Systems between information and knowledge : In a memory management model of an extended enterprise

The research question of this thesis was how knowledge can be managed with information systems. Information systems can support but not replace knowledge management. Systems can mainly store epistemic organisational knowledge included in content, and process data and information. Certain value can be achieved by adding communication technology to systems. All communication, however, can not be managed. A new layer between communication and manageable information was named as knowformation. Knowledge management literature was surveyed, together with information species from philosophy, physics, communication theory, and information system science. Positivism, post-positivism, and critical theory were studied, but knowformation in extended organisational memory seemed to be socially constructed. A memory management model of an extended enterprise (M3.exe) and knowformation concept were findings from iterative case studies, covering data, information and knowledge management systems. The cases varied from groups towards extended organisation. Systems were investigated, and administrators, users (knowledge workers) and managers interviewed. The model building required alternative sets of data, information and knowledge, instead of using the traditional pyramid. Also the explicit-tacit dichotomy was reconsidered. As human knowledge is the final aim of all data and information in the systems, the distinction between management of information vs. management of people was harmonised. Information systems were classified as the core of organisational memory. The content of the systems is in practice between communication and presentation. Firstly, the epistemic criterion of knowledge is not required neither in the knowledge management literature, nor from the content of the systems. Secondly, systems deal mostly with containers, and the knowledge management literature with applied knowledge. Also the construction of reality based on the system content and communication supports the knowformation concept. Knowformation belongs to memory management model of an extended enterprise (M3.exe) that is divided into horizontal and vertical key dimensions. Vertically, processes deal with content that can be managed, whereas communication can be supported, mainly by infrastructure. Horizontally, the right hand side of the model contains systems, and the left hand side content, which should be independent from each other. A strategy based on the model was defined.

Hydrologic drought prediction under climate change: Uncertainty modeling with Dempster-Shafer and Bayesian approaches

Representation and quantification of uncertainty in climate change impact studies are a difficult task. Several sources of uncertainty arise in studies of hydrologic impacts of climate change, such as those due to choice of general circulation models (GCMs), scenarios and downscaling methods. Recently, much work has focused on uncertainty quantification and modeling in regional climate change impacts. In this paper, an uncertainty modeling framework is evaluated, which uses a generalized uncertainty measure to combine GCM, scenario and downscaling uncertainties. The Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory is used for representing and combining uncertainty from various sources. A significant advantage of the D-S framework over the traditional probabilistic approach is that it allows for the allocation of a probability mass to sets or intervals, and can hence handle both aleatory or stochastic uncertainty, and epistemic or subjective uncertainty. This paper shows how the D-S theory can be used to represent beliefs in some hypotheses such as hydrologic drought or wet conditions, describe uncertainty and ignorance in the system, and give a quantitative measurement of belief and plausibility in results. The D-S approach has been used in this work for information synthesis using various evidence combination rules having different conflict modeling approaches. A case study is presented for hydrologic drought prediction using downscaled streamflow in the Mahanadi River at Hirakud in Orissa, India. Projections of n most likely monsoon streamflow sequences are obtained from a conditional random field (CRF) downscaling model, using an ensemble of three GCMs for three scenarios, which are converted to monsoon standardized streamflow index (SSFI-4) series. This range is used to specify the basic probability assignment (bpa) for a Dempster-Shafer structure, which represents uncertainty associated with each of the SSFI-4 classifications. These uncertainties are then combined across GCMs and scenarios using various evidence combination rules given by the D-S theory. A Bayesian approach is also presented for this case study, which models the uncertainty in projected frequencies of SSFI-4 classifications by deriving a posterior distribution for the frequency of each classification, using an ensemble of GCMs and scenarios. Results from the D-S and Bayesian approaches are compared, and relative merits of each approach are discussed. Both approaches show an increasing probability of extreme, severe and moderate droughts and decreasing probability of normal and wet conditions in Orissa as a result of climate change. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Liminality of Cosmopolitanism from the Global South – Transnational Activists in Costa Rica between Colonial Legacies and Decolonial Attitudes

The Master’s thesis examines whether and how decolonial cosmopolitanism is empirically traceable in the attitudes and practices of Costa Rican activists working in transnational advocacy organizations. Decolonial cosmopolitanism is defined as a form of cosmopolitanism from below that aims to propose ways of imagining – and putting into practice – a truly globe-encompassing civic community not based on relations of domination but on horizontal dialogue. This concept has been developed by and shares its basic presumptions with the theory on coloniality that the modernity/coloniality/decoloniality research group is putting forward. It is analyzed whether and how the workings of coloniality as underlying ontological assumption of decolonial cosmopolitanism and broadly subsumable under the three logics of race, capitalism, and knowledge, are traceable in intermediate postcolonial transnational advocacy in Costa Rica. The method of analysis chosen to approach these questions is content analysis, which is used for the analysis of qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews with Costa Rican activists working in advocacy organizations with transnational ties. Costa Rica was chosen as it – while unquestionably a Latin American postcolonial country and thus within the geo-political context in which the concept was developed – introduces a complex setting of socio-cultural and political factors that put the explanatory potential of the concept to the test. The research group applies the term ‘coloniality’ to describe how the social, political, economic, and epistemic relations developed during the colonization of the Americas order global relations and sustain Western domination still today through what is called the logic of coloniality. It also takes these processes as point of departure for imagining how counter-hegemonic contestations can be achieved through the linking of local struggles to a global community that is based on pluriversality. The issues that have been chosen as most relevant expressions of the logic of coloniality in the context of Costa Rican transnational advocacy and that are thus empirically scrutinized are national identity as ‘white’ exceptional nation with gender equality (racism), the neoliberalization of advocacy in the Global South (capitalism), and finally Eurocentrism, but also transnational civil society networks as first step in decolonizing civic activism (epistemic domination). The findings of this thesis show that the various ways in which activists adopt practices and outlooks stemming from the center in order to empower themselves and their constituencies, but also how their particular geo-political position affects their work, cannot be reduced to one single logic of coloniality. Nonetheless, the aspects of race, gender, capitalism and epistemic hegemony do undeniably affect activist cosmopolitan attitudes and transnational practices. While the premisses on which the concept of decolonial cosmopolitanism is based suffer from some analytical drawbacks, its importance is seen in its ability to take as point of departure the concrete spaces in which situated social relations develop. It thus allows for perceiving the increasing interconnectedness between different levels of social and political organizing as contributing to cosmopolitan visions combining local situatedness with global community as normative horizon that have not only influenced academic debate, but also political projects.

Implementing virtual collaborative inquiry practises in a middle-school context

The aim of the present study was to investigate the challenges that relate to the implementation of virtual inquiry practises in middle school. The case was a school course in which a group of Finnish students (N = 14) and teachers (N = 7) completed group inquiries through virtual collaboration, using a web-based learning environment. The task was to accomplish a cross-disciplinary inquiry into cultural issues. The students worked mainly at home and took much responsibility for their course achievements. The investigators analysed the pedagogical design of the course and the content of the participants' interaction patterns in the web-based environment, using qualitative content analysis and social network analysis. The findings suggest that the students succeeded in producing distinctive cultural products, and both the students and the teachers adopted novel roles during the inquiry. The web-based learning environment was used more as a coordination tool for organizing the collaborative work than as a forum for epistemic inquiry. The tension between the school curriculum and the inquiry practises was manifest in the participants' discussions of the assessment criteria of the course.

A Priori and the A Posteriori

The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge has been the subject of an enormous amount of discussion, but the literature is biased against recognizing the intimate relationship between these forms of knowledge. For instance, it seems to be almost impossible to find a sample of pure a priori or a posteriori knowledge. In this paper it will be suggested that distinguishing between a priori and a posteriori is more problematic than is often suggested, and that a priori and a posteriori resources are in fact used in parallel. We will define this relationship between a priori and a posteriori knowledge as the bootstrapping relationship. As we will see, this relationship gives us reasons to seek for an altogether novel definition of a priori and a posteriori knowledge. Specifically, we will have to analyse the relationship between a priori knowledge and a priori reasoning, and it will be suggested that the latter serves as a more promising starting point for the analysis of aprioricity. We will also analyse a number of examples from the natural sciences and consider the role of a priori reasoning in these examples. The focus of this paper is the analysis of the concepts of a priori and a posteriori knowledge rather than the epistemic domain of a posteriori and a priori justification.

Comprehensive Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis of the Andaman-Nicobar Regions

An updated catalog of earthquakes has been prepared for the Andaman-Nicobar and adjoining regions. The catalog was homogenized to a unified magnitude scale, and declustering of the catalog was performed to remove aftershocks and foreshocks. Eleven regional source zones were identified in the study area to account for local variability in seismicity characteristics. The seismicity parameters were estimated for each of these source zones, and the seismic hazard evaluation of the Andaman-Nicobar region has been performed using different source models and attenuation relations. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis has been performed with currently available data and their best possible scientific interpretation using an appropriate instrument such as the logic tree to explicitly account for epistemic uncertainty by considering alternative models (source models, maximum magnitude, and attenuation relationships). The hazard maps for different periods have been produced for horizontal ground motion on the bedrock level.

Deterministic seismic hazard macrozonation of India

Earthquakes are known to have occurred in Indian subcontinent from ancient times. This paper presents the results of seismic hazard analysis of India (6 degrees-38 degrees N and 68 degrees-98 degrees E) based on the deterministic approach using latest seismicity data (up to 2010). The hazard analysis was done using two different source models (linear sources and point sources) and 12 well recognized attenuation relations considering varied tectonic provinces in the region. The earthquake data obtained from different sources were homogenized and declustered and a total of 27,146 earthquakes of moment magnitude 4 and above were listed in the study area. The sesismotectonic map of the study area was prepared by considering the faults, lineaments and the shear zones which are associated with earthquakes of magnitude 4 and above. A new program was developed in MATLAB for smoothing of the point sources. For assessing the seismic hazard, the study area was divided into small grids of size 0.1 degrees x 0.1 degrees (approximately 10 x 10 km), and the hazard parameters were calculated at the center of each of these grid cells by considering all the seismic sources within a radius of 300 to 400 km. Rock level peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) and spectral accelerations for periods 0.1 and 1 s have been calculated for all the grid points with a deterministic approach using a code written in MATLAB. Epistemic uncertainty in hazard definition has been tackled within a logic-tree framework considering two types of sources and three attenuation models for each grid point. The hazard evaluation without logic tree approach also has been done for comparison of the results. The contour maps showing the spatial variation of hazard values are presented in the paper.

Condicionantes epistémicos y extra-epistémicos de la apropiación social de las creencias científicas

Resumen: En este artículo se examina el proceso de distribución y apropiación social de las creencias científicas como una forma particular de intercambio de conocimiento entre agentes en condiciones de asimetría cognitiva. Se parte de la premisa de que el “principio general del testimonio” capta la estructura epistémica de deferencia a la autoridad cognitiva que permite la circulación de saber entre científicos y legos. En ese marco se analizan la atribución de crédito y construcción de la confianza recíproca involucrados en el desarrollo de la interacción. Para concluir, se destaca la relevancia que adquiere en esos procesos un núcleo de presupuestos de orden sociocultural –las representaciones sociales de los agentes– que conforma el contexto significativo en que se enmarca el intercambio de conocimiento.

Los sistemas de cognición distribuida en la enseñanza universitaria en función del tipo de ciencia

Desde el enfoque psicológico denominado “Cognición Distribuida” es posible postular tres formas de distribución de la cognición en el interior de los sistemas de actividad: física, sociocomunicacional y simbólico-instrumental. Esta comunicación aborda la configuración de dichos sistemas, en función de las prácticas institucionales prevalecientes en la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Argentina. Se postula que dichas prácticas institucionales varían según el tipo de conocimiento que se vehiculiza en la acción enseñante: social y no social. La investigación consistió en la observación naturalista de 28 clases universitarias pertenecientes a tres carreras sociales y tres carreras exactas-naturales (14 clases por tipo epistémico de carrera). La observación estuvo focalizada en los tres sistemas de distribución de la cognición. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren una relación de sentido entre los mencionados tipos epistémico-institucionales y la configuración de los sistemas físico y simbólico.

Derecho natural y ciencia jurídica : consideraciones sobre la ciencia del derecho como ciencia práctica

Resumen: En el trabajo se aborda la vexata quaestio de la cientificidad de la ciencia jurídica, a la que se le impugna la pretensión de ser científica y, a la vez, práctica. Se estudian las impugnaciones realizadas en ese sentido por Claude Lévi-Strauss y Hans Albert, así como los intentos de algunos filósofos del derecho analíticos de superarla a través del análisis lógico del lenguaje jurídico. Se analizan después los cuestionamientos efectuados por algunos representantes de la filosofía hermenéutica, que critican los ensayos analíticos y proponen una concepción interpretativa de la ciencia jurídica. Luego de esta exposición, el A. evalúa las aportaciones analíticas y hermenéuticas, poniendo de relieve sus fortalezas y sus falencias a la hora de establecer el estatuto científico de la ciencia jurídica, para pasar finalmente a proponer una concepción de la ciencia del derecho heredera de la tradición de la filosofía práctica de cuño aristotélico. En este punto, el A. desarrolla —con base en el pensamiento de Tomás de Aquino— una concepción analógica del conocimiento científico y explica de qué modo es posible aplicarla a un saber acerca del derecho que resulte, a la vez, científico y práctico. Finalmente, desenvuelve la necesidad epistémica de una apertura del conocimiento de la ciencia jurídica a los primeros principios prácticos, que la vincula constitutivamente a la doctrina de la ley natural, así como al nivel máximamente determinado de la prudencia jurídica.

A educação legislativa é uma resposta à crise do parlamento?

Analisa a crise do Parlamento no desempenho de suas funções típicas, a saber, a representativa, a legislativa e a fiscalizadora. Em seguida, desenvolve o conceito de educação legislativa, destacando duas dimensões: os efeitos epistêmicos do desempenho das funções típicas e as atividades de caráter estritamente educativo, como o Parlamento Jovem. Por fim,discute se a educação legislativa pode ser considerada uma resposta para a crise do Parlamento.

Uncertain Information Structures and Backward Induction

In everyday economic interactions, it is not clear whether sequential choices are visible or not to other participants: agents might be deluded about opponents'capacity to acquire,interpret or keep track of data, or might simply unexpectedly forget what they previously observed (but not chose). Following this idea, this paper drops the assumption that the information structure of extensive-form games is commonly known; that is, it introduces uncertainty into players' capacity to observe each others' past choices. Using this approach, our main result provides the following epistemic characterisation: if players (i) are rational,(ii) have strong belief in both opponents' rationality and opponents' capacity to observe others' choices, and (iii) have common belief in both opponents' future rationality and op-ponents' future capacity to observe others' choices, then the backward induction outcome obtains. Consequently, we do not require perfect information, and players observing each others' choices is often irrelevant from a strategic point of view. The analysis extends {from generic games with perfect information to games with not necessarily perfect information{the work by Battigalli and Siniscalchi (2002) and Perea (2014), who provide different sufficient epistemic conditions for the backward induction outcome.

O problema do ethos científico no novo modo de produção da ciência contemporânea

Nosso trabalho tem como objetivo central mostrar que as mudanças ocorridas no modo de produção da ciência contemporânea possuem implicações, tanto para os aspectos sociológicos da ciência quanto para os seus princípios filosóficos, que ainda apontam para uma necessidade de uma análise da relação entre ciência e sociedade. Baseamos nossa tese no trabalho desenvolvido pelo físico e epistemólogo da ciência John Michael Ziman F. R. S. (1925-2005), que defende que as mudanças ocorridas nos últimos 60 anos, relacionadas a uma nova forma de organizar, gerir e financiar a prática científica, i.e., a uma nova forma de prática científica, levaram ao surgimento de uma ciência pós-acadêmica ou pós-industrial. Sua consequência mais grave é a incorporação de um novo ethos científico, que tem como base princípios gerenciais, em detrimento do ethos mertoniano, cujo objetivo principal seria a manutenção de princípios que foram histórica e socialmente defendidos pelos cientistas em um ideal de ciência acadêmica, tais como os de objetividade, busca da verdade e autonomia, ainda que como ideais reguladores. Contudo, mostraremos que Ziman não adere à interpretação tradicional do ethos mertoniano, que o associa a uma epistemologia fundacionista. Além disso, ele reformula, seguindo as novas filosofia e sociologia da ciência, os ideais epistêmicos preconizados pelas tendências positivistas e neopositivistas, em especial a noção da objetividade. Para Ziman, a ciência ainda produz conhecimento confiável, pois possui um mecanismo cooperativo de produção, que tem como base a crítica entre os pares.

Sobre a possibilidade de um conteúdo estreito numa teoria bi-dimensional epistêmica

O bi-dimensionalismo epistêmico é a tese de que os estados mentais de um indivíduo tem uma dupla divisão, tendo, então, um conteúdo amplo e um conteúdo estreito. Um conteúdo amplo é aquele cuja determinação depende em parte de propriedades extrínsecas ao sujeito: ou seja, é aquele que possui relação com o mundo externo ao sujeito, seja físico ou social. Já o conteúdo estreito é o conteúdo plenamente determinado por propriedades intrísecas ao sujeito, sem precisar recorrer a nada externo. Este conteúdo estreito será, de acordo com o bi-dimensionalismo de Jackson e de Chalmers, o conteúdo representativo de um estado mental, dado através de descrições sobre aquilo que o sujeito sabe e acredita sobre o mundo ao seu redor. O objetivo desta dissertação ao tratar sobre esta forma de bi-dimensionalismo é o de apresentá-lo como uma possível resposta para dois problemas gerados pela afirmação externalista de que nomes próprios e termos de tipos naturais são designadores rígidos e pela afirmação de que todo conteúdo de um estado mental é amplo. Estes dois problemas são a incompatibilidade do conteúdo amplo com o acesso privilegiado e a sua incompatibilidade com o papel explicatório que estados mentais intencionais parecem ter em relação aos comportamentos de um indivíduo, pois, se os indivíduos não possuem um acesso privilegiado aos conteúdos dos seus estados mentais, tal conteúdo amplo não poderá ser visto como sendo um causalmente relevante para os seus comportamentos. Contudo, os argumentos apresentados pelo externalismo semântico parecem ainda convincentes demais para considerar tais consequências como sendo um bom motivo para se abandonar a tese externalista. Além disso, vários exemplos do funcionamento da linguagem (como os casos do uso de nomes próprios e termos de espécies naturais) parecem indicar que o externalismo semântico é correto. Assim, neste trabalho, analisarei a teoria bi-dimensional à luz das afirmações externalistas sobre o significado e sobre a individuação dos conteúdos dos estados mentais, ou seja, como podendo ser uma teoria que, além de ser uma capaz de fornecer uma resposta viável para estes dois problemas, é também compatível com o conteúdo amplo da forma como é afirmado pelo externalismo.

O mundo, e suas máquinas: um estudo sobre propagação temática em A Máquina do Mundo, de Carlos Drummond de Andrade

Este estudo parte de preocupações filosóficas, teóricas e analíticas para promover exercícios de leitura e de interpretação do poema A Máquina do Mundo (1951), de Carlos Drummond de Andrade. Estabelecendo pela via ensaística a noção de ontologia da propagação, busca localizar a necessidade da ontologia no fundamento pré-paradigmático da ciência. Incorporando referências da Fenomenologia e da Hermenêutica, tenta assumir seus pressupostos e implicações para a constituição do método em Teoria da Literatura e para a definição dos campos básicos para a analítica da existência lógica, empírica e pragmática: os campos que representam as instâncias ontológicas do real, do simbólico e do imaginário. Da assunção fenomenológica e hermenêutica, passa-se a considerações sobre categorias pertencentes ao jargão literário, escolhidas por sua relação com o artefato literário em questão e correspondendo ao âmbito das três instâncias ontológicas: discute-se a Poesia como sendo um fenômeno constituinte, a Literatura como uma manifestação instituinte e o Poema como uma manifestação restituinte do signo literário A Máquina do Mundo. Em seguida, considera afetações e interferências de algumas correntes sociológicas, formalistas e antropológicas, buscando participar do diálogo sobre a possibilidade de aceitação da prática literária como uma prática de valor cognitivo, e não apenas ideológico e estético. Em seu terceiro momento, o estudo busca aplicar os pressupostos ontológicos e epistêmicos para estabelecer o limite dos espaços comparativos tornados possíveis ao poema A Máquina do Mundo e buscando o pano de fundo histórico e historiográfico do século XX a partir de suas possibilidades de relação com a obra de Drummond e segundo a orientação dos vetores dados no poema: a consolidação do veio crepuscular na tópica canônica do Novecentos brasileiro; a implicação da postura ideológica de Drummond na recepção crítica à sua obra; e, por fim, a localização posterior dos topoi cosmológicos e existenciais. Em seu último ensaio, refere-se à questão cosmológica e sua afetação sobre a postura existencial do Caminhante. Recuperam-se pontos de semelhança e de diferença entre as poéticas encontradas em Os Lusíadas, de Luís de Camões e em A Divina Comédia, de Dante Alighieri, para por fim remeter à identificação de uma continuidade temática entre o poema de Drummond e aquele que se costuma designar como pensamento originário na tradição da Filosofia ocidental. A seguir, buscam-se referências para alguns dos elementos formais do poema A Máquina do Mundo segundo sua origem no contexto da Literatura Ocidental. Consideram-se alguns traços característicos dos três seres representados (A Máquina, o Mundo, o Caminhante) e, encerrando-se a tese, procede-se a um exercício de leitura centrado especificamente no poema