last decades. Molecular diagnosis methods revealed that S. uberis may be subdivided into many different varieties with different epidemiological properties. In addition, some varieties were reclassified as Streptococcus parauberis and Globicatella sanguinis. The present paper reviews S. uberis and its role in modern dairy farming. This pathogen is ubiquitous for which it is considered as environment- associated. Straw bedding and pasture, but also the bovine skin and digestive mucosae are typical localizations inhabited by S. uberis. Due to its capacity to persist within the mammary tissue, some infections may eventually turn cow-associated. In other cases, the infection is short, but in any case, there is a high risk of re-infection. Although many varieties remain susceptible to most antimicrobial agents, the problem for the dairy farm lies in the high rate of re-infection. This paper also reviews risk factors, therapies and measures to control S. uberis at farm level.

El empleo de la ozonoterapia en ganadería de leche como alternativa de tratamiento para la mastitis clínica

La mastitis es una enfermedad que causa daño en el tejido parenquimatoso y estructural de la glándula mamaria bovina. Los tratamientos usados actualmente tienen muchos problemas colaterales (resistencia de antibióticos, eliminación de antibióticos en la leche, etc) que podrían complicar posteriores infecciones ya que generalmente no existe una buena respuesta terapéutica por agentes antibacterianos. En la presente investigación se ha utilizado la ozonoterapia como método alternativo para el tratamiento de la mastitis, por tener propiedades bactericidas, fungicidas, viricida, mejorar la micro-circulación sanguínea y optimizar el funcionamiento del sistema inmunológico. El objetivo general de la investigación fue buscar una alternativa para el control de la mastitis con ozonoterapia ya que, con los problemas ambientales y mal uso de los antibióticos, las bacterias causales han adquirido resistencia, consecuentemente animales altamente productivos mueren y problemas de salud pública por la calidad sanitaria y bioquímica de la leche se vuelven constantes, afectando la agroindustria en la calidad de sus derivados. Para la investigación, se aplicó ozonoterapia a través de la administración de solución salina ozonificada y solución gaseosa, se la comparó frente a un tratamiento tradicional (Ceftiofur), y se realizó una evaluación económica y sanitaria en la que se comprobó que la ozonoterapia tiene ventajas en ambos aspectos respecto al tratamiento alopático utilizado. Los resultados dejaron conocer que al ganado que se aplicó gas ozono sanaron un 76.7%, que a aquellas que se les aplicó suero ozonificado fueron curadas un 33.3% y a los que se aplicó Ceftiofur sanaron un 83%.

Utilización de la solución hipertónica (agua de mar), para el tratamiento de la mastitis bovina en la Finca “Las Cañas”, del municipio de la Trinidad, departamento de Estelí 2015

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la utilización de la solución hipertónica (agua de mar) en el tratamiento de la mastitis bovina en la finca “Las Cañas” del Municipio de la Trinidad, departamento de Estelí, ubica a una latitud norte de 14° 30.71", longitud oeste de 58° 51.79" a 517 msnm, temperatura media anual de 25°C, clima tropical seco con poca precipitación pluvial . Se trabajó con 18 hembras bovina con dos y tres meses de lactación, positivas a mastitis sub - clínicas, mediante la pru eba de Mastitis California Test (MCT) . Los tratamientos evaluados fueron Tratamiento 1 A gua de mar 10 ml; T ratamiento dos 2 químico Cloxacilina - Ampicilina ( Masticen Pomada ® ) 10 ml . Durante tod o el muestreo el cuarto más afectado fue el cuarto anterior izquierdo (CAI) con (35.25%). Según el examen bacteriológico realizado a las muestras enviadas al laborator io, los microorganismos identificados de la mastitis en la finca, fueron: Streptococcus spp, Staphilococcus aureus , y Pseudomonas spp, E . coli ). Los dos tratamientos presentaron buenos resultados en el control de la mastitis bovina, donde el tratamiento TI (agua de mar 10ml) alcanzó s u mayor efecto a la quinta semana con un (34.3%) con respecto a mastitis subclínica y con un (11.4%) Con respecto a mastitis clínica - crónica y el Tratamiento TII (Masticen Pomada 10ml) alcanzó su mayor ef ecto a la quinta semana con un (33.3%) con respecto a mastitis sub clínica y con un (8.3%) con respec to a mastitis clínica - crónica

Correlação entre o California Mastitis Test (CMT) e a Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS) do leite de búfalas Murrah

O objetivo neste trabalho foi estimar as correlações entre o California Mastitis Test (CMT), a contagem células somáticas (CCS) e a produção de leite. Foram colhidas 544 amostras de leite de 38 búfalas em lactação nos anos de 2002 e 2003. O manejo de ordenha consistiu em uma ordenha diária, em que os tetos das búfalas eram desinfectados com solução de iodo, secos individualmente com papel toalha e submetidas à ordenha mecânica. O CMT foi realizado imediatamente após higienização dos tetos e as amostras de leite foram enviadas ao laboratório do DHVSP da Unesp/Botucatu, para realização da Contagem de Células Somáticas, em aparelho eletrônico Somacount 300. Foram efetuadas correlações entre Contagem de Células Somáticas, CMT, produção de leite, proteína, gordura e sólidos totais, que foram analisadas pelo SAEG (1997). A média de células somáticas foi de 63.380 células/mL, a produção diária de leite, de 4,07 ± 1,3 kg e a produção ajustada para os 270 dias, de 1214,25 ± 293,54 kg. Não foram encontradas correlações entre produção de leite, contagem de células somáticas e CMT. Para CCS e CMT, a correlação foi positiva e significativa (r = 0,53).

Antimicrobial potential of Eucalyptus globulus against biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis

Staphylococcus aureus are among the most common species isolated from bovine mastitis. The pathogenesis of this bacterium is facilitated by a number of virulence factors, including the ability to adhere to abiotic surfaces and/or host tissues often leading to biofilms' formation. From the clinical perspective, the most important feature of Staphytococcus species' biofilms is their high tolerance to the conventional antimicrobial therapy. So, the increasing number of bovine mastitis and the higher levels of Staphylococcus species resistance to traditional antimicrobial agents are considered an important alert for the necessity to focus the future research on identification and development of new strategies to combat S. aureus mastitis. RecenUy, the interest in natural alternatives based on plant extracts has been rising. In add~ion to their health benefits, their antimicrobial potential has been increasingly reported. Taking this into consideration, the evaluation of hydromethanolic extracts of E. globulus against S. aureus biofilms was tested and compared with penicillin, one of the antibiotics most often used in the treatment of cattle infections. All mastitis' isolates tested were good-biofilm producers. As expected penicillin has demonstrated poor activity against S. aureus biofilms (<1 log reduction). However, E. globulus Labill was bactericidal, promoting a biofilm cell reduction of 2-3 log. Therefore, the present work showed the potential antimicrobial activity of E. g/obulus against S. aureus from bovine mastitis, namely in biofilm mode of growth and drew attention to its promising use as an alternative to penicillin.

Efecto de la fuente de suplementación de Selenio (Se) en parámetros productivos e incidencia de mastitis de vacas lecheras multíparas

El periodo de posparto en vacas lecheras es crítico, caracterizado por presencia de estrés, baja el consumo de alimento y además, los mecanismos de defensa se encuentran comprometidos. El Se es un micronutriente esencial siendo este elemento necesario para el mantenimiento de la salud y reproducción y bajos ciertas condiciones, la suplementación de Se es una práctica habitual en ganado lechero 3 semanas antes del parto. La actividad de Se, expresada a nivel fisiológico con la actividad de Glutation peroxidasa, depende de la fuente de Se (i.e. fuentes orgánicas vs inorgánicas). Sin embargo, no existen datos de comparación directa entre fuentes de Se fácilmente disponibles, en su efecto sobre la producción de vacas durante el periodo fresco (i.e. 3 semanas después del parto). Por ende, el objetivo de este experimento fue evaluar el efecto de la fuente de Se en parámetros productivos, componentes de la leche e incidencia de mastitis en vacas lecheras multíparas en el periodo fresco de la lactancia en condiciones de pastoreo.

Determinación de la prevalencia de mastitis clínica y subclínica en búfalas lecheras (bubalus bubalis) en un hato búfalero del magdalena medio y uno de los Llanos Orientales

Tesis (Médico Veterinario). -- Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, 2014

Bayesian analysis of a mastitis control plan to investigate the influence of veterinary prior beliefs on clinical interpretation

The fundamental objective for health research is to determine whether changes should be made to clinical decisions. Decisions made by veterinary surgeons in the light of new research evidence are known to be influenced by their prior beliefs, especially their initial opinions about the plausibility of possible results. In this paper, clinical trial results for a bovine mastitis control plan were evaluated within a Bayesian context, to incorporate a community of prior distributions that represented a spectrum of clinical prior beliefs. The aim was to quantify the effect of veterinary surgeons’ initial viewpoints on the interpretation of the trial results. A Bayesian analysis was conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo procedures. Stochastic models included a financial cost attributed to a change in clinical mastitis following implementation of the control plan. Prior distributions were incorporated that covered a realistic range of possible clinical viewpoints, including scepticism, enthusiasm and uncertainty. Posterior distributions revealed important differences in the financial gain that clinicians with different starting viewpoints would anticipate from the mastitis control plan, given the actual research results. For example, a severe sceptic would ascribe a probability of 0.50 for a return of <£5 per cow in an average herd that implemented the plan, whereas an enthusiast would ascribe this probability for a return of >£20 per cow. Simulations using increased trial sizes indicated that if the original study was four times as large, an initial sceptic would be more convinced about the efficacy of the control plan but would still anticipate less financial return than an initial enthusiast would anticipate after the original study. In conclusion, it is possible to estimate how clinicians’ prior beliefs influence their interpretation of research evidence. Further research on the extent to which different interpretations of evidence result in changes to clinical practice would be worthwhile.

Cow, farm, and management factors during the dry period that determine the rate of clinical mastitis after calving

The purpose of the research was to investigate cow characteristics, farm facilities, and herd management strategies during the dry period to examine their joint influence on the rate of clinical mastitis after calving. Data were collected over a 2-yr period from 52 commercial dairy farms throughout England and Wales. Cows were separated for analysis into those housed for the dry period (8,710 cow-dry periods) and those at pasture (9,964 cow-dry periods). Multilevel models were used within a Bayesian framework with 2 response variables, the occurrence of a first case of clinical mastitis within the first 30 d of lactation and time to the first case of clinical mastitis during lactation. A variety of cow and herd management factors were identified as being associated with an increased rate of clinical mastitis and these were found to occur throughout the dry period. Significant cow factors were increased parity and at least one somatic cell count ≥200,000 cells/mL in the 90 d before drying off. A number of management factors related to hygiene were significantly associated with an increased rate of clinical mastitis. These included measures linked to the administration of dry-cow treatments and management of the early and late dry-period accommodation and calving areas. Other farm factors associated with a reduced rate of clinical mastitis were vaccination with a leptospirosis vaccine, selection of dry-cow treatments for individual cows within a herd rather than for the herd as a whole, routine body condition scoring of cows at drying off, and a pasture rotation policy of grazing dry cows for a maximum of 2 wk before allowing the pasture to remain nongrazed for a period of 4 wk. Models demonstrated a good ability to predict the farm incidence rate of clinical mastitis in a given year, with model predictions explaining over 85% of the variability in the observed data. The research indicates that specific dry-period management strategies have an important influence on the rate of clinical mastitis during the next lactation.

Portable “lab-on-chip” platform for bovine mastitis diagnosis in raw milk

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias, Especialidade de Ciências Biológicas e Biomédicas

Mastitis

This sheet, printed in English and Spanish, discusses mastitis, its prevention and treatment.

Antimicrobial activity of Brazilian propolis extracts for Staphylococcus aureus of sheep and goats mastitis origin

Twenty-four S. aureus isolates were analysed. From those, 22 were isolated from milk of goats and sheep with clinical and subclinical mastitis, from the region of Vale do São Francisco in the Brazilian Sertão and S. aureus ATCC 25923 plus a MRSA strain were added. Alcoholic extracts were produced from several batches of green, red and brown propolis consisting of 300 g of raw propolis in 700 mL of 70 % ethanol. Four genes related to antimicrobial resistance were assessed: blaZ that determines the resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, and genes icaA, icaD and bap that influence the production of biofilm. For the tests of susceptibility to different types of propolis the microdilution method was used, in triplicate, and dilutions between 0.003672 and 15% were tested, 70 % ethanol consisted of a negative control. The gene blaZ was found in 15 isolates; icaA gene was present in 3 isolates, icaD gene in 2 and bap gene was detected in 6 isolates. All the propolis tested exhibited antimicrobial activity, ranging from 44 to 100 % of susceptible isolates depending on different propolis batches. According to the results of this experiment the green and red propolis appear to have better antimicrobial activity than the brown variety.