Differential expression and dynamic changes of SOX3 during gametogenesis and sex reversal in protogynous hermaphroditic fish

SOX3 has been suggested to play significant roles in gametogenesis and gonad differentiation of vertebrates, but the exact cellular localization evidence is insufficient and controversial. In this study, a protogynous hermaphrodite fish Epinephelus coioides is selected to analyze EcSox3 differential expression and the expression pattern in both processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis by utilizing the advantages that gonad development undergoes transition from ovary to intersexual gonad and then to testis, and primordial germ cells and different stage cells during oogenesis and spermatogenesis are synchronously observed in the transitional gonads. The detailed and clear immunofluoresence localization indicates that significantly differential expression and dynamic changes of Sox3 occur in the progresses of gametogenesis and sex reversal, and EcSOX3 protein exists in the differentiating primordial germ cells, oogonia, and different stage oocytes of ovaries, and also in the differentiating primordial germ cells and the Sertoli cells of testis. One important finding is that the EcSox3 expression is a significant time point for enterable gametogenesis of primordial germ cells because EcSOX3 is obviously expressed and localized in primordial germ cells. As EcSox3 continues to express, the EcSOX3-positive primordial germ cells develop toward oogonia and then oocytes, whereas when EcSox3 expression is ceased, the EcSOX3-positive primordial germ cells develop toward spermatogonia. Therefore, the current finding of EcSOX3 in the differentiating primordial germ cells again confirms the potential regulatory role in oogenesis and germ cell differentiation. The data further suggest that SOX3, as a transcription factor, might have more important roles in oogenesis than in spermatogenesis.

Differential expression of vasa RNA and protein during spermatogenesis and oogenesis in the gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), a bisexually and gynogenetically reproducing vertebrate

The RNA helicase Vasa is a germ cell marker in animals, and its homolog in vertebrates to date has been limited to bisexual reproduction. We cloned and characterized CagVasa, a Vasa homolog from the gibel carp, a fish that reproduces bisexually or gynogenetically. CagVasa possesses 14 RGG repeats and eight conserved motifs of Vasa proteins. In bisexually reproducing gibel carp, vasa is maternally supplied and its zygotic expression is restricted to gonads. By in situ hybridization on testicular sections, vasa is low in spermatogonia, high in primary spermatocytes, reduced in secondary spermatocytes, but disappears in spermatids and sperm. In contrast, vasa persists throughout oogenesis, displaying low-high-low levels from oogonia over vitellogenic oocytes to maturing oocytes. A rabbit anti-Vasa antibody (alpha Vasa) was raised against the N-terminal CagVasa for fluorescent immunohistochemistry. On testicular sections, Vasa is the highest in spermatogonia, reduced in spermatocytes, low in spermatids, and absent in sperm. In the ovary, Vasa is the highest in oogonia but persists throughout oogenesis. Subcellular localization of vasa and its protein changes dynamically during oogenesis. The aVasa stains putative primordial germ cells in gibel carp fry. It detects gonadal germ cells also in several other teleosts. Therefore, Cagvasa encodes a Vasa ortholog that is differentially expressed in the testis and ovary. Interestingly, the alpha Vasa in combination with a nuclear dye can differentiate critical stages of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in fish. The cross-reactivity and the ability to stain stage-specific germ cells make this antibody a useful tool to identify fish germ cell development and differentiation. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The genetic basis of infertility in men.

Subfertility in men is a heterogeneous syndrome, its pathophysiology remaining unknown in the majority of affected men. A large number of genes and loci are associated with sterility in experimental animals, but the human homologues of most of these genes have not been characterized. A British study suggested that, in a large proportion of men with idiopathic infertility, the disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; this provocative hypothesis needs confirmation. Because normal germ cell development requires the temporally and spatially co-ordinated expression of a number of gene products at the hypothalamic, pituitary and testicular levels, it is safe to predict that a large number of autosomal, as well as X- and Y-linked, genes will probably be implicated in different subsets of male subfertility.

Genetic disorders and spermatogenesis.

Male infertility affects one man in twenty and a genetic basis seems likely in at least 30% of those men. Genetic regulation of fertility involves the inter-related processes of testicular development, spermatogenesis (involving germ cell mitosis, meiosis and spermatid maturation), and their endocrine and paracrine regulation. In regard to spermatogenesis, particular attention has been given to the Yq11 region, where some spermatogenesis genes ('azoospermia factors') appear to be located. Several candidate genes have been identified but have not been shown to have a defined or essential role in spermatogenesis. Microdeletions of Yq11 are found in approximately 15% of azoospermic or severely oligospermic men. The complexity of the genetic control of male fertility is demonstrated by the evidence for genes involved in spermatogenesis and sexual differentiation on the X chromosome and autosomes. Better understanding of the genetic regulation of normal spermatogenesis will provide new probes for clinical studies; however, at present the majority of spermatogenic failure remains without an identified genetic linkage. The advent of intracytoplasmic sperm injection permits fertility in many previously sterile men and presents the possibility of their transmission of infertility; appropriate counselling is required.

The role of Y chromosome deletions in male infertility.

Male infertility affects approximately 2-7% of couples around the world. Over one in ten men who seek help at infertility clinics are diagnosed as severely oligospermic or azoospermic. Recent extensive molecular studies have revealed that deletions in the azoospermia factor region of the long arm of the Y chromosome are associated with severe spermatogenic impairment (absent or severely reduced germ cell development). Genetic research into male infertility, in the last 7 years, has resulted in the isolation of a great number of genes or gene families on the Y chromosome, some of which are believed to influence spermatogenesis.

Long Term Use of HU210 Adversely Affects Spermatogenesis in Rats by modulating the Endocannabinoid System

Recent societal acceptance of cannabinoids as recreational and therapeutic drugs has posed a potential hazard to male reproductive health. Mammals have a highly sophisticated endogenous cannabinoid (ECS) system that regulates male (and female) reproduction and exo-cannabinoids may influence it adversely. Therefore it is imperative to determine their effects on male reproduction so that men can make informed choices as to their use. Here, an animal model was used to administer HU210, a synthetic analogue of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and potent cannabinoid receptor (CB) agonist to determine its effects on reproductive organ weights, spermatogenesis, testicular histology and sperm motility. Its effects on the physiological endocannabinoid system were also investigated. Spermatogenesis was markedly impaired with reductions in total sperm count after 2 weeks of exposure. Spermatogenic efficiency was depleted, and Sertoli cell number decreased as exposure time increased with seminiferous tubules showing germ cell depletion developing into atrophy in some cases. Sperm motility was also adversely affected with marked reductions from 2 weeks on. HU210 also acted on the sperm’s endocannabinoid system. Long term use of exo-cannabinoids has adverse effects on both spermatogenesis and sperm function. These findings highlight the urgent need for studies evaluating the fertility potential of male recreational drug users.

Chromosome synapsis and recombination in simple and complex chromosomal heterozygotes of tuco-tuco (Ctenomys talarum: Rodentia: Ctenomyidae):Rodentia: Ctenomyidae)

The chromosomal speciation hypothesis suggests that irregularities in synapsis, recombination, and segregation in heterozygotes for chromosome rearrangements may restrict gene flow between karyotypically distinct populations and promote speciation. Ctenomys talarum is a South American subterranean rodent inhabiting the coastal regions of Argentina, whose populations polymorphic for Robertsonian and tandem translocations seem to have a very restricted gene flow. To test if chromosomal differences are involved in isolation among its populations, we examined chromosome pairing, recombination, and meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin in male meiosis of simple and complex translocation heterozygotes using immunolocalization of the MLH1 marking mature recombination nodules and phosphorylated histone γH2A.X marking unrepaired double-strand breaks. We observed small asynaptic areas labeled by γH2A.X in pericentromeric regions of the chromosomes involved in the trivalents and quadrivalents. We also observed a decrease of recombination frequency and a distalization of the crossover distribution in the heterozygotes and metacentric homozygotes compared to acrocentric homozygotes. We suggest that the asynapsis of the pericentromeric regions are unlikely to induce germ cell death and decrease fertility of the heterozygotes; however, suppressed recombination in pericentromeric areas of the multivalents may reduce gene flow between chromosomally different populations of the Talas tuco-tuco.

Cancers de l'adulte jeune [Overview on cancer in young adults]

To make a diagnostic of cancer in a young adult (15-30 years of age) has important physical, psychological and social implications. The most frequent cancers seen at this age are cancer of the thyroid, testicular germ cell tumours, 'melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukaemia, cerebral tumours and sarcomas. Even if the prognostic of most of these cancers is excellent, treatments are difficult and often associated with long-term side effects. A multidisciplinary approach of these patients is essential. A long-term follow-up by a general practicioner or an oncologist is indispensable.

Male mutation bias and possible long-term effects of human activities.

The ability of a population to adapt to changing environments depends critically on the amount and kind of genetic variability it possesses. Mutations are an important source of new genetic variability and may lead to new adaptations, especially if the population size is large. Mutation rates are extremely variable between and within species, and males usually have higher mutation rates as a result of elevated rates of male germ cell division. This male bias affects the overall mutation rate. We examined the factors that influence male mutation bias, and focused on the effects of classical life-history parameters, such as the average age at reproduction and elevated rates of sperm production in response to sexual selection and sperm competition. We argue that human-induced changes in age at reproduction or in sexual selection will affect male mutation biases and hence overall mutation rates. Depending on the effective population size, these changes are likely to influence the long-term persistence of a population.

Research resource: the dynamic transcriptional profile of sertoli cells during the progression of spermatogenesis.

Sertoli cells (SCs), the only somatic cells within seminiferous tubules, associate intimately with developing germ cells. They not only provide physical and nutritional support but also secrete factors essential to the complex developmental processes of germ cell proliferation and differentiation. The SC transcriptome must therefore adapt rapidly during the different stages of spermatogenesis. We report comprehensive genome-wide expression profiles of pure populations of SCs isolated at 5 distinct stages of the first wave of mouse spermatogenesis, using RNA sequencing technology. We were able to reconstruct about 13 901 high-confidence, nonredundant coding and noncoding transcripts, characterized by complex alternative splicing patterns with more than 45% comprising novel isoforms of known genes. Interestingly, roughly one-fifth (2939) of these genes exhibited a dynamic expression profile reflecting the evolving role of SCs during the progression of spermatogenesis, with stage-specific expression of genes involved in biological processes such as cell cycle regulation, metabolism and energy production, retinoic acid synthesis, and blood-testis barrier biogenesis. Finally, regulatory network analysis identified the transcription factors endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1/Hif2α), aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT/Hif1β), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) as potential master regulators driving the SC transcriptional program. Our results highlight the plastic transcriptional landscape of SCs during the progression of spermatogenesis and provide valuable resources to better understand SC function and spermatogenesis and its related disorders, such as male infertility.

Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV) Insertional Polymorphisms

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are the result of ancient germ cell infections of human germ cells by exogenous retroviruses. HERVs belong to the long terminal repeat (LTR) group of retrotransposons that comprise ~8% of the human genome. The majority of the HERVs documented have been truncated and/or incurred lethal mutations and no longer encode functional genes; however a very small number of HERVs seem to maintain functional in making new copies by retrotranspositon as suggested by the identification of a handful of polymorphic HERV insertions in human populations. The objectives of this study were to identify novel insertion of HERVs via analysis of personal genomic data and survey the polymorphism levels of new and known HERV insertions in the human genome. Specifically, this study involves the experimental validation of polymorphic HERV insertion candidates predicted by personal genome-based computation prediction and survey the polymorphism level within the human population based on a set of 30 diverse human DNA samples. Based on computational analysis of a limited number of personal genome sequences, PCR genotyping aided in the identification of 15 dimorphic, 2 trimorphic and 5 fixed full-length HERV-K insertions not previously investigated. These results suggest that the proliferation rate of HERVKs, perhaps also other ERVs, in the human genome may be much higher than we previously appreciated and the recently inserted HERVs exhibit a high level of instability. Throughout this study we have observed the frequent presence of additional forms of genotypes for these HERV insertions, and we propose for the first time the establishment of new genotype reporting nomenclature to reflect all possible combinations of the pre-integration site, solo-LTR and full-length HERV alleles.

The role of NHL-2 in regulating C.elegans P granule function

La divison cellulaire asymétrique est un processus essentiel qui permet aux cellules souches de s’auto-renouveller et de produire une cellule fille destinée à la différenciation. La lignée germinale de C. elegans, totipotente et immortelle, est une lignée de cellules souches qui contient des organites ribonucléoprotéiques appelés granules P. Au cours du développement ces derniers sont toujours localisés spécifiquement dans les cellules précurseurs de la lignée germinals, suggérant qu’ils sont des déterminants de la lignée germinale. De façon intéressante, des granules ribonucléoprotéiques, comme les P bodies impliqués dans le contrôle post-transcriptionnel, ont été observés chez tous les organismes. Néanmoins, la fonction précise des granules P de C. elegans est inconnue. Récemment, notre laboratoire a montré que NHL-2, un homologue de Mei-P26 de Drosophile, colocalise avec les granules P dans des embryons précoces et joue un rôle dans la division cellulaire asymétrique et dans la polarité cellulaire. Tous les granules P contiennent NHL- 2, ce qui nous a mené à poser l’hypothèse que NHL-2 régule la biogenèse et la fonction des granules P. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse par imagerie et quantification de l'intensité de PGL-1, un composant essentiel des granules P, dans des embryons fixés. Nos résultats montrent que dans des embryons mutants pour nhl-2 il y a une réduction du nombre de granules P, de l'intensité de fluorescence moyenne (IFM) et de l'intensité de fluorescence total (IFT) de PGL-1. Une analyse plus poussée a montré qu'il existe deux populations distinctes d’embryons mutants pour nhl-2 : l’une présente une intensité de PGL-1 comparable à celle d’une population sauvage alors que le second groupe présente une forte réduction des quantités de PGL-1 et est comparable à des mutants pour pgl-1. Cette variabilité est aussi observée dans le phénotype de stérilité de nhl-2 mutant à des températures élevées. Globalement, nos résultats suggèrent que la perte de fonction de NHL-2 perturbe la prolifération des cellules germinales ainsi que la formation et/ou la stabilité des granules P au cours des étapes précoces du développement des précurseurs de la lignée germinals. D’autre part, ils suggèrent que la fonction de NHL-2 pourrait être partiellement redondants avec les autres régulateurs de la stabilité des granules P. Mots-clés : Granules P, NHL-2, Cellules germinals.

Régulation de la division asymétrique chez C. elegans

La division asymétrique est essentielle pour générer la diversité au cours du développement et permet aussi de réguler la balance entre renouvellement et différenciation des cellules souches chez l’adulte. Dans ces deux cas de figure, elle dépend respectivement d’une polarité intrinsèque ou d’une polarité extrinsèque. C. elegans est un excellent modèle pour étudier les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la division asymétrique in vivo. Chez l’embryon, le maintien d’un axe de polarité antéro-postérieur dépend des protéines PAR conservées et localisées de façon asymétrique en deux groupes mutuellement exclusifs; le groupe antérieur avec PAR-3, PAR-6, PKC-3 et le groupe postérieur avec PAR-2 et PAR-1. L’absence d’une protéine PAR entraine une perte de polarité et une létalité embryonnaire. Lors d’un crible par ARN interférence mené par Jean-Claude Labbé pour identifier les suppresseurs de la létalité associée à la perte de PAR-2, deux cyclines de type B, CYB-2.1 et CYB-2.2 ont été trouvées. J’ai déterminé que CYB-2.1 et CYB-2.2 interviennent dans la polarité sans perturber le cycle cellulaire et agissent vraisemblablement avec leur kinase associée, CDK-1, pour stabiliser les niveaux protéiques de PAR-6. Ces travaux permettent de mieux définir les liens étroits entre polarité et cycle cellulaire. La lignée germinale de C. elegans est un excellent modèle pour étudier les divisions des cellules souches germinales in vivo. Par contre, l’absence d’orientation préférentielle de ces divisions laisse envisager que la complexité morphologique de la niche pourrait engendrer une diversité d’axe possible. J’ai étudié la régulation morphologique de cette niche, une unique cellule somatique appelée distal tip cell (DTC), qui arborise de longues extensions au stade adulte. Mes résultats préliminaires favorisent un modèle dans lequel les cellules souches et progéniteurs germinaux (CSPG) supportent la formation de ces extensions. Enfin, j’ai obtenu des conditions favorables à l’étude de la division asymétrique extrinsèque dans ce modèle, en simplifiant l’architecture de la niche dans des conditions qui préservent les divisions cellulaires des cellules souches. Mes travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre les liens unissant les différents processus biologiques impliqués dans la division asymétrique, d’une part par l’étude du rôle qu’y jouent des régulateurs clés du cycle cellulaire au cours du développement et d’autre part par la caractérisation d’une communication bidirectionnelle entre la niche et les cellules souches chez l’adulte.

Estructura i ultraestructura testicular del mascle reproductor porcí (Sus domesticus)

El present treball analitza al microscopi òptic i al microscopi electrònic de transmissió el testicle de Sus domesticus (raça Landrace - varietat anglesa) a partir de mascles reproductors porcins adults i sans. L'objectiu principal de tots els centres d'Inseminació Artificial Porcina i de les Explotacions de Selecció i Multiplicació Porcina és garantir una excel·lent qualitat espermàtica al llarg de la vida reproductiva útil d'un mascle reproductor porcí. Així doncs, un millor coneixement dels patrons estructural i ultraestructural normals del testicle permetrà diagnosticar amb facilitat quina ha estat l'estructura o funció testicular afectada quan s'observa una disminució de la qualitat del semen. Les anàlisis seminals i hormonals són certament crucials en la valoració d'aquests mascles, però, no són totalment informatives de les alteracions testiculars, ja que és necessari conèixer l'organització microscòpica. Diversos estudis sobre testicle han demostrat que els marcadors més sensibles per a l'avaluació de la funció testicular són els següents: (1) la grandària testicular, (2) el gruix i l'organització de la càpsula testicular, (3) el percentatge de túbuls seminífers i de teixit intersticial en el parènquima testicular, (4) el diàmetre dels túbuls seminífers, (5) l'alçada i la composició de cèl·lules germinals de l'epiteli seminífer, (6) el gruix i l'organització de la làmina pròpia i, (7) la morfologia i la grandària de les cèl·lules de Leydig. El primer objectiu concret del present estudi ha estat, per tant, caracteritzar tots aquests paràmetres testiculars en mascles porcins sans i adults. L'organització estructural del testicle i les mesures quantitatives utilitzades com a marcadors no mostren diferències significatives ni entres els mascles porcins (P > 0,01), ni entre el testicle dret i l'esquerre (P > 0,01). Els testicles, de 330,80  16,99 g de pes, estan envoltats per una càpsula, de 2.375,13  246,68 m de gruix, la qual es divideix en tres capes: la túnica vaginalis constitueix l'1,82  0,78 % de la càpsula i està composta per una capa mesotelial externa i una capa interna de teixit conjuntiu dens; la túnica albuginea representa el 37,31  3,27 % i és de teixit conjuntiu dens i, la túnica vasculosa constitueix el 64,24 4,40 % i és de teixit conjuntiu lax. En el parènquima testicular els túbuls seminífers i el teixit intersticial representen el 72,44  2,12 % i el 27,46  2,12 %, respectivament. Els túbuls seminífers, de 226,23  18,08 m de diàmetre, es troben fortament recargolats i empaquetats, i estan compostos per la làmina pròpia i l'epiteli seminífer. La làmina pròpia, de 4-4,5 m de gruix, està formada per la làmina basal i dues capes de cèl·lules peritubulars. L'epiteli seminífer, amb una alçada mitjana de 66,11  10,62 m, és columnar i estratificat amb cèl·lules de Sertoli i diferents generacions d'espermatogònies, espermatòcits i espermàtides. El teixit intersticial és un teixit conjuntiu lax amb abundants cèl·lules de Leydig polièdriques fortament empaquetades (ca. 15 x 12 m). El segon objectiu concret d'aquest estudi ha estat estudiar des del punt de vista morfològic i morfomètric (alçada, longitud, freqüència relativa d'aparició i durada) els estadis del cicle de l'epiteli seminífer en els mascles porcins de la raça Landrace (varietat anglesa), classificats d'acord amb el mètode de la morfologia tubular. Els estadis premeiòtics ( I, II i III) ocupen el 31,9 % del cicle espermatogènic i es caracteritzen, principalment, per la presència de cèl·lules en les fase inicials de la meiosi I. Les primeres etapes de la meiosi I no afecten els paràmetres morfomètrics de l'epiteli seminífer ja que els valors obtinguts per l'alçada de l'epiteli seminífer, la freqüència relativa, la longitud i la durada d'aquests estadis són molt variables. Els estadis meiòtics (IV i V) representen el 16,4 % del cicle espermatogènic i estan constituïts, principlament, per cèl·lules en un estat avançat de la meiosi I i /o cèl·lules en meiosi II. Les últimes fases de la meiosi I i també de la meiosi II tenen lloc ràpidament, la qual cosa resulta en una baixa freqüència relativa d'aparició i, per tant, en una baixa durada dels estadis meiòtics. Els estadis postmeiòtics (VI, VII i VIII) ocupen el 50,6 % del cicle espermatogènic. L'esdeveniment més important que té lloc en aquests estadis és la fase de maduració de l'espermiogènesi. En la fase de maduració, les espermàtides experimenten diverses modificacions morfològiques i estructurals que donen lloc, finalment, als espermatozoides. La complexitat d'aquests processos fa que els estadis postmeiòtics presentin valors més grans de freqüència relativa, longitud i durada. El tercer objectiu concret d'aquest treball ha estat descriure a nivell ultraestructural el procés d'espermiogènesi, i relacionar les transformacions que experimenten les espermàtides en fase d'elongació amb els canvis ultraestructurals que tenen lloc en les diferents cèl·lules que constitueixen el testicle (cèl·lules germinals, de Sertoli i de Leydig, principalment). L'espermiogènesi del mascle porcí de la raça Landrace (varietat anglesa) s'ha dividit en 9 passos que vénen definits per 9 tipus diferents d'espermàtides. Al llarg de l'espermiogènesi no s'observen diferències ultraestructurals significatives (P > 0,01) ni entre els mascles porcins ni entre el testicle esquerre i dret en les cèl·lules que constitueixen el testicle.

Intra-ovarian roles of activins and inhibins

Granulosa cells are the main ovarian source of inhibins, activins and activin-binding protein (follistatin) while germ (oogonia, oocytes) and somatic (theca, granulosa, luteal) cells express activin receptors, signaling components and inhibin co-receptor (betaglycan). Activins are implicated in various intra-ovarian roles including germ cell survival and primordial follicle assembly; follicle growth from preantral to mid-antral stages; suppression of thecal androgen production; promotion of granulosa cell proliferation, FSHR and CYP19A1 expression; enhancement of oocyte developmental competence; retardation of follicle luteinization and/or atresia and involvement in luteolysis. Inhibins (primarily inhibin A) are produced in greatest amounts by preovulatory follicles (and corpus luteum in primates) and suppress FSH secretion through endocrine negative feedback. Together with follistatin, inhibins act locally to oppose auto-/paracrine activin (and BMP) signaling thus modulating many of the above processes. The balance between activin-inhibin shifts during follicle development with activin signalling prevailing at earlier stages but declining as inhibin and betaglycan expression rise.