176 resultados para contemplation


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Este estudo sobre o processo de construção de políticas de inclusão social no projeto Escola Cabana e os consensos e tensionamentos entre os segmentos sociais e o poder público municipal procurou investigar e refletir se esse projeto possibilitou (ou não) a inclusão e participação dos segmentos sociais (Movimento das Mulheres, Homossexuais, Negros e dos PNEEs), bem como da contemplação de suas reivindicações e interesses no processo de formulação e elaboração de políticas públicas, a partir das análises de documentos oficiais e das falas de integrantes dos movimentos sociais e de dirigentes da educação municipal, no período de 1997 a 2000 e 2001 a 2004. Ele abrange uma discussão sobre as perspectivas de compreensão sobre exclusão e inclusão social, espaços públicos democratizados, participação popular e processos identitários, tendo como pano de fundo a abordagem do período de redemocratização do Brasil. Este trabalho contemplou ainda a relação entre os documentos produzidos pelo governo municipal sobre o projeto da Escola Cabana e os depoimentos dos entrevistados, estabelecendo uma série de variáveis que discriminam as motivações dos sujeitos da sociedade para o envolvimento com os segmentos sociais, bem como dos gestores do poder público com as entidades da sociedade civil, durante a construção do referido projeto. Verifica-se, a partir da pesquisa, que as políticas públicas materializadas em conseqüência das interações entre a administração municipal e os movimentos, mostraram articulações dos mais diferentes vieses, com evidências de bases consensuais, mas com intensos conflitos, tensionamentos e impasses. A discussão, aqui apresentada, enfatiza a relevância dessa experiência tanto para Belém quanto para outros municípios como oportunidade de viabilização, participação e utilização de espaços públicos por setores populares. Revela, ainda, que, apesar da possibilidade de ter criado alternativas, de caráter inovador, às propostas existentes que visam à eliminação de contextos de exclusão social e à configuração de processos de identidade, o projeto ficou comprometido pela inexperiência gestionária de alguns dirigentes, pela sua apropriação parcial por determinados setores sociais e pela sua informalidade legal.

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Este estudo propõe uma análise das iconografias urbanas de Belém, produzidas no decorrer do século XIX e início do XX. A tese tem por objetivo, então, analisar a representação da natureza em Belém, especificamente nos anos de 1808 a 1908. O compromisso inicial desse estudo se concentrou em pesquisar os diversos tipos de iconografias sobre Belém no decorrer dos Oitocentos. As questões que se procurou evidenciar tratam sobre a forma como os viajantes apreenderam a cidade, em sua passagem por Belém, tanto sob o ponto de vista narrativo quanto o visual, até os anos de 1890. A partir de então, também identificar como os governantes promoveram a cidade para além da região Amazônica. Observa-se que a natureza brasileira passou a ser representada, a partir do século XIX, por meio de linguagem escrita e iconográfica, isto graças à influência do cientificismo e da sensibilidade artística romântica, que perpassaram pelo conhecimento do país. A sensibilidade romântica realizou a aproximação entre ciência e estética ao apreender e representar a natureza, numa visão totalizante, inaugurando uma nova concepção de paisagem e a tentativa de “inventar” e visualizar uma natureza urbana, a qual é tema principal desse estudo; representa o fenômeno da urbanização que foi registrado, especialmente, por meio da fotografia. Nesse tipo de fotografias, a natureza aparece domesticada, adaptada ao desenho urbano, sua forma artificiosa e geométrica é valorizada. A fotografia urbana do final do século XIX reintroduz o “belo ideal” nas imagens da natureza ordenada segundo o modelo dos jardins franceses, ingleses e italianos. Parto do pressuposto de que a contemplação da natureza é adaptada para a realidade da região Amazônica, embora estivessem presentes modelos provenientes da Europa, mas encontram as suas especificidades a partir de uma natureza exuberante da Amazônia A percepção de natureza na Amazônia da segunda metade do século XIX e a influência de novas formas de conceber a natureza foram projetadas para as cidades na reformulação dos espaços para constituir a área verde, especialmente de Belém. Pensar historicamente a representação da natureza é refletir sobre a sua apropriação pela ação humana ao mesmo tempo em que diferentes indivíduos e grupos sociais circularam e deixaram suas marcas específicas nos lugares construídos a partir de uma natureza domesticada na paisagem urbana.

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Este artigo é uma iniciativa de destacar alguns elementos a respeito das reflexões de Walter Benjamin sobre o cinema, uma arte que, segundo o próprio autor, responde aos anseios perceptivos do homem moderno, àquele para o qual foi negada qualquer experiência. O cinema, “a obra de arte na era de sua reprodutibilidade técnica”, por excelência, é, para o autor, o marco de uma nova percepção, de uma nova relação entre público e obra de arte: a percepção coletiva. O que a multidão busca não é a contemplação ou o recolhimento diante da obra de arte, mas a sua distração. Fato que o cinema, ao reproduzir em sua forma o conceito benjaminiano de “experiência do choque”, por meio das sucessivas exposições de seus fragmentos, interrompendo constantemente a associação de idéias dos espectadores, insiste em colocar em pauta, (re)afirmando o caráter de diversão da arte moderna. Entretanto, para o autor, o cinema dialeticamente responde à diversão como o instrumento adequado para uma pedagogia das multidões — por meio de uma arte emancipada, as massas também se emancipariam.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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A low rate of physical activity (PA) participation is observed worldwide. The identification of feasible and reliable instruments able to accurately measuring PA and help in the development of interventions to promote PA are necessary. This study aimed to analyze the concordance between the Stages of Behavior Change Questionnaire (SBCQ) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ long-version) in assessing adult leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). A total of 1.588 adults completed the IPAQ to assess LTPA and the participants who performed more than 10 min/week were classified in active individuals. Using the SBCQ, active individuals were those classified in the action or maintenance stage and inactive individuals were those classified in the precontemplation, contemplation or preparation stage. The concordance between SBCQ and IPAQ was found to be 0.80. Separated by gender, it was observed a concordance between the two instruments of 0.82 for women, and 0.77 for men. Regarding age group, it was found to be 0.81 for young and middle-aged adults, and 0.77 for older people. The SBCQ presented a very good concordance with IPAQ to assess LTPA.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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We analyzed the Cultural Industry and impositions for manners of production of capitalism in subjectivity, exposing the subject to alienated fragility. Because, the consumption doesn't just refer to the contemplation of images for subjects, but also about identification that subjects can have about images. The contemporary society is composed in individualist adoration by self, demanding pledge and self-control to reach the wanted body and idealized spread by media, disseminating idea of corporal pattern. So, we understood that the school physical education, being the field of knowledge of cultural corporal, has as function, also, to act as intercessor in relationship with media, above all when worked with pertinent subjects to corporeality contributing so that student, through exercise of critic, transform the society. Therefore, the educators need to extrapolate hesitation front media and make critical use of formative and informative possibilities, on consumption and impact on the body.

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Introduction: The identification of stages of dietary change and the factors affecting food choices can direct more effective nutritional intervention against coronary heart disease progression. Objective: Identify the stages of change of eating behavior and its relation with nutritional status, food consumption and previous cardiovascular events in patients who underwent coronary angioplasty. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 200 hospitalized patients from a specialized cardiology hospital, after elective coronary angioplasty. They were applied an algorithm that identifies the provision of change of eating habits for a healthier pattern. Variables measured were stages of change of eating behavior, nutritional status, food consumption and cardiovascular events (previous myocardial infarction or angioplasty). It was realized comparison of averages by analysis of variance or Student's test and Chi-square test for qualitative variables. Value of significance was taken at 5%. Results: The patients were classified in the following stages: 36% maintenance, 26% preparation, 17% precontemplation, 12% action and 9% contemplation. It was observed higher cardiovascular events in maintenance/action group (p = 0.04), higher consumption of calories (p = 0.04), meat/eggs (p = 0.01) and sweets (p = 0.03) in preparation stage, comparing to maintenance group, and no association between nutritional status and stages of change (p = 0.13), although 62% of the individuals in maintenance stage were overweight. Conclusions: This work contributed to identifying the stages of change and conditions that favor changes in eating pattern. Even patients that classified themselves into the maintenance stage need to adjust their eating habits in order to reach a healthy weight.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze, in people with intermittent claudication, the frequency of individuals who are in each of stages of health behavior change to practice physical activity, and analyze the association of these stages with the walking capacity. METHODS: We recruited 150 patients with intermittent claudication treated at a tertiary center, being included those >30-year-old-individuals and who had ankle-arm index <0.90. We obtained socio-demographic information, presence of comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors and stages of health behavior change to practice physical activity through a questionnaire, they being pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. Moreover, the walking capacity was measured in a treadmill test (Gardner protocol). RESULTS: Most individuals were in the maintenance stage (42.7%), however, when the stages of health behavior change were categorized into active (action and maintenance) and inactive (pre-contemplation, contemplation and preparation),51.3% of the individuals were classified as inactive behavior. There was no association between stages of health behavior change, sociodemographic factors and cardiovascular risk factors. However, patients with intermittent claudication who had lower total walking distance were three times more likely to have inactive behavior. CONCLUSION: Most patients with intermittent claudication showed an inactive behavior and, in this population, lower walking capacity was associated with this behavior.

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BACKGROUND: Health risk appraisal is a promising method for health promotion and prevention in older persons. The Health Risk Appraisal for the Elderly (HRA-E) developed in the U.S. has unique features but has not been tested outside the United States. METHODS: Based on the original HRA-E, we developed a scientifically updated and regionally adapted multilingual Health Risk Appraisal for Older Persons (HRA-O) instrument consisting of a self-administered questionnaire and software-generated feed-back reports. We evaluated the practicability and performance of the questionnaire in non-disabled community-dwelling older persons in London (U.K.) (N = 1090), Hamburg (Germany) (N = 804), and Solothurn (Switzerland) (N = 748) in a sub-sample of an international randomised controlled study. RESULTS: Over eighty percent of invited older persons returned the self-administered HRA-O questionnaire. Fair or poor self-perceived health status and older age were correlated with higher rates of non-return of the questionnaire. Older participants and those with lower educational levels reported more difficulty in completing the HRA-O questionnaire as compared to younger and higher educated persons. However, even among older participants and those with low educational level, more than 80% rated the questionnaire as easy to complete. Prevalence rates of risks for functional decline or problems were between 2% and 91% for the 19 HRA-O domains. Participants' intention to change health behaviour suggested that for some risk factors participants were in a pre-contemplation phase, having no short- or medium-term plans for change. Many participants perceived their health behaviour or preventative care uptake as optimal, despite indications of deficits according to the HRA-O based evaluation. CONCLUSION: The HRA-O questionnaire was highly accepted by a broad range of community-dwelling non-disabled persons. It identified a high number of risks and problems, and provided information on participants' intention to change health behaviour.

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The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the relationship between key psychosocial and behavioral components of the Transtheoretical Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action for sexual risk reduction in a population of crack cocaine smokers and sex workers, not in drug treatment. ^ The first study examined the results of an analysis of the association between two principal constructs in the Transtheoretical Model, the processes of change and the stages of change for condom use, in a high risk population. In the analysis of variance for all respondents, the overall F-test revealed that people in different stages have different levels of experiential process use, F(3,317) = 17.79, p = 0.0001 and different levels of behavioral process use, F(3,317) = 28.59, p = .0001. For the experiential processes, there was a significant difference between the precontemplation/contemplation stage, and both the action, and maintenance, stages.^ The second study explored the relationship between the Theory of Reasoned Action “beliefs” and the stages-of-change in the same population. In the analysis of variance for all participants, the results indicate that people in different stages did value the positive beliefs differently, F(3,502) = 15.38, p = .0001 but did not value the negative beliefs differently, F(3,502) = 2.08, p = .10. ^ The third study explored differences in stage-of-change by gender, partner type drug use, and HIV status. Three discriminant functions emerged, with a combined χ2(12) = 139.57, p = <.0001. The loading matrix of correlations between predictors and discriminant functions demonstrate that the strongest predictor for distinguishing between the precontemplation/contemplation stage and the preparation, action, and maintenance stages (first function) is partner type (.962). The loadings on the second discriminant function suggest that once partner type has been accounted for, ever having HIV/AIDS (.935) was the best predictor for distinguishing between the first three stages and the maintenance stage. ^ These studies demonstrate that behavioral change theories can contribute important insight to researchers and program planners attempting to alter HIV risk behavior in high-risk populations. ^