Policy implications of public health workforce development for disaster preparedness in the United States

Public health efforts were initiated in the United States with legislative actions for enhancing food safety and ensuring pure drinking water. Some additional policy initiatives during the early 20th century helped organize and coordinate relief efforts for victims of natural disasters. By 1950's the federal government expanded its role for providing better health and safety to the communities, and its disaster relief activities became more structured. A rise in terrorism related incidents during the late 1990's prompted new proactive policy directions. The traditional policy and program efforts for rescue, recovery, and relief measures changed focus to include disaster preparedness and countermeasures against terrorism.^ The study took a holistic approach by analyzing all major disaster related policies and programs, in regard to their structure, process, and outcome. Study determined that United States has a strong disaster preparedness agenda and appropriate programs are in place with adequate policy support, and the country is prepared to meet all possible security challenges that may arise in the future. The man-made disaster of September 11th gave a major thrust to improve security and enhance preparedness of the country. These new efforts required large additional funding from the federal government. Most existing preparedness programs at the local and national levels are run with federal funds which is insufficient in some cases. This discrepancy arises from the fact that federal funding for disaster preparedness programs at present are not allocated by the level of risks to individual states or according to the risks that can be assigned to critical infrastructures across the country. However, the increased role of the federal government in public health affairs of the states is unusual, and opposed to the spirit of our constitution where sovereignty is equally divided between the federal government and the states. There is also shortage of manpower in public health to engage in disaster preparedness activities, despite some remarkable progress following the September 11th disaster.^ Study found that there was a significant improvement in knowledge and limited number of studies showed improvement of skills, increase in confidence and improvement in message-mapping. Among healthcare and allied healthcare professionals, short-term training on disaster preparedness increased knowledge and improved personal protective equipment use with some limited improvement in confidence and skills. However, due to the heterogeneity of these studies, the results and interpretation of this systematic review may be interpreted with caution.^

“Dishonourable disobedience” – Why refusal to treat in reproductive healthcare is not conscientious objection

In medicine, the vast majority of conscientious objection (CO) is exercised within the reproductive healthcare field – particularly for abortion and contraception. Current laws and practices in various countries around CO in reproductive healthcare show that it is unworkable and frequently abused, with harmful impacts on women's healthcare and rights. CO in medicine is supposedly analogous to CO in the military, but in fact the two have little in common. This paper argues that CO in reproductive health is not actually Conscientious Objection, but Dishonourable Disobedience (DD) to laws and ethical codes. Healthcare professionals who exercise CO are using their position of trust and authority to impose their personal beliefs on patients, who are completely dependent on them for essential healthcare. Health systems and institutions that prohibit staff from providing abortion or contraception services are being discriminatory by systematically denying healthcare services to a vulnerable population and disregarding conscience rights for abortion providers. CO in reproductive healthcare should be dealt with like any other failure to perform one's professional duty, through enforcement and disciplinary measures. Counteracting institutional CO may require governmental or even international intervention.

Competencias y contenidos comunes de salud pública del Grado en Medicina en las universidades españolas

Objetivo: Consensuar las competencias profesionales de salud pública que deben adquirir los estudiantes en el Grado en Medicina y los contenidos fundamentales que debe incluir la materia de salud pública según el criterio de un grupo de docentes de salud pública del Grado en Medicina de distintas universidades españolas. Métodos: Se organizó una 2 ª Reunión del Foro de Profesorado Universitario de Salud Pública en la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Madrid, 11-12 de diciembre de 2014), en la que participaron 24 docentes de 19 universidades españolas con Grado en Medicina que fueron distribuidos en tres grupos durante tres sesiones de trabajo. En la primera sesión, se identificaron y clasificaron las competencias propias del Grado; en la segunda, se propusieron contenidos de salud pública para las competencias identificadas; en la tercera, se organizaron los contenidos en bloques temáticos. Los resultados se discutieron hasta alcanzar acuerdos, en distintas sesiones plenarias. Resultados: El mayor número de competencias identificadas corresponde a actividades de las funciones «Valorar las necesidades de salud de la población» y «Desarrollar políticas de salud». El programa final incluye contenidos básicos organizados en cinco bloques: Concepto de salud, salud pública y sus condicionantes; Epidemiología e investigación en salud; Condicionantes y problemas de salud; Estrategias, intervenciones y políticas; y Sistemas de salud, gestión clínica y sanitaria. Conclusiones: Las competencias y los contenidos comunes consensuados en este Foro constituyen una base para actualizar y mejorar la formación en salud pública de los futuros profesionales de la medicina.

Making it easy to do the right thing in healthcare: Advancing improvement science education through accredited pan European higher education modules

Background: Numerous international policy drivers espouse the need to improve healthcare. The application of Improvement Science has the potential to restore the balance of healthcare and transform it to a more person-centred and quality improvement focussed system. However there is currently no accredited Improvement Science education offered routinely to healthcare students. This means that there are a huge number of healthcare professionals who do not have the conceptual or experiential skills to apply Improvement Science in everyday practise. Methods: This article describes how seven European Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) worked together to develop four evidence informed accredited inter-professional Improvement Science modules for under and postgraduate healthcare students. It outlines the way in which a Policy Delphi, a narrative literature review, a review of the competency and capability requirements for healthcare professionals to practise Improvement Science, and a mapping of current Improvement Science education informed the content of the modules. Results: A contemporary consensus definition of Healthcare Improvement Science was developed. The four Improvement Science modules that have been designed are outlined. A framework to evaluate the impact modules have in practise has been developed and piloted. Conclusion: The authors argue that there is a clear need to advance healthcare Improvement Science education through incorporating evidence based accredited modules into healthcare professional education. They suggest that if Improvement Science education, that incorporates work based learning, becomes a staple part of the curricula in inter-professional education then it has real promise to improve the delivery, quality and design of healthcare.

Managing healthcare quality in project management framework

Healthcare professionals routinely deploy various quality management tools and techniques in order to improve performance of healthcare delivery. However, they are characterised by fragmented approach i.e., they are not linked with the strategic intent of the organisation. This study introduces a holistic quality improvement method, which integrates all quality improvement projects with the strategic intent of the healthcare organisations. It first identifies a healthcare system and its environment. The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of the system are then derived with the involvement of the concerned stakeholders. This leads to developing the strategies in order to satisfy customers in line with the organisation's competitive position. These strategies help identify a few projects, the implementation of which ensures achievement of desired quality. The projects are then prioritised with the involvement of the concerned stakeholders and implemented in order to improve the system performance. The effectiveness of the method has been demonstrated using a case study of an intensive care unit at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex Hospital in Trinidad. Copyright © 2007 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Diabetes service provision:a qualitative study of newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes patients' experiences and views

Aims: To explore newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes patients' views about Scottish diabetes services at a time when these services are undergoing a major reorganization. To provide recommendations to maximize opportunities brought by the devolvement of services from secondary to primary healthcare settings. Methods: Qualitative panel study with 40 patients newly diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, recruited from hospital clinics and general practices in Lothian, Scotland. Patients were interviewed three times over 1 year. The study was informed by grounded theory, which involves concurrent data collection and analysis. Results: Patients were generally satisfied with diabetes services irrespective of the types of care received. Most wanted their future care/review to be based in general practice for reasons of convenience and accessibility, although they dis-liked it when appointments were scheduled for different days. Many said they lacked the knowledge/confidence to know how to manage their diabetes in particular situations, and needed access to healthcare professionals who could answer their questions promptly. Patients expressed a need for primary care professionals who had diabetes expertise, but who had more time and were more accessible than general practitioners. Patients who had encountered practice lead nurses for diabetes spoke particularly positively of these professionals. Conclusions: Nurses with diabetes training are particularly well placed to provide information and support to patients in primary care. Ideally, practices should run 'one-stop' diabetes clinics to provide structured care, with easily accessible dietetics, podiatry and retinopathy screening. Newly diagnosed patients may benefit from being made more aware of specific services provided by charitable organizations such as Diabetes UK. © 2005 Diabetes UK.

Healthcare professional experiences and attitudes on unlicensed/off-label paediatric prescribing and paediatric clinical trials

To investigate the knowledge and views of a range of healthcare professionals (consultant paediatricians, general practitioners (GPs), community pharmacists and paediatric nurses) regarding the use of unlicensed/off-label medicines in children and the participation of children in clinical trials.

Professionalism within pharmacy – the thoughts of Professional Leaders

To ascertain the thoughts of selected professional leaders on matters relating to pharmacist professionalism. These views will help build a picture of the professional status of pharmacy. Methods - Semi-structured interviews were conducted between July and November 2013 with representatives from eight UK pharmacy leadership bodies. The bodies were selected for their roles in pharmacy policy development, regulation and professional representation. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analysis by constant comparison identified a number of emerging themes. Results - The following emerging themes were identified from the interview data: Influence of the Pharmacy Landscape: Participants highlighted the role that pharmacy plays within the National Health Service and wider society and how future developments may affect the professional status currently afforded to pharmacists. Vocalising Pharmacy: Communication within the profession and also with those external to the profession, including other healthcare professionals and the general public, is important to ensure a high professional standing. The Impact of Commercialism: Professionalism and commercialism were generally seen to be antithetical and a rise in commercialism may adversely impact on external perceptions of the professionalism of pharmacy. Responsibility for Professionalism: The professional image of pharmacy is maintained by the individuals operating within it regardless of their scope of practice. It is the responsibility of all those individuals to ensure that they actively demonstrate ‘professional’ behaviours. The Journey to Professionalism: Acquiring a professional ethos is a continual process but there are stages in a pharmacist’s development that are considered particularly important. These include upbringing, undergraduate education and pre-registration training. Conclusions - Pharmacy’s professional status in the UK remains open to challenge and vital to retaining that status is the public perception of pharmacists. Future research examining pharmacy’s claims to professional status should focus on exploring the attitudes of the general public in addition to the views of pharmacists.

Putting children forward for epilepsy surgery:a qualitative study of UK parents' and health professionals' decision-making experiences

Background Against a backdrop of recommendations for increasing access to and uptake of early surgical intervention for children with medically intractable epilepsy, it is important to understand how parents and professionals decide to put children forward for epilepsy surgery and what their decisional support needs are. Aim The aim of this study was to explore how parents and health professionals make decisions regarding putting children forward for pediatric epilepsy surgery. Methods Individual interviews were conducted with nine parents of children who had undergone pediatric epilepsy surgery at a specialist children's hospital and ten healthcare professionals who made up the children's epilepsy surgery service multidisciplinary healthcare team (MDT). Three MDT meetings were also observed. Data were analyzed thematically. Findings Four themes were generated from analysis of interviews with parents: presentation of surgery as a treatment option, decision-making, looking back, and interventions. Three themes were generated from analysis of interviews/observations with health professionals: triangulating information, team working, and patient and family perspectives. Discussion Parents wanted more information and support in deciding to put their child forward for epilepsy surgery. They attempted to balance the potential benefits of surgery against any risks of harm. For health professionals, a multidisciplinary approach was seen as crucial to the decision-making process. Advocating for the family was perceived to be the responsibility of nonmedical professionals. Conclusion Decision-making can be supported by incorporating families into discussions regarding epilepsy surgery as a potential treatment option earlier in the process and by providing families with additional information and access to other parents with similar experiences.

Chemotherapy patient perception regarding communication with the healthcare staff

Purpose: To qualitatively explore the communication between healthcare professionals and oncology patients based on the perception of patients undergoing chemotherapy.Method: Qualitative and exploratory design. Participants were 14 adult patients undergoing chemotherapy at different stages of the disease. A socio-demographic and clinical data form was utilized along with semi-structured interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and content analysis was performed. Two independent judges evaluated the interview content in regards to emerging categories and obtained a Kappa index of 0.834.Results: Three categories emerged from the data: 1) Technical communication without emotional support, in which the information provided is composed of strictly technical information regarding the diagnosis, treatment and/or prognosis; 2) Technical communication, in which the information provided is oriented towards the technical aspects of the patient’s physical condition, while also providing psychological support for the patients’ subjective needs; and 3) Insufficient technical communication, win which there are gaps in the information provided causing confusion and suffering to the patient.Conclusions: Communication with emotional support contributes to greater satisfaction of chemotherapy patients. Practical implications: the results provide elements for the training of healthcare professionals regarding the importance of the emotional support that can be offered to cancer patients during their treatment.

Using modeling as a co-design approach in the planning process of new care environments

Current research shows a relationship between healthcare architecture and patient-related Outcomes. The planning and designing of new healthcare environments is a complex process; the needs of the various end-users of the environment must be considered, including the patients, the patients’ significant others, and the staff. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of healthcare professionals participating in group modelling utilizing system dynamics in the pre-design phase of new healthcare environments. We engaged healthcare professionals in a series of workshops using system dynamics to discuss the planning of healthcare environments in the beginning of a construction, and then interviewed them about their experience. An explorative and qualitative design was used to describe participants’ experiences of participating in the group modelling projects. Participants (n=20) were recruited from a larger intervention study using group modeling and system dynamics in planning and designing projects. The interviews were analysed by qualitative content analysis. Two themes were formed, representing the experiences in the group modeling process: ‘Partaking in the G-M created knowledge and empowerment’and ‘Partaking in the G-M was different from what was expected and required time and skills’. The method can support participants in design teams to focus more on their healthcare organization, their care activities and their aims rather than focusing on detailed layout solutions. This clarification is important when decisions about the design are discussed and prepared and will most likely lead to greater readiness for future building process.

Responding to Fluctuating Demand for Healthcare Services

The level of demand for healthcare services can fluctuate quite strongly. Indeed, some parts of the healthcare service are renowned for having peaks of demand which challenge capacity. Dealing with fluctuations in demand is a common problem in many service industries. This article examines some of the strategies available for influencing the level of demand, including the use of price, communications and demand analysis. The article also outlines a wide variety of ways in which patients can be encouraged to be more tolerant of waiting to receive service from healthcare professionals. In particular, eight principles of waiting are discussed and illustrated in the context of healthcare services.

Étude exploratoire auprès de médecins des effets perçus d’une formation corps / esprit fondée sur les pratiques du Sensible

Résumé: Les pratiques du Sensible sont des pratiques d’accompagnement formatives et soignantes. Elles permettent d’apprendre comment l’expérience du corps et de son mouvement interne conduit au développement de la conscience et de la présence à soi ainsi qu’à l’autre, des qualités enviables pour des professionnelles et professionnels de la relation d’aide du secteur de la santé. Dans ces pratiques, le corps joue un rôle central à travers quatre types d’intervention : la thérapie manuelle, la gymnastique sensorielle, l’introspection sensorielle et l’entretien verbal à propos de l’expérience corporelle. Selon Large (2009), une qualité de présence particulière se construit chez les participantes et le participant aux pratiques du Sensible. Selon lui, ceux-ci se rapprochent de leur intériorité, parviennent à verbaliser à autrui ce qu’ils ressentent et en arrivent à poser des actions qui expriment ce qu’ils deviennent. Large (2009) constate qu’ils acquièrent de la stabilité, de l’adaptabilité et de l’autonomie. À la fois plus affirmatifs, ils gagnent aussi en proximité à l’autre. Bois (2007) note un changement de représentation lié aux idées, aux valeurs, à l’image de soi et au rapport perceptif à soi. Une chercheure et des chercheurs constatent un changement de conception de la santé (Duval, 2010; Laemmlin-Cencig et Humpich, 2009). À notre connaissance, il n’y a pas eu d’étude antérieure concernant l’influence des pratiques du Sensible auprès de médecins. Nous avons exploré, le cas échéant, comment une formation aux pratiques du Sensible, suivie par des médecins, a modifié leur rapport à leur corps, à leur propre santé, à leur conception de la santé, à la qualité de leur présence à eux-mêmes, aux autres professionnelles et professionnels et aux patientes et patients. Des entretiens semi-structurés d’une durée de 90 à 105 minutes ont été effectués auprès de six médecins français (cinq femmes et un homme) ayant été formés aux pratiques du Sensible entre 2005 et 2012. Deux types d’entretiens à visée compréhensive (Kaufmann, 2011) et d’explicitation (Vermersch, 2010; 2012) ont été réalisés. Des informations ont aussi été recueillies sur la formation et les activités professionnelles des participantes et du participant. Deux démarches d’analyse ont été utilisées, entre autres pour vérifier la cohérence des résultats et augmenter la rigueur de notre projet. Notre première démarche d’analyse a été conçue à partir de deux méthodes : au départ avec l’analyse thématique et par la suite une analyse avec les catégories conceptualisantes afin de déboucher sur une théorisation ancrée. La deuxième démarche d’analyse a consisté à créer une liste de vingt-six phénomènes présents pour la majorité des entretiens suite à des discussions tenues avec notre équipe de direction. Selon nos résultats, suite à la formation aux pratiques du Sensible, les cinq participantes témoignent d’une plus grande proximité et attention à leur corps et d’une meilleure écoute de celui-ci. Cet ancrage corporel de leur présence les informe davantage sur leur mode de vie et d’existence. Il en ressort ainsi des prises de conscience importantes grâce auxquelles les participantes font des choix nouveaux pour une vie plus cohérente et recentrée sur leur intériorité. Par le fait même, elles récupèrent leur pouvoir sur leur vie comme sur leur santé. En outre, parmi les six médecins, quatre ont modifié leur conception de la santé. Celle-ci s’est en effet élargie pour inclure de nouveaux éléments, dont la qualité du rapport à soi et l’accordage entre le corps et la pensée. Le corps semble être une voie souterraine à partir de laquelle se sont réalisées des transformations dans la personne, comme si le corps devenait une interface ayant des effets sur plusieurs facettes de la personne. Ces transformations semblent avoir une influence sur la manière dont celle-ci exerce sa profession, comme si un savoir-être renouvelé de la personne transformait son savoir-faire au sein de sa pratique. Au plan de la qualité de la présence aux autres, il est rapporté que les relations professionnelles se sont améliorées pour la majorité des participantes. Des transformations personnelles semblent avoir eu des effets sur leurs relations professionnelles. Par exemple, tous témoignent d’une meilleure qualité de présence et de disponibilité aux patientes et patients. La plupart signalent l’apprentissage d’une juste distance thérapeutique et, en même temps, d’une relation plus singulière avec chaque patiente et patient. Nous constatons par notre analyse que la relation aux patientes et patients est modifiée aux plans de la communication, du toucher et de l’écoute. Le parcours de formation des étudiantes et étudiants en médecine semble créer des conditions favorisant l’épuisement (Brazeau, Schroeder, Rovi et Boyd, 2010; Colombat, Altmeyer, Barruel, Bauchetet, Blanchard, Colombat et al., 2011; Ishak, Nikravesh, Lederer, Perry, Ogunyemi et Bernstein, 2013; Llera et Durante, 2014; Rodrigues, Albiges et Blanchard, 2012). Certaines interventions de type corps / esprit semblent pouvoir minimiser cet impact (Elder, Rakel, Heitkemper, Hustedde, Harazduk, Gerik et al., 2007; Hewson, Copeland, Mascha, Arrigain, Topol et Fox, 2006; Irving, Park-Saltzman, Fitzpatrick, Dobkin, Chen et Hutchinson, 2014; Maclaughlin, Wang, Noone, Liu, Harazduk, Lumpkin et al., 2011; Motz, Graves, Gross, Saunders, Amri, Harazduk et al., 2012; Rosenzweig, Reibel, Greeson, Brainard et Hojat, 2003; Saunders, Tractenberg, Chaterji, Amri, Harazduk, Gordon et al., 2007). Notre recherche démontre chez nos participantes et notre participant que la formation aux pratiques du Sensible leur a permis de faire plusieurs gains pour leur propre santé. Il semble qu’en amont des apprentissages liés à la profession médicale, une qualité de savoir-être puisse solidifier la personne, ses apprentissages et sa future pratique médicale. Les étudiantes et étudiants en médecine seraient ainsi mieux outillés pour traverser ce cursus de formation exigent et épuisant. Il serait intéressant de reprendre la recherche auprès d’un plus grand nombre de médecins ou d’étudiantes et étudiants en médecine afin d’y observer les éléments de théorisation répétitifs inclus dans la théorisation ancrée de notre étude exploratoire. Ainsi, selon les résultats, il serait alors plus aisé de promouvoir l’apprentissage expérientiel d’approches de type corps / esprit (dont les PS) dans les cursus universitaires en médecine.

Att leva med endometrios

Bakgrund: Endometrios är en kronisk, gynekologisk sjukdom som påverkar många aspekter av livet. Trots att ca 10 procent av kvinnor i produktiv ålder i världen är drabbade är sjukdomen okänd för många. Kunskap om sjukdomen saknas hos många sjuksköterskor vilket leder till att de har svårt att tillgodose kvinnornas behov. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med endometrios. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats gjordes. För analysen användes induktiv innehållsanalys. Resultat: Vid analysen identifierades kategorierna; sjukdomen påverkar livets alla områden, kvinnans upplevelser av sjukvården samt oviss framtid. Sjukdomen visade sig påverka kvinnorna inom många olika områden i livet. Sjukvårdspersonal och allmänheten upplevdes ha bristande kunskap om sjukdomen och kvinnorna kände misstro för sjukvården. Osäkerhet gällande framtiden fanns också hos kvinnorna. Slutsats: Endometrios behöver uppmärksammas mer i samhället så allmänheten lär sig känna igen symtomen för sjukdomen, för att öka chansen för den drabbade kvinnan att få vård snabbare. Kunskap om sjukdomen och kvinnans upplevelser av att leva med den måste förbättras hos vårdpersonal för att kvinnan ska få så god vård som möjligt. Begränsad forskning finns kring sjukdomen och ytterligare forskning behövs. 

The use of motivational interviews by nurses to promote health behaviors in adolescents: a scoping review protocol

Adolescents - defined as young people between 10 and 19 years of age1 - are, in general, a relatively healthy segment of the population.2 However, the developmental changes that take place during adolescence may affect their subsequent risk for diseases and for a variety of health-related behaviors. In fact, early onset of preventable health problems (e.g. obesity, malnutrition, STDs) and the engagement in health risk behaviors (e.g., sedentary life style, excessive alcohol consumption, unprotected sex) during adolescence, are likely to put them at greater risk for physical and mental health problems at a later stage in life. Moreover, health related problems and health risk behaviors may disrupt adolescents' physical and cognitive development and therefore may affect their ability to think and act in relation to decisions about their health in the future.1 In summary, health-related behaviors in adolescence, apart from their influence on the continuum of "health-disease", they also have the potential to influence future behaviors. In fact, several studies have shown that past behaviors are good predictors of future behaviors .3,4 Thus, promoting healthy practices during adolescence and taking measures to better protect young people from health risks are essential for the prevention of health problems in adulthood.5 According to the World Health Organization, the main problems affecting young people include mental health problems (such as behavioral disorders, eating disorders, suicide, anxiety or depression), the use of substances (illegal substances, alcohol and tobacco), interpersonal violence, nutrition (a proper nutrition consists of healthy eating habits and physical exercise), unintentional injuries (which are a leading cause of death and disability among young people, with road traffic injuries accounting for about 700 deaths per day), sexual and reproductive health (for example, risky sexual behaviors, early pregnancy and childbirth) and HIV (resulting from sexual transmission and drug injection).5,6 On the other hand, the number of children and youth with chronic health conditions has increased dramatically in the past four decades7 as larger numbers of chronically ill children survive beyond the age of 10.8 Despite the lack of data on adolescents' health making it difficult to determine the prevalence of chronic illnesses in this age group9, it is known that one in ten adolescents suffers from a chronic condition worldwide.10 In fact, national population based studies from Western countries show that 20-30% of teenagers have a chronic illness, defined as one that lasts longer than six months.8 The most prevalent chronic illness among adolescents is asthma and the one with the highest incidence is diabetes mellitus, particularly type II.9 Traditionally, healthcare professionals have been mainly investing in health education activities, through the transmission of knowledge with a view to creating habits, customs and behaviors, and promoting healthy lifestyles. However, empowering people does not only consist of giving them the right information11 , i.e. good information is not enough to cause people to make changes.12 The motivation or desire to change unhealthy behaviors and habits depends on many factors, namely intrinsic motivation, control over personal decisions, self-confidence and perception of effectiveness, personal ambivalence, and individualized assistance.12 Many professionals assume that supplying knowledge is sufficient for behavioral changes; however, even very good advice often fails to generate behavioral change. After all, people continue to engage in unhealthy behaviors despite clearly knowing what they should do and how to change. "What is lacking is the motivation to apply that knowledge".13, p.1233 In fact, behavioral change is a complex phenomenon with multiple determinants that also includes motivational variables. It is associated with ambivalent processes expressed in the dilemma between keeping the current status and moving on to new ways of acting. For example, telling adolescents that if they keep on engaging in a certain behavior, they are increasing the risk of developing a long-term condition such as cardiovascular disease, stroke or diabetes is rarely enough to trigger the desired behavioral change; people are more likely to change when they believe that the change is really effective and that they are able to implement it.12 Therefore, it is essential to provide specific training for "healthcare professionals to master motivational techniques, avoid confrontation with the users, and facilitate behavioral changes".14 In this context, motivating patients to make behavioral changes is also an important nursing task where change in lifestyle is a major element of patients' treatment and preventive interventions.15 One of the nurse's goals is to help improve a patient's health or help them to manage existing health conditions. Once nurses are in a position where they have to focus on accomplishing tasks and telling patients what needs to be accomplished16, the role of the nurse is expanding even more into the use of motivational strategies.17 MI is bringing nurses back to therapeutic communication and moving them closer to successful health promotion and disease management, by promoting behavior change and empowering their patients. As the nursing profession evolves, MI is seen as a challenge and the basis of nurse's interactions with individuals, families and communities.16, 17 In the same way, MI may be taken as an essential tool in the provision of nursing care to adolescents, being itself a workspace with possible therapeutic effects regarding problems, clarification of doubts, and development of skills.18 In fact, MI may be particularly applicable in work with adolescents because of their specific developmental stage. Adolescents attempt to establish their own autonomy and identity while struggling with social interactions and moral issues, which leads to ambivalence.19 Consistent with the developmental challenges during adolescence, "MI explicitly honors autonomy, people's right and irrevocable ability to decide about their own behavior"20 while allowing the person to explore possibilities for change of risky or maladaptive behaviours.19 MI can be defined as a directive, client-centred counselling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. It is most centrally defined not by technique but by its spirit as a facilitative style of interpersonal relationship.21 It is a set of strategies and techniques widely used in clinical practice based on the transtheoretical model of change. The Stages of Change model describes five stages of readiness—precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance—and provides a framework for understanding behavior change.22 The MI has been widely tested and applied in different areas, such as modification of addictive behaviors, interventions with offenders in the context of justice, eating disorders, promotion of therapeutic adherence among chronic patients, promotion of learning in school settings or intervention with adolescents at risk.18,23 In general, clinical practice has been adopting the perspective of motivation as something relatively immutable, i.e., the adolescent is either motivated for change/treatment and, in these conditions, the professional's role is to help him/her, or the adolescent is not motivated and then change/treatment is not feasible. Alternatively the theoretical model underlying the MI technique postulates that the individual's adherence to change/treatment depends on his/her motivation, which can change throughout the therapeutic intervention. As several studies found positive results for effects of MI24-26 and its use by health professionals is encouraged23,27 nurses may play an important role in patients' process of change. As nurses have a crucial role in clinical contexts, they can facilitate the process of ending risk behaviors and/or adopting positive health behaviors through some motivational techniques, namely with adolescents. A considerable number of systematic reviews about MI already exist pointing to some benefits of its use in the treatment of a broad range of behavioral problems and diseases.13,28,29 Some of the current reviews focus on examining the effectiveness of MI for adolescents with diverse health risks/problems 30-32. However, to date there are no reviews that present and assess the evidence for the use of nurse-led MI in adolescents. Therefore, we have little knowledge of what works for whom (which adolescent subpopulation) under what circumstances (in which setting, for what problem) in relation to motivational interviewing by nurses. There is a clear need for scoping or mapping the use of MI by nurses with adolescents to identify evidence gaps and to inform opportunities for future development in nursing practice. On the other hand, information regarding nurse-led implemented and evaluated interventions, techniques and/or strategies used, contexts of application and adolescents subpopulation groups is dispersed in the literature33-36 which impedes the formulation of precise questions about the effectiveness of those interventions conducted by nurses and therefore the realization of a systematic review. In other words, it is known that different kind of motivational interventions have been implemented in different contexts by nurses, however does not exist a map about all the motivational techniques and/or strategies used. Furthermore the literature does not clarify which is the role of nurses at cross professional motivational intervention implemented programs and finally the outcomes and evaluation of interventions are unclear. Thus, the practical implication of this mapping will be clarifying all these aspects. Without this clarification is not possible to proceed to the realization of a systematic review about the effectiveness of the use of motivational interviews by nurses to promote health behaviors in adolescents, in a particular context and/or health risk behavior; or regarding the effectiveness of certain technique and/or strategy of MI. Consequently, there are important questions about the nature of the evidence in this area that need to be answered before formulating a precise question of effectiveness. This scoping review aims to respond to these questions. An initial search of the JBI Database of Systematic Reviews & Implementation Reports, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, , Database of promoting health effectiveness reviews (DoPHER), The Campbell Library, Medline and CINAHL, has revealed that currently there is no Scoping Review (published or in progress) on the subject. In this context, this scoping review will examine and map the published and unpublished research around the use of MI by nurses implemented and evaluated to promote health behaviors in adolescents; to establish its current extent, range and nature and identify its feasibility, outcomes and gaps in the evidence defining research priorities in this field. This scoping review will be informed by the JBI methodology37 that suggests a five stage methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews which includes: identifying the research question, searching for relevant studies, selecting studies, charting data, collating, summarizing and reporting the results.