Hydrothermal phase equilibria studies in Ln2O3---H2O systems and synthesis of cubic lanthanide oxides

Phase diagrams for the systems Ln2O3---H2O (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu and Y) studied at 5000 to 10,000 psi and temperature range of 200–900°C, show that Ln(OH)3 hexagonal and LnOOH monoclinic are the only stable phases from Nd to Ho. The cubic oxide phase (C---Ln2O3) is stable for systems of Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, with no evidence of its equilibrium in the systems of lighter lanthanides. Using strong acids, HNO3 and HCOOH, as mineralisers the cubic oxides could be stabilised from Eu down to Lu. Solid solution phases of CeO2---Y2O3 and Eu2O3---Y2O3 have also been synthesised with HNO3 as mineraliser, since these compounds have promising use as solid electrolyte and phosphor materials respectively.

Complexes of lanthanide perchlorates with two new O,N,O ligands derived from antipyraldehyde and acetic and benzoic acid hydrazides

Antipyrine is a well known ligand for lanthanides (I). A forage through the organic literature of pyrazolones reveals that the 4-position of antipyrine is amenable to a wide variety of organic reactions. It should thus be possible to introduce suitable functional groups at this position and design new multidentate ligands for metal ions. It is also found that the coordination chemistry of lanthanides is much less well developed and far fewer ligands have been used for complexation with lanthanide ions compared to that of the d-transition metal ions. Keeping these points in view we have reported earlier, complexes of lanthanides with a bidentate ligand N,N-diethyl-antipyrine-4-carboxamide (2). In this communication we report the synthesis of two new ligands from Schiff base condensation of antipyraldehyde and the hydrazides of acetic and benzoic acids and the complexes formed by these hydrazones with lanthanide perchlorates.

Correlation Between The Stability Of Carbonates In Ternary Ln2o3-H2o-Co2 Hydrothermal Systems And Lanthanide Systematics

Phase diagrams for ternary Ln2O3-H2O-CO2 systems for the entire lanthanide series (except promethium) were studied at temperatures in the range 100–950 °C and pressures up to 3000 bar. The phase diagrams obtained for the heavier lanthanides are far more complex, with the appearance of a number of stable carbonate phases. New carbonates isolated from lanthanide systems (Ln ≡ Tm, Yb, Lu) include Ln6(OH)4(CO3)7, Ln4(OH)6-(CO3)3, Ln2O(OH)2CO3, Ln6O2(OH)8(CO3)3 and Ln12O7(OH)10(CO3)6. Stable carbonate phases common to all the lighter lanthanides are hexagonal LnOHCO3 and hexagonal Ln2O2CO3. Ln2(CO3)3• 3H2O is stable from samarium onwards and orthorhombic LnOHCO3 is stable from gadolinium onwards. On the basis of the appearance of stable carbonates, four different groups of lanthanides were established: lanthanum to neodymium, promethium to europium, terbium to erbium and thulium to lutetium. Gadolinium is the connecting element between groups II and III. This is in accordance with the tetrad classification for f transition elements.

Complexes of lanthanide perchlorates with two new " O,N,O " ligands derived from antipyraldehyde and acetic and benzoic acid hydrazides

Antipyrlne is a well known llgand for lanthanldes (i). A forage through the organic literature of pyrazolones reveals that the 4-position of antipyrlne is amenable to a wide variety of organic reactions. It should thus be possible to introduce suitable functional groups at this position and design new multidentate ligands for metal ions. It is also found that the coordination chemistry of lanthanides is much less well developed and far fewer ligands have been used for complexation with lanthanide ions compared to that of the d-transition metal ions.

Hydrothermal phase equilibria in Ln2O3-H2O-CO2 systems for Tm, Yb and Lu

Phase diagrams for Tm2O3-H2O-CO2. Yb2O3-H2O-CO2 and Lu2O3-H2O-CO2 systems at 650 and 1300 bars have been investigated in the temperature range of 100–800°C. The phase diagrams are far more complex than those for the lighter lanthanides. The stable phases are Ln(OH)3, Ln2(CO3)3.3H2O (tengerite phase), orthorhombic-LnOHCO3, hexagonal-Ln2O2CO3. LnOOH and cubic-Ln2O3. Ln(OH)3 is stable only at very low partial pressures of CO2. Additional phases stabilised are Ln2O(OH)2CO3and Ln6(OH)4(CO3)7 which are absent in lighter lanthanide systems. Other phases, isolated in the presence of minor alkali impurities, are Ln6O2(OH)8(CO3)3. Ln4(OH)6(CO3)3 and Ln12O7(OH)10,(CO3)6. The chemical equilibria prevailing in these hydrothermal systems may be best explained on the basis of the four-fold classification of lanthanides.

4-Nitro and 4-chloro pyridine-N-oxide complexes of lanthanide perchlorates

Adducts of lanthanide perchlorates with 4-nitro and 4-chloro pyridine-Noxides (4-NPNO and 4-CPNO respectively) have been synthesised for the first time and characterised by analysis, electrolytic conductance, infrared, proton-NMR and electronic spectral data. The complexes are of the compositions Ln2(NPNO)15 (ClO4)6 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd and Gd), Tb(NPNO), (C1O4)6), Ln2(NPNO)13 (C1O4)6) (Ln = Dy, Ho, and Yb); Ln (CPNO)8 (C104)3) (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho and Yb) and Ln(CPNO), (C1O4)3) (Ln = Sm and Gd). Conductivity and IR data provide evidence for the non-coordinated nature of the perchlorate groups. IR and NMR spectra suggest coordinationvia the oxygen of the N-oxide group. Electronic spectral shapes of the Nd+3 and Ho+3 complexes are interpreted in terms of eight-and seven-coordinate environments in the case of 4-NPNO complexes and eight-coordination in the case of 4-CPNO complexes. IR data indicate bridged structure in NPNO complexes of lanthanides other than Tb.

Complexes of lanthanide perchlorates with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-α-carboxamido-O-anisamide and N,N′-di-t-butyl-α-carboxamido-O-anisamide

A survey of the literature on lanthanide coordination compounds reveals that ligands involving ether oxygens as donor atoms have received very little attention [ 11. Only recently have the complexes of lanthanides with cyclic polyethers been characterized [l-3]. We report in this communication that interaction of rareearth perchlorates with two new ligands namely N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-u-carboxamido-Oanisamide (TMCA) and N,N’-di-t-butyl-crcarboxamido- 0-anisamide (DTBCA). The two ligands are potentially tridentate possessing two amide moieties and an ether linkage in between. The isolated complexes have been characterized by analysis, electrolytic conductance, infrared and electronic spectra. The ‘H and “C NMR spectra for the diamagnetic La3+ and Y3+ complexes are also discussed.

Dimethyl sulphoxide complexes of lanthanide and yttrium nitrates

Dimethyl sulphoxide complexes of lanthanide and yttrium nitrates of the general formula M(DMSO)n(NO3)3 where M = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm or Gd; n = 4 and M = Y, Ho or Yb; n = 3 have been isolated and characterized. The i.r. data besides excluding the presence of D3h nitrate, reveal co-ordination through the oxygen atom of the dimethyl sulphoxide. The complexes are monomeric in acetonitrile. Molecular conductance data in acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide and dimethyl sulphoxide suggest a co-ordination number of eight for the lighter lanthanides and seven for yttrium and the heavier lanthanides.

Complexes of lanthanide nitrates with O,O′,N-triisopropyl phosphoramidate

A substituted phosphoramidate has been used as a ligand to lanthanides for the first time. New complexes of lanthanide nitrates with O,O′,N-triisopropyl phosphoramidate (TIP) of the general formula Ln(TIP)3(NO3)3 where Ln=La-Yb and Y have been synthesised and characterised by chemical analysis, infrared and visible electronic spectra and electrical conductance.Infrared spectra indicate the coordination of the ligand to the metal ions through the oxygen of the P=O group. IR and conductance show that the nitrate groups are all coordinated. Electronic spectral shapes have been interpreted in terms of an eight coordinate geometry around the metal ions.

Photocytotoxic lanthanide complexes

Lanthanide complexes have recently received considerable attention in the field of therapeutic and diagnostic medicines. Among many applications of lanthanides, gadolinium complexes are used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents in clinical radiology and luminescent lanthanides for bioanalysis, imaging and sensing. The chemistry of photoactive lanthanide complexes showing biological applications is of recent origin. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment modality of cancer using a photosensitizer drug and light. This review primarily focuses on different aspects of the chemistry of lanthanide complexes showing photoactivated DNA cleavage activity and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Macrocyclic texaphyrin-lanthanide complexes are known to show photocytotoxicity with the PDT effect in near-IR light. Very recently, non-macrocyclic lanthanide complexes are reported to show photocytotoxicity in cancer cells. Attempts have been made in this perspective article to review and highlight the photocytotoxic behaviour of various lanthanide complexes for their potential photochemotherapeutic applications.

Origin of Th/U variations in chondritic meteorites

Isotope dilution thorium and uranium analyses of the Harleton chondrite show a larger scatter than previously observed in equilibrated ordinary chondrites (EOC). The linear correlation of Th/U with 1/U in Harleton (and all EOC data) is produced by variation in the chlorapatite to merrillite mixing ratio. Apatite variations control the U concentrations. Phosphorus variations are compensated by inverse variations in U to preserve the Th/U vs. 1/U correlation. Because the Th/U variations reflect phosphate ampling, a weighted Th/U average should converge to an improved solar system Th/U. We obtain Th/U=3.53 (1_-mean=0.10), significantly lower and more precise than previous estimates.

To test whether apatite also produces Th/U variation in CI and CM chondrites, we performed P analyses on the solutions from leaching experiments of Orgueil and Murchison meteorites.

A linear Th/U vs. 1/U correlation in CI can be explained by redistribution of hexavalent U by aqueous fluids into carbonates and sulfates.

Unlike CI and EOC, whole rock Th/U variations in CMs are mostly due to Th variations. A Th/U vs. 1/U linear correlation suggested by previous data for CMs is not real. We distinguish 4 components responsible for the whole rock Th/U variations: (1) P and actinide-depleted matrix containing small amounts of U-rich carbonate/sulfate phases (similar to CIs); (2) CAIs and (3) chondrules are major reservoirs for actinides, (4) an easily leachable phase of high Th/U. likely carbonate produced by CAI alteration. Phosphates play a minor role as actinide and P carrier phases in CM chondrites.

Using our Th/U and minimum galactic ages from halo globular clusters, we calculate relative supernovae production rates for ²³²Th/²³⁸U and ²³⁵U/²³⁸U for different models of r-process nucleosynthesis. For uniform galactic production, the beginning of the r-process nucleosynthesis must be less than 13 Gyr. Exponentially decreasing production is also consistent with a 13 Gyr age, but very slow decay times are required (less than 35 Gyr), approaching the uniform production. The 15 Gyr Galaxy requires either a fast initial production growth (infall time constant less than 0.5 Gyr) followed by very low decrease (decay time constant greater than 100 Gyr), or the fastest possible decrease (≈8 Gyr) preceded by slow in fall (≈7.5 Gyr).

Systematic Studies on 3d- and 4f-Metal Containing Polyoxometalates Suitable for Organic Derivatization

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Influência da reorientação de spin nas propriedades termomagnéticas dos compostos da série Ho1-yGdyAl2

Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades estruturais e termomagnéticas dos pseudobinários Ho1-yGdyAl2, através de abordagens experimentais e teóricas. A parte experimental envolveu a preparação de cinco amostras, com as concentrações y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 e 1, assim como medidas de magnetização, calor especifico e da variação adiabática da temperatura. Na parte teórica usamos um hamiltoniano modelo que leva em consideração a interação dos íons com o campo magnético aplicado, com o campo elétrico cristalino e a troca entre os íons magnéticos. A entropia da rede foi considerada na aproximação de Debye e a entropia eletrônica na aproximação do gás de elétrons livres. A influência das reorientações de spin, espontâneas e induzidas pelo campo magnético, na magnetização e no calor especifico foram investigadas sistematicamente tanto a partir de dados experimentais quanto teoricamente. Também obtemos resultados teóricos para a variação de entropia e variação adiabática da temperatura alterando a intensidade ou a direção do campo magnético.

Interações do lantânio e cério com microalgas dos gêneros Monoraphidium e Scenedesmus

Os elementos de terras raras, representados em sua maioria pelos lantanídeos, ocorrem principalmente como constituintes-traço da maioria dos minerais de rochas comuns (monazita, apatita) e também estão presentes em alguns minérios. Tais elementos foram largamente usados por décadas como fertilizantes na China. Na área das inovações tecnológicas, a demanda por esses metais vem crescendo por conta das suas aplicações em diversos campos. Consequentemente, grandes quantidades desses elementos são acumulados em ambientes aquáticos atingindo o fitoplâncton. Assim, as microalgas que são organismos ecologicamente importantes na cadeia alimentar têm sido frequentemente usadas em estudos ambientais para avaliar a toxicidade relativa de várias descargas químicas e são largamente estudadas na detecção dos primeiros impactos no ecossistema. Somado a isso, são biomassas que possuem boa capacidade de biossorção de metais devido à presença de ligantes na sua estrutura que promovem a captação deles quando em solução. Dessa forma, as interações entre as microalgas verdes Monoraphidium e Scenedesmus e os íons La3+ e Ce3+ foram investigadas neste trabalho. Para isso, foram avaliados o efeito tóxico e a bioacumulação do La3+ pelas duas microalgas verdes. Adicionalmente, estudos em batelada da biossorção do La3+ e Ce3+ em soluções contendo os elementos isoladamente ou em combinação foram realizados. No estudo de toxicidade e de bioacumulação o meio de cultivo utilizado foi o ASM-1, com e sem presença de La3+ (10 mg.L-1 a 100 mg.L-1), onde o efeito tóxico do metal foi monitorado por análises micro e macroscópica das células e também pela quantificação do crescimento celular baseada em medidas da massa seca. A bioacumulação do metal foi avaliada da mesma forma para ambas as microalgas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o efeito tóxico do metal foi presente em concentrações iônicas de 50 e 100 mg.L-1 e que houve uma bioconcentração do La3+ em ambas espécies de microalgas, principalmente quando a concentração inicial do La3+ foi de 10 e 25 mg.L-1, mostrando que houve uma relação direta entre a bioconcentração e a toxicidade do La3+. O gênero Monoraphidium bioconcentrou mais metal que o gênero Scenedesmus. Os resultados da biossorção dos metais em solução monoelementar mostraram que as microalgas apresentaram grande capacidade de captação do La3+ (20,7 mmol.g-1 para Monoraphidium sp. e 17,8 mmol.g-1 para Scenedesmus sp.) e do Ce3+ (25,7 mmol.g-1 para Monoraphidium sp. e 11,5 mmol.g-1 para Scenedesmus sp.). Os resultados obtidos revelaram que os dados melhor se ajustaram ao modelo de Freundlich, na maioria dos casos. Em sistema binário, notou-se que houve uma menor captação de cada um individualmente, evidenciando uma competição entre eles pelos mesmos sítios ligantes e que ambas apresentaram maior afinidade pelo Ce3+

稀土元素生物效应的蛋白质组学研究

蛋白质组学是研究细胞内全部蛋白的动态表达及其相互关系的新兴学科，是功能基因组学研究的重要组成部分和战略制高点，广泛应用于生命科学的各个领域，研究对象涵盖微生物、动物和植物等。 　　稀土元素（rare earth elements），亦称镧系元素（lanthanides），是性质相似的15种金属元素。随着稀土元素在工业、农牧业和医疗等领域的应用日益深入，它们对生物体的作用机制亟待研究。生物固氮作用为生命世界提供75%的绿色氮源，根瘤菌是重要的固氮微生物，具有基因组结构简单、培养周期短等特点。酿酒酵母是与人类关系最密切的一种酵母，不仅因为传统上其用于制作食品及酿酒，而且是现代分子生物学和细胞生物学中的真核模式生物。为了全面地了解稀土元素对细胞的作用，我们运用高分辨率的蛋白质双向电泳分离技术和高通量的蛋白质质谱分析手段以及生物信息学等方法，分析了稀土元素钆（Gadolinium，Gd）在原核生物费氏中华根瘤菌（Sinorhizobium fredii）USDA205和真核生物酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）YM4271的生物效应。 　　结果表明，经1mM Gd(NO3)3处理12小时后，费氏中华根瘤菌USDA205中 22个蛋白质表达有差异。这些蛋白质可根据功能分为8类，包括转运蛋白、胁迫相关蛋白、代谢相关蛋白等。其中13个蛋白质表达量增加，9个蛋白质表达量下降。膜蛋白在差异蛋白中占有很大比重。另外，我们分析了不同浓度的钆处理后蛋白质表达的变化情况，发现蛋白质组的变化是与处理浓度密切相关的。研究中还发现同种浓度的钆与另一种稀土元素铒（Erbium，Er）相比，离子半径较小的铒离子对根瘤菌的抑制作用更加明显。 　　比较不同浓度的钆对酿酒酵母YM4271的影响，发现酵母对稀土元素的反应不及根瘤菌敏感，对数生长初期的酵母经钆处理12小时或24小时后均无显著变化。 　　本研究首次用蛋白质组学的方法研究稀土元素对微生物的作用，鉴定了一些有价值的蛋白质，并得到了它们的表达特点和相关数据，为更好地理解稀土元素的生物效应提供了有力的分子生物学证据。