Higher education in flight:a new direction for international assignments research

This paper draws attention to the significant internationalisation of the higher education sector and role of international assignments in supporting and driving this. The paper then proceeds to identify the similarities and unique features of the sector in the context of international assignments which we argue, primarily revolve around alternative forms, namely international frequent flyers and short-term assignments. Finally, a model is proposed that may facilitate higher education institutes in more effective international assignment utilisation. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Direction-contingent duration compression is primarily retinotopic

Previous research has shown that prior adaptation to a spatially circumscribed, oscillating grating results in the duration of a subsequent stimulus briefly presented within the adapted region being underestimated. There is an on-going debate about where in the motion processing pathway the adaptation underlying this distortion of sub-second duration perception occurs. One position is that the LGN and, perhaps, early cortical processing areas are likely sites for the adaptation; an alternative suggestion is that visual area MT+ contains the neural mechanisms for sub-second timing; and a third position proposes that the effect is driven by adaptation at multiple levels of the motion processing pathway. A related issue is in what frame of reference – retinotopic or spatiotopic – does adaptation induced duration distortion occur. We addressed these questions by having participants adapt to a unidirectional random dot kinematogram (RDK), and then measuring perceived duration of a 600 ms test RDK positioned in either the same retinotopic or the same spatiotopic location as the adaptor. We found that, when it did occur, duration distortion of the test stimulus was direction contingent; that is it occurred when the adaptor and test stimuli drifted in the same direction, but not when they drifted in opposite directions. Furthermore the duration compression was evident primarily under retinotopic viewing conditions, with little evidence of duration distortion under spatiotopic viewing conditions. Our results support previous research implicating cortical mechanisms in the duration encoding of sub-second visual events, and reveal that these mechanisms encode duration within a retinotopic frame of reference.

Maintaining a grasp on reality – Is our validation and design effort focused in the same direction?

This article examines the influence on the engineering design process of the primary objective of validation, whether it is proving a model, a technology or a product. Through the examination of a number of stiffened panel case studies, the relationships between simulation, validation, design and the final product are established and discussed. The work demonstrates the complex interactions between the original (or anticipated) design model, the analysis model, the validation activities and the product in service. The outcome shows clearly some unintended consequences. High fidelity validation test simulations require a different set of detailed parameters to accurately capture behaviour. By doing so, there is a divergence from the original computer-aided design model, intrinsically limiting the value of the validation with respect to the product. This work represents a shift from the traditional perspective of encapsulating and controlling errors between simulation and experimental test to consideration of the wider design-test process. Specifically, it is a reflection on the implications of how models are built and validated, and the effect on results and understanding of structural behaviour. This article then identifies key checkpoints in the design process and how these should be used to update the computer-aided design system parameters for a design. This work strikes at a fundamental challenge in understanding the interaction between design, certification and operation of any complex system.

Determining the optimal current direction of transcranial magnetic stimulation to induce motor responses in the tongue: A preliminary study of neurologically healthy individuals

Objective
To determine the optimal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil direction for inducing motor responses in the tongue in a group of non-neurologically impaired participants.
Methods
Single-pulse TMS was delivered using a figure-of-eight Magstim 2002 TMS coil. Study 1 investigated the effect of eight different TMS coil directions on the motor-evoked potentials elicited in the tongue in eight adults. Study 2 examined active motor threshold levels at optimal TMS coil direction compared to a customarily-used ventral-caudal direction. Study 3 repeated the procedure of Study 1 at five different sites across the tongue motor cortex in one adult.
Results
Inter-individual variability in optimal direction was observed, with an optimal range of directions determined for the group. Active motor threshold was reduced when a participant's own optimal TMS coil direction was used compared to the ventral-caudal direction. A restricted range of optimal directions was identified across the five cortical positions tested.
Conclusions
There is a need to identify each individual's own optimal TMS coil direction in investigating tongue motor cortex function. A recommended procedure for determining optimal coil direction is described.
Significance
Optimized TMS procedures are needed so that TMS can be utilized in determining the underlying neurophysiological basis of various motor speech disorders.

The direction of media influence: Real-estate news and the stock market

This paper uses a novel identification strategy to test the influence of news media on the stock market. Because the stock market does not impact the media coverage of the housing market, a relationship between real-estate news and shares of companies engaged in the housing market is attributable media influence. I find that the content of reporting exhibits a significant relationship with stock returns, and the amount of news with the number of trades. These relationships exist even after controlling for known risk factors, housing market performance and intra-week correlation. This finding is consistent with the function of the media as a source of information and sentiment in financial markets.

Modelling mortality: Are we heading in the right direction?

Predicting life expectancy has become of upmost importance in society. Pension providers, insurance companies, government bodies and individuals in the developed world have a vested interest in understanding how long people will live for. This desire to better understand life expectancy has resulted in an explosion of stochastic mortality models many of which identify linear trends in mortality rates by time. In making use of such models for forecasting purposes we rely on the assumption that the direction of the linear trend (determined from the data used for fitting purposes) will not change in the future, recent literature has started to question this assumption. In this paper we carry out a comprehensive investigation of these types of models using male and female data from 30 countries and using the theory of structural breaks to identify changes in the extracted trends by time. We find that structural breaks are present in a substantial number of cases, that they are more prevalent in male data than in female data, that the introduction of additional period factors into the model reduces their presence, and that allowing for changes in the trend improves the fit and forecast substantially.

La direction des écoles et l'autodéveloppement, une recherche-action

L'objet de cette recherche-action est la pratique de gestion des membres de la direction des écoles se situant dans la perspective de l'autodéveloppement. Plus d'une quarantaine d'entre eux, sur une période de deux années, se sont réunis dans des cercles d'analyse pour explorer leur pratique de gestion. Lorsque les membres de la direction agissent dans l'optique de l'autodéveloppement, ils se donnent le mandat d'organiser l'auto-organisation de l'école. Notre projet de recherche-action visait à explorer, avec eux, leurs modalités de gestion qui s'inspirent de cette vision. Il visait aussi à explorer des voies nouvelles permettant de mieux utiliser les marges d'action dont ils disposent. L'école est enchevêtrée dans une organisation d'organisations scolaires. La grande organisation scolaire l'intègre en tant que partie. Mais en tant qu'organisation spécifique, elle s'y différencie. À son tour, l'école devient un grand toit intégrant ses parties qui s'y différencient aussi. Les membres de la direction des écoles qui se réfèrent à l'autodéveloppernent veulent amplifier leur différenciation et celle de ses actrices et acteurs. Ils veulent aussi recourir à des modalités de coordination dites de concertation permettant cette différenciation. Les membres de la direction des écoles rencontrés dans les cercles participent et déterminent la mouvance organisationnelle actuellement vécue. Réussiront-ils à actualiser davantage les conceptions de pratique qui'ils avancent? L'idée de l'autodéveloppement est sous-jacente, sinon sous-entendue, à la mouvance organisationnelle vécue dans les écoles actuellement. L'apport principal de cette recherche-action est de rendre compte de pratiques et de conceptions de membres de direction d'école s'inscrivant dans cette idée. Notre cadre théorique, en proposant une articulation conceptuelle de cette vision de l'organisation, a permis de donner corps aux diverses et multiples pratiques et conceptions observées. Il a permis aussi d'y déceler des tendances. Cette articulation, en s'appuyant sur la nouvelle épistémologie de l'auto-organisation, offre une esquisse d'un cadre de référence pour la gestion des écoles. Son application pourrait être approfondie dans de nouvelles recherches-action."--Résumé abrégé par UMI