Shaping mechanisms of metal specificity in a family of metazoan Metallothioneins: evolutionary differentiation of Mollusc MTs.

Background: The degree of metal binding specificity in metalloproteins such as metallothioneins (MTs) can be crucial for their functional accuracy. Unlike most other animal species, pulmonate molluscs possess homometallic MT isoforms loaded with Cu+ or Cd2+. They have, so far, been obtained as native metal-MT complexes from snail tissues, where they are involved in the metabolism of the metal ion species bound to the respective isoform. However, it has not as yet been discerned if their specific metal occupation is the result of a rigid control of metal availability, or isoform expression programming in the hosting tissues or of structural differences of the respective peptides determining the coordinative options for the different metal ions. In this study, the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) Cu-loaded and Cd-loaded isoforms (HpCuMT and HpCdMT) were used as model molecules in order t o elucidate the biochemical and evolutionary mechanisms permitting pulmonate MTs to achieve specificity for their cognate metal ion. Results: HpCuMT and HpCdMT were recombinantly synthesized in the presence of Cd2+, Zn2+ or Cu2+ and corresponding metal complexes analysed by electrospray mass spectrometry and circular dichroism (CD) and ultra violet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. Both MT isoforms were only able to form unique, homometallic and stable complexes (Cd6-HpCdMT and Cu12-HpCuMT) with their cognate metal ions. Yeast complementation assays demonstrated that the two isoforms assumed metal-specific functions, in agreement with their binding preferences, in heterologous eukaryotic environments. In the snail organism, the functional metal specificity of HpCdMT and HpCuMT was contributed by metal-specific transcription programming and cell-specific expression. Sequence elucidation and phylogenetic analysis of MT isoforms from a number of snail species revealed that they possess an unspecific and two metal-specific MT isoforms, whose metal specificity was achieved exclusively by evolutionary modulation of non-cysteine amino acid positions. Conclusion: The Roman snail HpCdMT and HpCuMT isoforms can thus be regarded as prototypes of isoform families that evolved genuine metal-specificity within pulmonate molluscs. Diversification into these isoforms may have been initiated by gene duplication, followed by speciation and selection towards opposite needs for protecting copper-dominated metabolic pathways from nonessential cadmium. The mechanisms enabling these proteins to be metal-specific could also be relevant for other metalloproteins.

Epithelial sodium channel/degenerin family of ion channels: a variety of functions for a shared structure.

The recently discovered epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)/degenerin (DEG) gene family encodes sodium channels involved in various cell functions in metazoans. Subfamilies found in invertebrates or mammals are functionally distinct. The degenerins in Caenorhabditis elegans participate in mechanotransduction in neuronal cells, FaNaC in snails is a ligand-gated channel activated by neuropeptides, and the Drosophila subfamily is expressed in gonads and neurons. In mammals, ENaC mediates Na+ transport in epithelia and is essential for sodium homeostasis. The ASIC genes encode proton-gated cation channels in both the central and peripheral nervous system that could be involved in pain transduction. This review summarizes the physiological roles of the different channels belonging to this family, their biophysical and pharmacological characteristics, and the emerging knowledge of their molecular structure. Although functionally different, the ENaC/DEG family members share functional domains that are involved in the control of channel activity and in the formation of the pore. The functional heterogeneity among the members of the ENaC/DEG channel family provides a unique opportunity to address the molecular basis of basic channel functions such as activation by ligands, mechanotransduction, ionic selectivity, or block by pharmacological ligands.

Transcriptional control of the Notch1 tumour suppressor gene

Abstract : The Notch pathway is an important regulator of differentiation and carcinogenesis. In keratinocytes and possibly other specific epithelial cell types, it acts as tumour suppressor. Expression of endogenous Notch1 gene is markedly reduced in keratinocyte-derived squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and cervical cancer cells, as well as in prostate cancer cell lines, and this difference is, at least in part, at the transcriptional level. Little is known on transcriptional control of the Notch1 gene with the exception that it is a p53-target. Our work focused on the mechanisms involved in the different transcription level of the Notch1 gene in normal versus cancer cells. We show that the fully active minimal Notch1 promoter is differentially controlled in normal versus cancer cells. It consists of two distinct regions, one downstream of the transcription start site, which is likely to bind the basic transcription apparatus, and one upstream region characterized by highly GC-rich sequence. This latter region binds Sp/KLF family members, specifically Spa and KLF4, which is upregulated in cancer cells. This is functionally significant as KLF4 overexpression is sufficient to downmodulate Notchl gene transcription, while KLF4 knockdown, in combination with Spa, results in Notch1 upregulation. Control of Notch1 by KLF4/Sp3 is independent of p53. Biochemically, KLF4/Sp3 seem to affect preferentially the initiation step of Notch1 gene transcription, while p53 controls both initiation and elongation steps. Thus, the Notch1 gene is a negative Sp3/KLF4-target and this mechanism contributes, in parallel with p53, to Notch1 downregulation in cancer. Résumé : La voie de signalisation induite par Notch est considérablement impliquée dans la différenciation des cellules et dans la carcinogénèse. Dans les kératinocytes ainsi que dans d'autres types cellulaires de l'épithelium, il agit comme suppresseur de tumeur. L'expression endogène de Notch1 est remarquablement réduite dans les cellules du carcinome spino-cellulaire et du cancer du col de l'utérus ou dans les lignées cellulaires du cancer de la prostate. Cette différence s'explique, du moins en partie, par le niveau de transcription. Peu de choses sont connues sur le contrôle transcriptionnel de Notch1 à l'exception du fait qu'il soit une cible de p53. Notre travail s'est concentré sur les mécanismes impliqués dans la transcription de Notch1, mécanismes qui diffèrent entre les cellules normales et les cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons trouvé la plus petite région du promoteur de Notch1 qui est suffisante pour induire un haut niveau transcriptionnel et qui est contrôlée différemment dans les cellules normales et les cellules cancéreuses. Elle est constituée de deux régions distinctes: une en aval du site de départ de la transcription, qui lie probablement le complexe de base pour la transcription, et une en amont caractérisée par une séquence riche en GC. Cette région lie les membres de la famille Sp/KLF, spécifiquement Sp3 et KLF4, qui sont surexprimés dans les cellules cancéreuses. Ceci est fonctionnellement significatif car la surexpression de KLF4 dans les kératinocytes est suffisante pour diminuer la transcription de Notch1, alors que l'inhibition de KLF4 et de Spa, résulte en une augmentation de Notch1. En outre, le contrôle de Notch1 par KLF4 et Spa est indépendant de p53. Biochimiquement, KLF4 et Spa semblent plutôt affecter l'initiation de la transcription de Notch1 alors que p53 contrôle aussi bien l'initiation que l'élongation. En conclusion, le gène Notch1 est inhibé par Spa et KLF4: ce mécanisme contribue, en parallèle à p53, à diminuer l'expression de Notch1 dans les cellules cancéreuses.

Adoption of the Healthy Heart Kit by Alberta family physicians

OBJECTIVE: The Healthy Heart Kit (HHK) is a risk management and patient education kit for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the promotion of CV health. There are currently no published data examining predictors of HHK use by physicians. The main objective of this study was to examine the association between physicians' characteristics (socio-demographic, cognitive, and behavioural) and the use of the HHK. METHODS: All registered family physicians in Alberta (n=3068) were invited to participate in the "Healthy Heart Kit" Study. Consenting physicians (n=153) received the Kit and were requested to use it for two months. At the end of this period, a questionnaire collected data on the frequency of Kit use by physicians, as well as socio-demographic, cognitive, and behavioural variables pertaining to the physicians. RESULTS: The questionnaire was returned by 115 physicians (follow-up rate = 75%). On a scale ranging from 0 to 100, the mean score of Kit use was 61 [SD=26]. A multiple linear regression showed that "agreement with the Kit" and the degree of "confidence in using the Kit" was strongly associated with Kit use, explaining 46% of the variability for Kit use. Time since graduation was inversely associated with Kit use, and a trend was observed for smaller practices to be associated with lower use. CONCLUSION: Given these findings, future research and practice should explore innovative strategies to gain initial agreement among physicians to employ such clinical tools. Participation of older physicians and solo-practitioners in this process should be emphasized.

Molecular biology of baculovirus and its use in biological control in Brazil

Baculoviruses are insect viruses found mainly in Lepidoptera. The family Baculoviridae is taxonomically divided in two genera, Nucleopolyhedrovirus and Granulovirus, which differ by occlusion body morphology. NPVs (Nucleopolyhedroviruses) have polyhedrical inclusion bodies (PIBs) containing multiple viral particles, while GVs (Granuloviruses) appear to be generally single particles occluded in oval shaped occlusion bodies. During the life cycle, two different viral progenies are produced: BV (Budded Virus) and PDV (Polyhedra Derived Virus), which are essential for the infectious process and virus propagation in host cells. Baculoviruses are being used for pest control and they are especially safe due to their specificity and invertebrate-restricted host range. Baculoviruses have been used as vectors for high level protein expression ofheterologous genes from prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Also, recombinant DNA techniques have allowed the production of genetically modified viral insecticides. This study is a review on the taxonomy, structure, replication and molecular biology of baculoviruses, as well as their use as bioinsecticides in Brazil.

Members of the PHO1 gene family show limited functional redundancy in phosphate transfer to the shoot, and are regulated by phosphate deficiency via distinct pathways.

The PHO1 family comprises 11 members in Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to decipher the role of these genes in inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport and homeostasis, complementation of the pho1 mutant, deficient in loading Pi to the root xylem, was determined by the expression of the PHO1 homologous genes under the control of the PHO1 promoter. Only PHO1 and the homologue PHO1;H1 could complement pho1. The PHO1;H1 promoter was active in the vascular cylinder of roots and shoots. Expression of PHO1;H1 was very low in Pi-sufficient plants, but was strongly induced under Pi-deficient conditions. T-DNA knock-out mutants of PHO1;H1 neither showed growth defects nor alteration in Pi transport dynamics, or Pi content, compared with wild type. However, the double mutant pho1/pho1;h1 showed a strong reduction in growth and in the capacity to transfer Pi from the root to the shoot compared with pho1. Grafting experiments revealed that phenotypes associated with the pho1 and pho1/pho1;h1 mutants were linked to the lack of gene expression in the root. The increased expression of PHO1;H1 under Pi deficiency was largely controlled by the transcription factor PHR1 and was suppressed by the phosphate analogue phosphite, whereas the increase of PHO1 expression was independent of PHR1 and was not influenced by phosphite. Together, these data reveal that although transfer of Pi to the root xylem vessel is primarily mediated by PHO1, the homologue PHO1;H1 also contributes to Pi loading to the xylem, and that the two corresponding genes are regulated by Pi deficiency by distinct signal transduction pathways.

Role of AP-1 family members in lymphomagenesis

Constitutive activation of the nuclear factor-KB (NF-KB) transcriptional pathway is the main characteristic of the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype of diffuse large B- cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This has been attributed to oncogenic mutations in the CARMA1, CD79A/B, MyD88 or RNF31 signaling proteins, which control NF-kB activation at different levels. Since several of these mutations lead to a state that mimics chronically antigen receptor-stimulated B-cells, and since the antigen receptor also triggers other transcription pathways, these might be important in ABC DLBCL malignancy too. In this study we analyzed whether abnormal expression and activity of members of the AP-1 transcription factor family could contribute to the pathogenesis of ABC DLBCL. Here, we identified activation of Jun as well as ATF members of the dimeric AP-1 transcription factor family, as a hallmark of ABC but not of germinal center B- cell-like (GCB) DLBCL cell lines. ABC DLBCL cell lines harbored an upregulated expression of c-Jun, JunB, JunD and ATF3 proteins. We could show that the upregulation of c-Jun, JunB and ATF3 was dependent on constitutive BCR and MyD88 signaling. Since AP-1 transcription factors need to dimerize to be active, Jun binding partners were investigated and we could demonstrate the presence of several ATF/Jun heterodimers (including c-Jun/ATF2, c-Jun/ATF3, c-Jun/ATF7, JunB/ATF2, JunB/ATF3, JunB/ATF7, JunD/ATF2, JunD/ATF3 and JunD/ATF7 heterodimers). The disruption of ATF/Jun heterodimers by A-Fos, a dominant negative form of Jun members, was toxic to ABC but not to GCB DLBCL cell lines. Finally, ATF3 immunohistochemistry on DLBCL patient samples revealed that samples classified as non-GCB had more intense and preferentially nuclear staining of ATF3, which could be of diagnostic relevance since the histological classification of the ABC and GCB DLBCL subtypes is difficult in clinical practice. In conclusion, we could show that ABC DLBCL are not only addicted to NF-KB signaling, but also to signaling by some members of the AP-1 transcription factor family. Thus, the AP-1 pathway might be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of ABC DLBCL. Additionally, monitoring ATF3 levels could improve the diagnosis of ABC DLBCL by IHC. -- L'activation constitutive du facteur de transcription NF-KB est l'une des caractéristiques principales des lymphomes B du type ABC-DLBCL. Cette addiction est dépendante de mutations oncogéniques de CARMA1, CD79A/B, MyD88 et RNF31 qui contrôlent NF-KB à différents niveaux. Etant donné que la plupart de ces mutations mène à un état d'activation chronique du récepteur des cellules B (BCR) et que le BCR active d'autres voies de signalisation, d'autres facteurs de transcription pourraient être impliqués dans la lymphomagénèse des ABC-DLBCL. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes demandé si les membres de la famille du facteur de transcription AP-1 contribuaient à la pathogénèse de ce type de lymphome. Dans des lignées cellulaires de lymphomes du type ABC-DLBCL en comparaison avec le type GCB-DLBCL, nous avons pu identifier une activation anormale de plusieurs membres de la famille Jun et ATF, deux sous-familles du facteur de transcription AP-1. Les lignées cellulaires dérivées de lymphomes du type ABC-DLBCL surexpriment les facteurs de transcription c-Jun, JunB, JunD et ATF3. Leur surexpression dépend de l'activation constitutive de la voie du BCR et de MyD88. Etant donné qu'AP-1 requiert la formation de dimères pour être actif, nous nous sommes intéressés aux partenaires d'interactions de c-Jun, JunB et JunD et avons pu montrer la formation de plusieurs hétérodimères Jun/ATF (incluant les hétérodimères c-Jun/ATF2, c-Jun/ATF3, c-Jun/ATF7, JunB/ATF2, JunB/ATF3, JunB/ATF7, JunD/ATF2, JunD/ATF3 et JunD/ATF7). Lorsque l'on empêche la formation de ces hétérodimères avec A-Fos, un dominant négatif des membres Jun, la survie des lignées cellulaires du type ABC-DLBCL est diminuée, tandis que les lignées cellulaires GCB-DLBCL ne sont pas affectées. Pour finir, des immunohistochimies (IHC) pour ATF3 sur des échantillons de patients classifiés comme GCB et non-GCB ont pu montrer une coloration d'ATF3 nucléaire et beaucoup plus intense que les échantillons du type GCB. Ainsi, ATF3 pourrait être potentiellement utile en clinique pour différencier le sous type non-GCB des GCB. En conclusion, nous avons pu montrer que les lymphomes du type ABC- DLBCL ne présentent pas uniquement une addiction à NF-KB, mais également de certains membres de la famille de facteur de transcription AP-1. Par conséquent, AP- 1 pourrait être une cible thérapeutique prometteuse pour le développement de futures stratégies. En outre, la détermination des niveaux d'ATF3 par IHC pourraient améliorer le diagnostic des patients du type ABC DLBCL.

Control dolor post quirúrgic pacients intervinguts hèrnia inguinal per CMA

El dolor post-operatori és un dels problemes més importants que segons la OMS afecta als pacients intervinguts quirúrgicament i el que més els preocupa. Any rere any hi ha un increment del nombre de pacients intervinguts per Cirurgia Major ambulatòria al nostre país de manera que ha de ser el mateix usuari i la família els que facilitin les cures als pacients al propi domicili. Aquest estudi planteja si introduir intervencions educatives al servei disminueix el dolor post-operatori dels usuaris Objectiu general: Dissenyar un programa d’informació que realitzarà infermeria dirigit als cuidadors i pacients del servei de CMA i que han de ser intervinguts de hèrnia engonal. Avaluar l’eficiència del mateix programa educatiu. Metodologia: l’àmbit d’estudi d’aquest treball serà les unitats de Cirurgia Major ambulatòria de qualsevol centre de Catalunya. Es realitzarà un estudi comparatiu quantitatiu entre dos grups independents integrants per 30 participants en cadascun d’ells (total de 60 participants). Grupo A: protocol habitual de la unitat Grup B: intervenció educativa dissenyada Els participants seran pacients majors d’edat, que compleixen els requisits per ser intervinguts per Cirurgia Major Ambulatòria de Hèrnia inguinal. El participant ha de fer-ho amb un familiar responsable de les seves cures. Es realitzaran 3 enquestes al pacient i 3 al familiar responsable de les cures, la primera a les 24 hores després de la intervenció, la segona a la setmana i l’última a les 2 setmanes. Limitacions de l’estudi: en cas de que el pacient que ha de formar part de l’estudi requereixi ingrés hospitalari per alguna complicació durant la cirurgia el pacient deixa de participar en l’estudi automàticament. En cas que el pacient o familiar no contestin al telèfon el dia i l’hora pactada prèviament també deixarà de formar part de la investigació. Per aquest motiu es tindran 10 pacients de reserva per si calgués reemplaçar el subjecte d’estudi.

El suport familiar en la malaltia mental: influència del suport familiar en el control de la malaltia en una persona que pateix un transtorn mental server

Aquest treball té com a objectiu principal conèixer si hi ha millora en el control de la malaltia d’una persona que pateix un trastorn mental sever quan disposa d’un suport adequat de la família. Els objectius específics marcats són, avaluar la càrrega familiar que suposa tenir la responsabilitat de cuidar un familiar amb malaltia mental, conèixer les actituds dels familiars de persones que pateixen una malaltia mental, involucrar a la família dins de la teràpia del familiar amb malaltia mental severa, i aconseguir un grau de cooperació i comunicació favorable de la família al pacient. Es tracta d’un estudi d’investigació quantitatiu, transversal i de tipus analític, el qual la mostra de la població estudiada estarà composta de 100 pacients entre 20 i 30 anys amb diagnòstic de trastorn mental sever segons el DSM-IV, atesos durant l’últim any en el Centre de Salut Mental d’Adults de Vic i els seus cuidadors principals o persones més properes. Es realitzarà recollida de dades a través de la revisió de les històries clíniques, informació facilitada pel terapeuta que tracta al pacient i entrevistes als familiars cuidadors o persona més propera i als mateixos pacients. Aquesta entrevista la faran professionals entrenats i competents. Amb tot això s’establirà una correlació entre les variables d’estrès, suport als familiars i el desenvolupament dels rols, i s’agruparan les variables de manera que quedin estructurades en subgrups.

Dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid: a new hexadecanoid signal in the jasmonate family.

Jasmonic acid and its precursors are potent regulatory molecules in plants. We devised a method for the simultaneous extraction of these compounds from plant leaves to quantitate changes in the levels of jasmonate family members during health and on wounding. During our study, we identified a novel 16-carbon cyclopentenoic acid in leaf extracts from Arabidopsis and potato. The new compound, a member of the jasmonate family of signals, was named dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid. Dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid was not detected in the Arabidopsis mutant fad5, which is incapable of synthesizing 7Z,10Z, 13Z-hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3), suggesting that the metabolite is derived directly from plastid 16:3 rather than by beta-oxidation of the 18-carbon 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. Simultaneous quantitation of jasmonate family members in healthy leaves of Arabidopsis and potato suggest that different plant species have different relative levels of jasmonic acid, oxo-phytodienoic acid, and dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid. We term these profiles "oxylipin signatures." Dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid levels increased dramatically in Arabidopsis and potato leaves on wounding, suggesting roles in wound signaling. Treatment of Arabidopsis with micromolar levels of dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid increased the ability of leaf extracts to transform linoleic acid into the alpha-ketol 13-hydroxy-12-oxo-9(Z) octadecenoic acid indicating that the compound can regulate part of its own biosynthetic pathway. Tightly regulated changes in the relative levels of biologically active jasmonates may permit sensitive control over metabolic, developmental, and defensive processes in plants.

Urotensin-II System in Genetic Control of Blood Pressure and Renal Function.

Urotensin-II controls ion/water homeostasis in fish and vascular tone in rodents. We hypothesised that common genetic variants in urotensin-II pathway genes are associated with human blood pressure or renal function. We performed family-based analysis of association between blood pressure, glomerular filtration and genes of the urotensin-II pathway (urotensin-II, urotensin-II related peptide, urotensin-II receptor) saturated with 28 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in 2024 individuals from 520 families; followed by an independent replication in 420 families and 7545 unrelated subjects. The expression studies of the urotensin-II pathway were carried out in 97 human kidneys. Phylogenetic evolutionary analysis was conducted in 17 vertebrate species. One single nucleotide polymorphism (rs531485 in urotensin-II gene) was associated with adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate in the discovery cohort (p = 0.0005). It showed no association with estimated glomerular filtration rate in the combined replication resource of 8724 subjects from 6 populations. Expression of urotensin-II and its receptor showed strong linear correlation (r = 0.86, p<0.0001). There was no difference in renal expression of urotensin-II system between hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Evolutionary analysis revealed accumulation of mutations in urotensin-II since the divergence of primates and weaker conservation of urotensin-II receptor in primates than in lower vertebrates. Our data suggest that urotensin-II system genes are unlikely to play a major role in genetic control of human blood pressure or renal function. The signatures of evolutionary forces acting on urotensin-II system indicate that it may have evolved towards loss of function since the divergence of primates.

Two novel MvaT-like global regulators control exoproduct formation and biocontrol activity in root-associated Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0.

Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 protects various crop plants against root diseases caused by pathogenic fungi. Among a range of exoproducts excreted by strain CHA0, the antifungal compounds 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) and pyoluteorin (PLT) are particularly relevant to the strain's biocontrol potential. Here, we report on the characterization of MvaT and MvaV as novel regulators of biocontrol activity in strain CHA0. We establish the two proteins as further members of an emerging family of MvaT-like regulators in pseudomonads that are structurally and functionally related to the DNA-binding protein H-NS. In mvaT and mvaV in frame-deletion mutants of strain CHA0, PLT production was enhanced about four- and 1.5-fold, respectively, whereas DAPG production remained at wild-type levels. Remarkably, PLT production was increased up to 20-fold in an mvaT mvaV double mutant. DAPG biosynthesis was almost completely repressed in this mutant. The effects on antibiotic production could be confirmed by following expression of gfp-based reporter fusions to the corresponding biosynthetic genes. MvaT and MvaV also influenced levels of other exoproducts, motility, and physicochemical cell-surface properties to various extents. Compared with the wild type, mvaT and mvaV mutants had an about 20% reduced capacity (in terms of plant fresh weight) to protect cucumber from a root rot caused by Pythium ultimum. Biocontrol activity was nearly completely abolished in the double mutant Our findings indicate that MvaT and MvaV act together as further global regulatory elements in the complex network controlling expression of biocontrol traits in plant-beneficial pseudomonads.

Plac8 is required for white adipocyte differentiation in vitro and cell number control in vivo.

Plac8 belongs to an evolutionary conserved family of proteins, mostly abundant in plants where they control fruit weight through regulation of cell number. In mice, Plac8 is expressed both in white and brown adipose tissues and we previously showed that Plac8(-/-) mice develop late-onset obesity, with abnormal brown fat differentiation and reduced thermogenic capacity. We also showed that in brown adipocytes, Plac8 is an upstream regulator of C/EBPβ expression. Here, we first assessed the role of Plac8 in white adipogenesis in vitro. We show that Plac8 is induced early after induction of 3T3-L1 adipocytes differentiation, a process that is prevented by Plac8 knockdown; similarly, embryonic fibroblasts obtained from Plac8 knockout mice failed to form adipocytes upon stimulation of differentiation. Knockdown of Plac8 in 3T3-L1 was associated with reduced expression of C/EBPβ, Krox20, and Klf4, early regulators of the white adipogenic program, and we show that Plac8 could transactivate the C/EBPβ promoter. In vivo, we show that absence of Plac8 led to increased white fat mass with enlarged adipocytes but reduced total number of adipocytes. Finally, even though Plac8(-/-) mice showed impaired thermogenesis due to brown fat dysfunction, this was not associated with changes in glycemia or plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride levels. Collectively, these data indicate that Plac8 is an upstream regulator of C/EBPβ required for adipogenesis in vitro. However, in vivo, Plac8 is dispensable for the differentiation of white adipocytes with preserved fat storage capacity but is required for normal fat cell number regulation.

Stochasticity and bistability in horizontal transfer control of a genomic island in Pseudomonas.

Genomic islands (GEI) comprise a recently recognized large family of potentially mobile DNA elements and play an important role in the rapid differentiation and adaptation of bacteria. Most importantly, GEIs have been implicated in the acquisition of virulence factors, antibiotic resistances or toxic compound metabolism. Despite detailed information on coding capacities of GEIs, little is known about the regulatory decisions in individual cells controlling GEI transfer. Here, we show how self-transfer of ICEclc, a GEI in Pseudomonas knackmussii B13 is controlled by a series of stochastic processes, the result of which is that only a few percent of cells in a population will excise ICEclc and launch transfer. Stochastic processes have been implicated before in producing bistable phenotypic transitions, such as sporulation and competence development, but never before in horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Bistability is instigated during stationary phase at the level of expression of an activator protein InrR that lays encoded on ICEclc, and then faithfully propagated to a bistable expression of the IntB13 integrase, the enzyme responsible for excision and integration of the ICEclc. Our results demonstrate how GEI of a very widespread family are likely to control their transfer rates. Furthermore, they help to explain why HGT is typically confined to few members within a population of cells. The finding that, despite apparent stochasticity, HGT rates can be modulated by external environmental conditions provides an explanation as to why selective conditions can promote DNA exchange.

Transcriptional regulation by triiodothyronine of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase family 1 gene complex in rat liver. Comparison with induction by 3-methylcholanthrene.

This study demonstrates that the expression of the phenol UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 gene (UGT1A1) is regulated at the transcriptional level by thyroid hormone in rat liver. Following 3,5, 3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) stimulation in vivo, there is a gradual increase in the amount of UGT1A1 mRNA with maximum levels reached 24 h after treatment. In comparison, induction with the specific inducer, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), results in maximal levels of UGT1A1 mRNA after 8 h of treatment. In primary hepatocyte cultures, the stimulatory effect of both T3 and 3-MC is also observed. This induction is suppressed by the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D, indicating that neither inducer acts at the level of mRNA stabilization. Indeed, nuclear run-on assays show a 3-fold increase in UGT1A1 transcription after T3 treatment and a 6-fold increase after 3-MC stimulation. This transcriptional induction by T3 is prevented by cycloheximide in primary hepatocyte cultures, while 3-MC stimulation is only partially affected after prolonged treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor. Together, these data provide evidence for a transcriptional control of UGT1A1 synthesis and indicate that T3 and 3-MC use different activation mechanisms. Stimulation of the UGT1A1 gene by T3 requires de novo protein synthesis, while 3-MC-dependent activation is the result of a direct action of the compound, most likely via the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor complex.