A review of Australian Siphonicytara Busk (Bryozoa : Cheilostomatida)

Until recently, species of the deep-water ascophoran genus Siphonicytara have been recorded from only two areas, nearly 10,000 km apart. Three species were known from the East Indies and one from the southwest Indian Ocean. A hitherto unrecognized species is now known from the southern-most Philippine region, and six new species have recently been described from New Caledonia. A further new species from relatively shallow water, S. occidentalis, is described here from Western Australia. Examination of fossil specimens from the Tertiary of Victoria and South Australia has shown that specimens attributed to Parina clypeata Waters have a close relationship with Siphonicytara, and the species is referred here to this genus, as is Mucronella airensis Maplestone. Another Tertiary species with a similar distribution, 'Eschara elevata' Waters not Tenison Woods, is assigned to Siphonicytara irregularis (Maplestone). The stratigraphic range for the family extends from the Late Eocene to Recent. Eschara elevata Tenison Woods sensu stricto is the type species of the genus Tubitrabecularia Bassler, and a discussion of the nature and status of this genus is included. A key to the species described is given.

Revision of the multiphased genus Corbulipora MacGillivray (Bryozoa: Cribrimorpha)

Corbulipora MacGillivray is redefined to include only species which occur in successive growth phases. The fossil type species, Corbulipora ornata MacGillivray, occurs in an encrusting ancestrulate phase, an erect quadriserial, ovicellate phase, and a frontally-budded partially kenozooidal phase. The encrusting ancestrulate phase of the Recent species, C tubulifera (Hincks), is the type species of the genus Acanthocella Canu and Bassler, which is a junior synonym of Corbulipora. The succeeding, ovicellate, flustrine phase, known as Watersia militaris (Waters), is the type species of Watersia, another junior synonym of Corbulipora. It produces a third bilaminar phase known as C. oriparma, a synonym of C. tubulifera. This has rhizoids and develops further flustrine phases. Fossil specimens assigned to Acanthocella tubulifera in the past are here considered to be the primary encrusting phase of a bilaminar phase, known as Corbuhpora suggerens (Waters). from which it has become separated. A thinly calcified intervening erect phase similar to the flustrine phase of C. tubulifera IS inferred to have existed but not to have been preserved as a fossil. Some species previously referred to Watersia are assigned to Klugeflustra Moyano which, like Neoflustra Lopez Gappa, has flustrine colomes with large, hyperstomial ovicells, unlike those of the family Flustridae sensu stricto. A key to species of Corbulipora and their various phases is given.

Review of Alataleberis McKenzie and Warne, 1986 and description of Alatapacifica gen. nov. (Ostracoda, Crustacea) from the Cenozoic of Australasia

Species originally assigned to the pterygocytherine genus Alataleberis by McKenzie & Warne, 1986 are placed here in two genera—Alataleberis sensu stricto and Alatapacifica gen. nov. Alataleberis species possess poorly defined dorsal ridges marked by a few spines in adult specimens and lack a subcentral tubercle. Alatapacifica species possess well-developed and buttressed dorsal ridges and a well-developed subcentral tubercle. Pterygocytherine genera/species groups recognized here from the southwest Pacific region are Alataleberis, Alatapacifica (septarca and robusta species groups), Alatahermanites Whatley & Titterton, 1981 and the velivola species group of Pterygocythereis Blake, 1933.

Phylogeny and life histories of the 'Insectivora': controversies and consequences

The evolutionary relationships of the eutherian order Insectivora (Lipotyphla sensu stricto) are the subject of considerable debate. The difficulties in establishing insectivore phylogeny stem from their lack of many shared derived characteristics. The grouping is therefore something of a ‘wastebasket ’ taxon. Most of the older estimates of phylogeny, based on morphological evidence, assumed insectivore monophyly. More recently, molecular phylogenies argue strongly against monophyly, although they differ in the extent of polyphyly inferred for the order. I review the history of insectivore phylogenetics and systematics, focussing on the relationships between the six extant families (Erinaceidae – hedgehogs and moonrats, Talpidae – moles and desmans, Soricidae – shrews, Solenodontidae – solenodons, Tenrecidae – tenrecs and otter-shrews and Chrysochloridae – golden moles). I then examine how these various phylogenetic hypotheses influence the results of comparative analyses and our interpretation of insectivore life-history evolution. I assess which particular controversies have the greatest effect on results, and discuss the implications for comparative analyses where the phylogeny is controversial. I also explore and suggest explanations for certain insectivore life-history trends : increased gestation length and litter size in tenrecs, increased encephalization in moles, and the mixed fast and slow life-history strategies in solenodons. Finally, I consider the implications for comparative analyses of the recent strongly supported phylogenetic hypothesis of an endemic African clade of mammals that includes the insectivore families of tenrecs and golden moles.

The use of molecular phylogenetic and morphological tools to identify cryptic and paraphyletic species : examples from the diminutive long-fingered bats (Chiroptera : Miniopteridae : Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Based on nearly complete (1125 bp) cytochrome-b sequence data and morphological characters, two new endemic species of Miniopterus are described from Madagascar that were previously identified as M. manavi. Using phylogenetic analysis, the basal nodes of major lineages in the Malagasy members of this genus are weakly supported, while, in most cases, the branches leading to each of the clades are well resolved. Miniopterus mahafaliensis, new species, occurs in the southwestern semidesert areas and M. brachytragos, new species, has a broad distribution across the northern half of the island, ranging across several different biomes. Phylogenetic inference indicates that these two new taxa are not closely related to M. manavi sensu stricto, with average genetic distances of 9.2% and 5.7% from this taxon, respectively. On the basis of this and previous revisions, the former M. manavi complex is now recognized to represent at least five taxa, which do not form a monophyletic group with respect to one another, and represent extraordinary examples of convergent evolution. Miniopterus brachytragos is closely related to the recently named M. aelleni, while M. mahafaliensis is not closely associated with any of these species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was imperative to resolve the species limits of these taxa and morphology then provided the means to corroborate the recovered clades. There are localities on the island, specifically limestone karstic zones, where four species of the former M. manavi sensu lato complex occur in strict sympatry. These species often use the same day-roost caves and have similar external and craniodental measurements. This raises intriguing questions as to how these animals divide their worlds with regard to dietary regimes and foraging strategies, as well as their speciation history.

The use of molecular and morphological characters to resolve the taxonomic identity of cryptic species : the case of Miniopterus manavi (Chiroptera, Miniopteridae)

Based on recent molecular phylogenetic studies, the Old World bat family Miniopteridae, composed of species in the genus Miniopterus, has been shown to contain complex paraphyletic species, many of which are cryptic based on convergent morphological characters. Herein we resolve the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of the species complex M. manavi on Madagascar and in the Comoro Archipelago, where these animals occur in different bioclimatic zones. First using mitochondrial cytochrome-b sequence data to define clades and then morphology to corroborate the molecular data, including comparisons to type specimens, we demonstrate that animals identified as this taxon are a minimum of three species: M. manavi sensu stricto occurs in at least the central portion of the Central Highlands; M. griveaudi has a broad distribution in lowland northern and central western Madagascar and the Comoros (Anjouan and Grande Comore), and M. aelleni sp. n. has been found in northern and western Madagascar and the Comoros (Anjouan). In each case, these three clades were genetically divergent and monophyletic and the taxa are diagnosable based on different external and craniodental characters. One aspect that helped to define the systematics of this group was isolation of DNA from one of the paratypes of M. manavi collected in 1896 and new topotypic material. Miniopterus manavi is most closely allied to a recently described species, M. petersoni. At several localities, M. griveaudi and M. aelleni have been found in strict sympatry, and together with M. manavi sensu stricto show considerable convergence in morphological characters, but are not immediate sister taxa. In defining and resolving the systematics of cryptic species, such as miniopterid bats, the process of defining clades with molecular tools, segregating the specimens accordingly, and identifying corroborative morphological characters has been notably efficient.

Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates collected from oral cavities of HIV-infected individuals

At present, few data are available on the prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates from HIV-infected individuals. The C. parapsilosis complex comprises three species, C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. metapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis. Fifteen of 318 Candida isolates were identified as members of the C. parapsilosis complex by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The prevalence of C. parapsilosis complex isolates was 4.7 %, 2.2 % being identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and 2.5% as C. metapsilosis, while no C. orthopsilosis was isolated. This is believed to be the first study that has identified isolates of C. metapsilosis obtained from the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals. Antifungal susceptibility tests indicated that all the isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B (AMB), fluconazole (FLC), ketoconazole (KTC), itraconazole (ITC), voriconazole (VRC) and caspofungin (CASPO). Although isolates of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and C. metapsilosis were susceptible to FLC, isolates of C. metapsilosis showed a tendency for higher MICs (>= 1.0 mu g ml(-1)). Based upon the frequency of candidiasis and the fact that certain isolates of the C. parapsilosis complex respond differently to FLC therapy, our data may be of therapeutic relevance with respect to susceptibility and potential resistance to specific antifungal agents. Our data suggest that C. metapsilosis can be a human commensal; its importance as a pathogen has yet to be confirmed.

Uncommon mandibular osteomyelitis in a cat caused by Nocardia africana

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cryptic hammerhead shark lineage occurrence in the western South Atlantic revealed by DNA analysis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Phylogeny of leafcutter ants in the genus Atta Fabricius (Formicidae: Attini) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Seasonal and spatial species richness variation of dung beetle (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae s. str.) in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Yeast proteins originated from the production of brazilian bioethanol quantification and content

The purpose of this work was to determine the levels of protein and the amino acid distribution in the cell mass of yeast strains (Saccharomyces sensu stricto) originated from Brazilian bioethanol industries. The protein was analyzed with the Kjeldahl method and the amino acids, by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The percentages of the protein found ranged from 39 to 49%. The results show that in spite of some variation in numbers between the different yeast strains, all of them presented an amino acid profile similar to the one in the literature for S. cerevisae. The amino acids that have occurred in the largest amounts were: aspartic, glutamic acids and lysine, and those in the lowest amounts were: cysteine and methionine. Although the characteristics of the feedstock used and the process conditions are determinant of the protein values obtained in dry mass, this work elucidates that the intrinsic properties of the yeast strain influence these values.

Florística vascular da Mata da Pavuna, Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Respostas de trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila A em folhas verticais de Styrax camporum Pohl. (Styracaceae) submetida à deficiência hídrica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Morfologia, anatomia e desenvolvimento do fruto e semente de Manihot caerulescens Pohl. e M. tripartita Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)