Enzymatic treatments to improve mechanical properties and surface hydrophobicity of jute fiber membranes

Fiber membranes prepared from jute fragments can be valuable, low cost, and renewable. They have broad application prospects in packing bags, geotextiles, filters, and composite reinforcements. Traditionally, chemical adhesives have been used to improve the properties of jute fiber membranes. A series of new laccase, laccase/mediator systems, and multi-enzyme synergisms were attempted. After the laccase treatment of jute fragments, the mechanical properties and surface hydrophobicity of the produced fiber membranes increased because of the cross-coupling of lignins with ether bonds mediated by laccase. The optimum conditions were a buffer pH of 4.5 and an incubation temperature of 60 °C with 0.92 U/mL laccase for 3 h. Laccase/guaiacol and laccase/alkali lignin treatments resulted in remarkable increases in the mechanical properties; in contrast, the laccase/2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and laccase/2,6-dimethoxyphenol treatments led to a decrease. The laccase/ guaiacol system was favorable to the surface hydrophobicity of jute fiber membranes. However, the laccase/alkali lignin system had the opposite effect. Xylanase/laccase and cellulase/laccase combined treatments were able to enhance both the mechanical properties and the surface hydrophobicity of jute fiber membranes. Among these, cellulase/laccase treatment performed better; compared to mechanical properties, the surface hydrophobicity of the jute fiber membranes showed only a slight increase after the enzymatic multi-step processes.

Structural and enzymatic characterization of ABgp46, a novel phage endolysin with broad anti-Gram-negative bacterial activity

The present study demonstrates the antibacterial potential of a phage endolysin against Gram-negative pathogens, particularly against multidrug resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. We have cloned, heterologously expressed and characterized a novel endolysin (ABgp46) from Acinetobacter phage vb_AbaP_CEB1 and tested its antibacterial activity against several multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains. LC-MS revealed that ABgp46 is an N-acetylmuramidase, that is also active over a broad pH range (4.0-10.0) and temperatures up to 50°C. Interestingly, ABgp46 has intrinsic and specific anti-A. baumannii activity, reducing multidrug resistant strains by up to 2 logs within 2 hours. By combining ABgp46 with several organic acids that act as outer membrane permeabilizing agents, it is possible to increase and broaden antibacterial activity to include other Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. In the presence of citric and malic acid, ABgp46 reduces A. baumannii below the detection limit (> 5 log) and more than 4 logs P. aeruginosa and Salmonella Typhimurium strains. Overall, this globular endolysin exhibits a broad and high activity against Gram-negative pathogens, that can be enhanced in presence of citric and malic acid, and be used in human and veterinary medicine.

Enzymatic biofinishes for synthetic textiles

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Grant SFRH/BPD/46515/2008. Jiajia Fu acknowledges the support of Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. BK2012112) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 3120113

Enzymatic hydrophobic modification of jute fibers via grafting to reinforce composites

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/H2O2 system catalyzes the free-radical polymerization of aromatic compounds such as lignins and gallate esters. In this work, dodecyl gallate (DG) was grafted onto the surfaces of lignin-rich jute fabrics by HRP-mediated oxidative polymerization with an aim to enhance the hydrophobicity of the fibers. The DG-grafted jute fibers and reaction products of their model compounds were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results clearly indicated the grafting of DG to the jute fiber by HRP. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of jute fabrics was determined by measuring the wetting time and static contact angle. Compared to the control sample, the wetting time and static contact angle of the grated fabrics changed from ~1 s to 1 h and from ~0° to 123.68°, respectively. This clearly proved that the hydrophobicity of jute fabrics improved considerably. Conditions of the HRP-catalyzed DG-grafting reactions were optimized in terms of the DG content of modified jute fabrics. Moreover, the results of breaking strength and elongation of DG-grafted jute/ polypropylene (PP) composites demonstrated improved reinforcement of the composite due to enzymatic hydrophobic modification of jute fibers.

Development of a glucose-oxygen enzymatic fuel cell

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2012

Amino acid identity and/or position determines the proteasomal cleavage of the HLA-A*0201-restricted peptide tumor antigen MAGE-3271-279.

The proteasome plays a crucial role in the proteolytic processing of antigens presented to T cells in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. However, the rules governing the specificity of cleavage sites are still largely unknown. We have previously shown that a cytolytic T lymphocyte-defined antigenic peptide derived from the MAGE-3 tumor-associated antigen (MAGE-3(271-279), FLWGPRALV in one-letter code) is not presented at the surface of melanoma cell lines expressing the MAGE-3 protein. By using purified proteasome and MAGE-3(271-279) peptides extended at the C terminus by 6 amino acids, we identified predominant cleavages after residues 278 and 280 but no detectable cleavage after residue Val(279), the C terminus of the antigenic peptide. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of Pro(275), Leu(278), and Glu(280) on the proteasomal digestion of MAGE-3(271-285) substituted at these positions. We show that positions 278 and 280 are major proteasomal cleavage sites because they tolerate most amino acid substitutions. In contrast, the peptide bond after Val(279) is a minor cleavage site, influenced by both distal and proximal amino acid residues.

Ontogenetic changes in digestive enzymatic capacities of the spider crab, Maja brachydactyla (Decapoda: Majidae)

Ontogenetic changes in digestive capabilities were analyzed in larvae and first juveniles of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla. Activities of five proteinases (total proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin-like and aminopeptidase), three carbohydrases (amylase, maltase and chitinase), an esterase and an alkaline phosphatase were studied to evaluate digestive enzyme profiles of the species. Both quantitative (spectrophotometry and fluorometry) and qualitative (SDS-PAGE) approaches were used. All assayed enzymes were active from hatching (zoea I-ZI) throughout larval development and in first juveniles. Significant variations during ontogeny were found only in total activities likely as a consequence of digestive system development. Specific activity varied little over ontogeny, being significant only for chitinase. Total proteases, trypsin and pepsin-like activities showed a similar pattern of increase as larval ontogeny advanced, decreasing significantly in juveniles. Chymotrypsin continued to increase, showing maximum activity after metamorphosis. Proteinase zymograms confirmed strong proteolytic activity in first zoeas, with increasing bands over the course of ontogeny, decreasing after metamorphosis. A group of bands with high molecular mass was specific to larval stages. Amylase and maltase showed a parallel pattern of continuous increase of total activity as development advanced. Gel-SDS-PAGE showed unchanged patterns of amylase activity in first zoeas of different ages and the most complex set of bands during larval ontogeny in second zoea. Esterase total activity increased significantly as ZI's aged likely reflecting introduction of a lipid-enriched diet. The importance of lipid accumulation at the beginning of ontogeny was also confirmed by the protease/esterase and amylase/esterase activity ratios, which decreased from hatch to late ZI and might be explained as an adaptation, ensuring the next molt. The results suggest that larvae of M. brachydactyla are capable of digesting a variety of dietary substrates as soon as they hatch.

Five new CYLD mutations in skin appendage tumors and evidence that aspartic acid 681 in CYLD is essential for deubiquitinase activity.

Brooke-Spiegler syndrome, familial cylindromatosis, and familial trichoepithelioma are autosomal-dominant genetic predispositions for benign tumors of skin appendages caused by mutations in the CYLD gene localized on chromosome 16q12-q13. The encoded protein functions as ubiquitin-specific protease (UBP), which negatively regulates NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. We investigated five families affected with these skin neoplasms and identified four premature stop codons and the novel missense mutation D681G in a family in which 11 of 12 investigated tumors were trichoepitheliomas. CYLD protein harboring this missense mutation had a significant reduced ability to inhibit TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)2- and TRAF6-mediated NF-kappaB activation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-induced JNK signaling, and to deubiquitinate TRAF2. CYLD-D681G was coimmunoprecipitated by TRAF2, but was unable to cleave K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Aspartic acid 681 is highly conserved in CYLD homologues and other members of the UBP family, but does not belong to the Cys and His boxes providing the CYLD catalytic triad (Cys601, His871, and Asp889). As reported previously, the homologous residue D295 of HAUSP/USP-7 forms a hydrogen bond with the C-terminal end of ubiquitin and is important for the enzymatic activity. These results underline that D681 in CYLD is required for cleavage of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains.

Maturation protéolytique et sécrétion de la rénine: importance fonctionnelle de la pro-région

RÉSUMÉ Le système rénine-angiotensine joue un rôle prépondérant dans la régulation de la pression sanguine et de la balance des sels ainsi que dans d'autres processus physiologiques et pathologiques. Lorsque la pression sanguine est trop basse, les cellules juxtaglomérulaires sécrètent la rénine, qui clivera l'angiotensinogène circulant (sécrété majoritairement par le foie) pour libérer l'angiotensine I, qui sera alors transformée en angiotensine II par l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine. Ce système est régulé au niveau de la sécrétion de la rénine par le rein. La rénine est une enzyme de type protéase aspartique. Elle est produite sous la forme d'un précurseur inactif de haut poids moléculaire appelé prorénine, qui peut être transformé en rénine active. Si le rôle de la prorégion de la rénine n'est pas encore connu, plusieurs études ont montré qu'elle pourrait être un auto-inhibiteur. Des travaux menés sur d'autres enzymes protéolytique ont mis en évidence un rôle de chaperon de leurs prorégions. Dans la circulation, la prorénine est majoritaire (90%) et la rénine active ne représente que 10% de la rénine circulante. L'enzyme qui transforme, in vivo, la prorénine en rénine active n'est pas connue. De même, l'endroit précis du clivage n'est pas élucidé. Dans ce travail, nous avons généré plusieurs mutants de la prorénine et les avons exprimés dans deux types cellulaires : les CV1 (modèle constitutif) et AtT-20 (modèle régulé). Nous avons montré que la prorégion joue un rôle important aussi bien dans l'acquisition de l'activité enzymatique que dans la sécrétion de la rénine, mais fonctionne différemment d'un type cellulaire à l'autre. Nous avons montré pour la première fois que la prorégion interagit de façon intermoléculaire à l'intérieur de la cellule. Les expériences de complémentation montre que l'interaction favorable de la rénine avec la prorégion dépend de la taille de cette dernière : prorénine (383 acides aminés) > pro62 (62 acides aminés) > pro43 (43 acides aminés). Par ailleurs nos résultats montrent qu'une faible partie de la rénine est dirigée vers la voie de sécrétion régulée classique tandis que la majorité est dirigée vers les lysosomes. Ceci suggère qu'une internalisation de la rénine circulante via le récepteur mannose-6-phosphate est possible. Cette dernière concernerait essentiellement la prorénine (dont les taux circulants sont 10 fois plus élevés que la rénine active). La suite de ce travail porterait sur la confirmation de cette hypothèse et l'identification de son possible rôle physiologique. SUMMARY The renin-angiotensin system is critical for the control of blood pressure and salt balance and other physiological and pathological processes. When blood pressure is too low, renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells. It will cleave the N-terminus of circulating angiotensinogen (mostly secreted by the liver) to angiotensin-1, which is then transformed in angiotensin-II by the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE). This system is regulated at the level of renin release. Renin, an aspartyl protease, is produced from a larger precursor (called prorenin) which is matured into active renin. Although the role of the renin proregion remains unknown, it has been reported that it could act as an autoinhibitor. Works on other proteolytic enzymes showed that their prorégion can act as chaperones. prorenin is the major circulating form of renin, while active renin represents only 10%. The enzyme which transforms, in vivo, the prorenin into active renin is unknown and the exact cleavage site remains to be elucidated. In this study, we generated some prorenin mutants, which were expressed in CV1 cells (constitutive pathway model) or AtT-20 cells (regulated pathway model). We showed that the proregion plays a pivotal role in the enzymatic activity and secretion of renin in a different manner in the two cell types. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that the proregion acts in an intermolecular way into the cell. Complementation assays showed that interaction between renin and proregion depends on the size of the proregion: prorenin (383 amino acids) > pro62 (62 amino acids) > pro43 (43 amino acids). Furthermore, our results showed that only a small amount of the cellular renin pool is targeted to the "canonical" regulated pathway and that the remaining is targeted to the lysosomes. Those results suggest a possible internalizátion of the circulating renin through the mannose-6-phosphate receptor pathway. This would mostly concern the prorenin (whose levels are ten times higher than active renin). Further studies would confirm or infirm this hypothesis and elucidate a potential physiological role.

The interaction of human pathogenic arena viruses with the host cell

SummaryResearch projects presented in this thesis aimed to investigate two major aspects of the arenaviruses life cycle in the host cell: viral entry and the biosynthesis of the viral envelope glycoprotein.Old World arenaviruses (OWAV), such as Lassa virus (LASV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), attach to the cell by binding to their receptor, alpha-dystroglycan. Virions are then internalized by a largely unknown pathway of endocytosis and delivered to the late endosome/lysosome where fusion occurs at low pH. In the major project of my thesis, we sought to identify cellular factors involved in OWAV cell entry. Our work indicates that OWAV cell entry requires microtubular transport and a functional multivesicular body (MVB) compartment. Infection indeed depends on phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA), a lipid found in membranes of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of the MVB. We further found a requirement of factors that are part of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), involved in the formation of ILVs. This suggests an ESCRT-mediated sorting of virus- receptor complex during the entry process.During viral replication, biosynthesis of viral glycoprotein takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the host cell. When protein load exceeds the folding capacity of the ER, the accumulation of unfolded proteins is sensed by three ER resident proteins, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), whose signaling induces the cellular unfolded protein response (UPR). Our results indicate that acute LCMV infection transiently induces the activation of the ATF6 branch of the UPR, whereas the PERK, and IRE1 axis of UPR are neither triggered nor blocked during infection. Our data also demonstrate that activation of ATF6 pathway is required for optimal viral replication during acute infection.The formation of the mature, fusion-active form of arenaviruses glycoproteins requires proteolytic cleavage mediated by the cellular protease subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-l)/site-l protease (SIP). We show that targeting the SKI-1/S1P enzymatic activity with specific inhibitors is a powerful strategy to block arenaviruses productive infection. Moreover, characterization of protease function highlights differences in processing between cellular and viral substrates, opening new possibilities in term of drug development against human pathogenic arenaviruses.RésuméLes projets de recherche présentés dans cette thèse visaient à étudier deux aspects du cycle de vie des arenavirus: l'entrée du virus dans la cellule hôte et la biosynthèse de la glycoprotéine durant la réplication virale.Les arenavirus du vieux monde (OWAV), tels que le virus de Lassa (LASV) et le virus de la chorioméningite lymphocytaire (LCMV) s'attachent à la cellule hôte en se liant à leur récepteur, l'alpha-dystroglycane. Les virions sont ensuite intemalisés par une voie d'endocytose inconnue et livrés à l'endosome tardif/lysosome, où le pH acide permet la fusion entre l'enveloppe virale et la membrane du compartiment. Le projet principal de ma thèse consistait à identifier les facteurs cellulaires impliqués dans l'entrée des OWAV dans la cellule hôte. Nos résultats indiquent que l'entrée des OWAV nécessite le transport microtubulaire et la présence d'un corps multivésiculaire (MVB) fonctionnel. L'infection dépend en effet de l'activité de phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) et de lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA), un lipide présent dans les membranes des vésicules intraluminales (ILVs) du MVB. Nous avons également trouvé l'implication de facteurs constituant l'endosomal sorting complex required for sorting (ESCRT) qui joue un rôle dans la formation des ILVs. Ces donnés suggèrent l'incorporation du complexe virus-récepteur dans des ILVs durant le processus d'entrée.Lors de la réplication virale, la biosynthèse de la glycoprotéine virale a lieu dans le réticulum endoplasmique (ER) de la cellule hôte. Lorsque la charge de protéines nouvellement synthétisées excède la capacité de pliage des protéines dans le ER, l'accumulation de protéines mal pliées est détectée par trois facteurs: activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) et PKR-like ER kinase (PERK). Leur signalisation constitue la réponse cellulaire face aux protéines mal pliées (UPR). Nos résultats montrent que l'infection aiguë avec LCMV induit transitoirement l'activation de la voie de signalisation ATF6 alors que les axes PERK et IRE1 de l'UPR ne sont ni induits ni bloqués pendant l'infection. Nos données prouvent également que l'activation de la voie ATF6 est nécessaire à une réplication virale optimale lors de l'infection aiguë avec LCMV.La maturation des glycoprotéines des arenavirus nécessite un clivage protéolytique par la protéase cellulaire subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-l)/site-l protease (SIP). Nous avons démontré que le ciblage de l'activité enzymatique de SKI-1/SIΡ avec des inhibiteurs spécifiques est une stratégie prometteuse pour bloquer l'infection par les arenavirus. La caractérisation du mécanisme d'action de la protéase a, par ailleurs, révélé des différences au niveau du clivage entre les substrats cellulaires et viraux, ce qui ouvre de nouvelles perspectives en terme de développement de médicaments contre les arenavirus pathogènes pour l'homme.

In vitro measurement of enzymatic markers as a tool to detect mouse cardiomyocytes injury

Primary cultures of cardiomyocytes represent a useful model for analyzing cardiac cell biology as well as pathogenesis of several cardiovascular disorders. Our aim was to standardize protocols for determining the damage of cardiac cells cultured in vitro by measuring the creatine kinase and its cardiac isotype and lactate dehydrogenase activities in the supernatants of mice cardiomyocytes submitted to different protocols of cell lysis. Our data showed that due to its higher specificity, the cardiac isotype creatine kinase was the most sensitive as compared to the others studied enzymatic markers, and can be used to monitor and evaluate cardiac damage in in vitro assays.