Activité des cellules souches : identification de nouveaux effecteurs dans le système hématopoïétique

Les cellules souches somatiques présentent habituellement un comportement très différent des cellules souches pluripotentes. Les bases moléculaires de l’auto-renouvellement des cellules souches embryonnaires ont été récemment déchiffrées grâce à la facilité avec laquelle nous pouvons maintenant les purifier et les maintenir en culture durant de longues périodes de temps. Par contre, il en va tout autrement pour les cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Dans le but d’en apprendre davantage sur le fonctionnement moléculaire de l’auto-renouvellement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques, j’ai d’abord conçu une nouvelle méthode de criblage gain-de-fonction qui répond aux caprices particuliers de ces cellules. Partant d’une liste de plus de 700 facteurs nucléaires et facteurs de division asymétrique candidats, j’ai identifié 24 nouveaux facteurs qui augmentent l’activité des cellules souches hématopoïétiques lorsqu’ils sont surexprimés. J’ai par la suite démontré que neuf de ces facteurs agissent de manière extrinsèque aux cellules souches hématopoïétiques, c’est-à-dire que l’effet provient des cellules nourricières modifiées en co-culture. J’ai également mis à jour un nouveau réseau de régulation de transcription qui implique cinq des facteurs identifiés, c’est-à-dire PRDM16, SPI1, KLF10, FOS et TFEC. Ce réseau ressemble étrangement à celui soutenant l’ostéoclastogénèse. Ces résultats soulèvent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les ostéoclastes pourraient aussi faire partie de la niche fonctionnelle des cellules souches hématopoïétiques dans la moelle osseuse. De plus, j’ai identifié un second réseau de régulation impliquant SOX4, SMARCC1 et plusieurs facteurs identifiés précédemment dans le laboratoire, c’est-à-dire BMI1, MSI2 et KDM5B. D’autre part, plusieurs indices accumulés tendent à démontrer qu’il existe des différences fondamentales entre le fonctionnement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques murines et humaines.

Définition des interactions entre l’immunité innée et adaptative pendant l’infection aiguë par le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC)

La majorité des individus exposés au virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) développent une infection chronique. Une réponse immunitaire adaptative forte et soutenue est associée avec la guérison spontanée du VHC, mais les mécanismes sous-jacents demeurent mal définis. Le rôle des cellules NK et des cellules dendritiques (DC) dans la guérison spontanée du VHC est encore méconnu. Les cellules NK sont la population effectrice la plus importante de l’immunité innée car elles tuent les cellules infectées et sécrètent diverses cytokines. Les DC reconnaissent des agents infectieux et elles sont les premières à initier et réguler l’immunité adaptative. Les cellules NK et les DC interagissent également entre elles afin de réguler l’immunité innée et adaptative. L’hypothèse du projet de doctorat est que l'activité des cellules NK pendant la phase aiguë de l'infection par le VHC module la fonction des DC afin que ces dernières puissent générer une réponse immunitaire adaptative capable d'éliminer le VHC. Le premier objectif était d’établir une corrélation entre l'activité des cellules NK et l'évolution de l'infection au VHC. Nous avons observé une augmentation de la cytotoxicité, mais une diminution de la sécrétion de cytokines par les cellules NK chez les patients chroniques et qui ont résolu spontanément pendant la phase aiguë en comparaison aux contrôles non infectés, démontrant alors une dissociation entre ces deux fonctions. Nos résultats suggèrent que les cellules NK sont activées pendant la phase aiguë indépendamment de l’évolution de l’infection. Le deuxième objectif était d’établir une corrélation entre le phénotype et la fonction des DC, et l'évolution de l'infection. Nous avons d’abord observé que les DC plasmacytoïdes de tous les patients infectés ont un phénotype plus immature que les contrôles, et que ce phénotype est plus prononcé chez les patients ayant résolu spontanément. De plus, en réponse à des stimulations, nous avons observé que pendant la phase aiguë précoce, les DC myéloïdes (mDC) de tous les patients infectés indépendamment de l’évolution de l’infection produisent davantage de cytokines en comparaison aux contrôles. Cependant, cette hyperréactivité n’est pas soutenue au cours de l’évolution chronique. Le troisième objectif était d’établir une corrélation entre les interactions NK/DC et l’évolution de l’infection. Nous avons étudié la capacité des cellules NK à lyser les DC potentiellement tolérogéniques, ainsi que la capacité des DC matures à activer les cellules NK, et nous avons observé aucune différence entre les patients infectés et les contrôles. Finalement, nous avons démontré pour la première fois la capacité des DC immatures à inhiber la fonction des cellules NK. En conclusion, nous avons démontré que les cellules NK sont activées pendant la phase aiguë de l’infection par le VHC indépendamment de l’évolution de l’infection. De plus, la capacité des cellules NK à éliminer les DC potentiellement tolérogéniques est intacte. Finalement, les mDC sont hyperréactives pendant la phase aiguë de l’infection, mais cette hyperréactivité n’est pas soutenue avec la persistance de l’infection. Cette perte d’hyperréactivité des mDC ne semble pas affecter la capacité des DC à activer les cellules NK, mais elle pourrait jouer un rôle dans l’inefficacité de l’immunité adaptative à éliminer le VHC.

Efecto del estrés ocasionado por las pruebas académicas sobre los niveles de cortisol y prolactina en un grupo de estudiantes de Medicina

Introducción: La relación entre el sistema inmune y el estrés ha sido motivo de debate en los últimos años. Los cambios neurohormonales generan variaciones en la respuesta inmunológica, con cambios importantes en los niveles de citoquinas lo que causa a su vez, en algunos casos, depresión de la respuesta citotóxica debida a la disminución de la población de células asesinas naturales (NK) (1). El estrés académico constituye un buen modelo para estudiar los cambios asociados en la secreción de algunas hormonas del eje Hipotalámico- Pituitario-Adrenocortical -HPA- (2, 3). Materiales y métodos: En el presente estudio se evaluó el comportamiento de las hormonascortisol y prolactina, así como su incidencia en la respuesta adaptativa a Herpes Simple tipo I, en una población de estudio constituída por 26 estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina, con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 27 años, con mayor frecuencia de género masculino (80.8%). Se realizó un estudio de intervención longitudinal en tres momentos, donde se midieron los niveles de cortisol, prolactina y anticuerpos contra Herpes Simple tipo I. Así mismo, se realizó una medición 15 días antes de la exposición al estresor, durante la aplicación del estresor (semana de exámenes trimestrales), y quince días después de la exposición al estresor Todas las muestras fueron tomadas entre las 8:00 a.m. y las 10:00 a.m. Resultados y discusión: Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0.001) en los valores promedio de prolactina, pues hubo una tendencia secular al aumento en los tres momentos evaluados. Para el cortisol, los cambios estuvieron cerca de mostrar diferencias significativas (p = 0.098), con un aumento en el momento del estresor y una disminución después del estresor. También hubo diferencias significativas (p = 0.043) en los niveles de anticuerpos para Herpes Simple tipo I, con una tendencia secular al aumento en los tres momentos evaluados. La respuesta adaptativa a Herpes Simple tipo I aumentó notoriamente como resultado de los cambios en la concentración de prolactina, la que, a su vez, aumentó de manera significativa después de la exposición al estresor. Aunque los niveles de cortisol no aumentan significativamente durante la semana del estresor, podrían ser suficientes para mantener niveles basales de prolactina, sin que haya un aumento de la respuesta adaptativa. Se podría inferir que el cortisol regula la síntesis de prolactina, pues en los resultados se observa que, a medida que disminuye la concentración de cortisol, los niveles de prolactina aumentan significativamente.

Regulation of SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase in human platelets by serine phosphorylation at its C terminus

SHP-1 is a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase that plays an essential role in negative regulation of immune cell activity. We describe here a new model for regulation of SHP-1 involving phosphorylation of its C-terminal Ser(591) by associated protein kinase Calpha. In human platelets, SHP-1 was found to constitutively associate with its substrate Vav1 and, through its SH2 domains, with protein kinase Calpha. Upon activation of either PAR1 or PAR4 thrombin receptors, the association between the three proteins was retained, and Vav1 became phosphorylated on tyrosine and SHP-1 became phosphorylated on Ser(591). Phosphorylation of SHP-1 was mediated by protein kinase C and negatively regulated the activity of SHP-1 as demonstrated by a decrease in the in vitro ability of SHP-1 to dephosphorylate Vav1 on tyrosine. Protein kinase Calpha therefore critically and negatively regulates SHP-1 function, forming part of a mechanism to retain SHP-1 in a basal active state through interaction with its SH2 domains, and phosphorylating its C-terminal Ser(591) upon cellular activation leading to inhibition of SHP-1 activity and an increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation status of its substrates.

Modulation of the fecal microflora profile and immune function by a novel trans-galactooligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) in healthy elderly volunteers

Background: Aging is associated with reduced numbers of beneficial colonic bifidobacteria and impaired immunity. Galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria in younger adults, but little is known about their effects in the elderly and their immunomodulatory capacity. Objective: We assessed the effect of a prebiotic GOS mixture (B-GOS) on immune function and fecal microflora composition in healthy elderly subjects. Design: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 44 elderly subjects were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo or the B-GOS treatment (5.5 g/d). Subjects consumed the treatments for 10 wk, and then went through a 4-wk washout period, before switching to the other treatment for the final 10 wk. Blood and fecal samples were collected at the beginning, middle (5 wk), and end of the test period. Predominant bacterial groups were quantified, and phagocytosis, natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytokine production, plasma cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol were measured. Results: B-GOS significantly increased the numbers of beneficial bacteria, especially bifidobacteria, at the expense of less beneficial groups compared with the baseline and placebo. Significant increases in phagocytosis, NK cell activity, and the production of antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and significant reduction in the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1 beta , and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) were also observed. B-GOS exerted no effects on total cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol production, however. Conclusions: B-GOS administration to healthy elderly persons resulted in positive effects on both the microflora composition and the immune response. Therefore, B-GOS may be a useful dietary candidate for the enhancement of gastrointestinal health and immune function in elderly persons. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 1438-46.

Effect of olive oil on immune function in middle-aged men

Consumption of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) has been linked with a low prevalence of atherosclerosis and there has been great interest in the effects of MUFAs on lipoprotein metabolism. Less attention has been paid to the effects of MUFAs on the immune system, yet cells of the immune system are an inherent part of the inflammatory events involved in atherosclerosis and several animal studies showed that olive oil has some potent immunomodulatory actions. We therefore considered it important to investigate the effects of chronic consumption of MUFAs on several immune cell functions in healthy humans. Healthy middle-aged males entered a doubleblind, randomized, controlled trial in which they consumed either a MUFA diet or a control diet for 2 mo. There was a significant decrease in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects consuming the MUFA diet. Consumption of the MUFA diet did not affect natural killer cell activity or proliferation of mitogen-stimulated leukocytes. The effects of a MUFA-rich diet on adhesion molecule expression may have implications for the influence of dietary fat on inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis.

Comparative effects of six probiotic strains on immune function in vitro

There is considerable interest in the strain specificity of immune modulation by probiotics. The present study compared the immunomodulatory properties of six probiotic strains of different species and two genera in a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) model in vitro. Live cells of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus casei Shirota, L. rhamnosus GG, L. plantarum NCIMB 8826 and L. reuteri NCIMB 11951) and bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3 and B. bifidum MF 20/5) were individually incubated with PBMC from seven healthy subjects for 24 h. Probiotic strains increased the proportion of CD69+ on lymphocytes, T cells, T cell subsets and natural killer (NK) cells, and increased the proportion of CD25+, mainly on lymphocytes and NK cells. The effects on activation marker expression did not appear to be strain specific. NK cell activity was significantly increased by all six strains, without any significant difference between strains. Probiotic strains increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α to different extents, but had no effect on the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 or TNF-β. The cytokines that showed strain-specific modulation included IL-10, interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-12p70, IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. The Lactobacillus strains tended to promote T helper 1 cytokines, whereas bifidobacterial strains tended to produce a more anti-inflammatory profile. The results suggest that there was limited evidence of strain-specific effects of probiotics with respect to T cell and NK cell activation or NK cell activity, whereas production of some cytokines was differentially influenced by probiotic strains.

Immunomodulatory effects of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota in healthy older volunteers

PURPOSE: There is growing evidence that probiotics confer health benefits to the host by modulating immune function, especially in older people, where immunosenescence is a feature even of healthy ageing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) on immune function in a healthy non-immunocompromised older population. METHODS: Thirty healthy old volunteers were recruited into a randomized placebo-controlled, single-blind crossover study. The volunteers were supplemented with the probiotic drink containing 1.3 × 10(10) CFU LcS or skimmed milk per day for 4 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of washout and were crossed over to the other treatment. Peripheral blood and saliva samples were collected at baseline and end of each treatment. RESULTS: Probiotic consumption was associated with a significant increase in natural killer (NK) cell activity relative to baseline and a significant decrease in the mean fluorescence intensity of CD25 expression in the resting T cells compared with placebo. Additionally, there was a trend towards an increased ratio of IL-10 to IL-12 relative to baseline after LcS intake. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of a probiotic drink containing LcS improved NK cell activity and tended to produce a more anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in an older population.

Classification of cortical microcircuits based on micro-electrode-array data from slices of rat barrel cortex

The bewildering complexity of cortical microcircuits at the single cell level gives rise to surprisingly robust emergent activity patterns at the level of laminar and columnar local field potentials (LFPs) in response to targeted local stimuli. Here we report the results of our multivariate data-analytic approach based on simultaneous multi-site recordings using micro-electrode-array chips for investigation of the microcircuitary of rat somatosensory (barrel) cortex. We find high repeatability of stimulus-induced responses, and typical spatial distributions of LFP responses to stimuli in supragranular, granular, and infragranular layers, where the last form a particularly distinct class. Population spikes appear to travel with about 33 cm/s from granular to infragranular layers. Responses within barrel related columns have different profiles than those in neighbouring columns to the left or interchangeably to the right. Variations between slices occur, but can be minimized by strictly obeying controlled experimental protocols. Cluster analysis on normalized recordings indicates specific spatial distributions of time series reflecting the location of sources and sinks independent of the stimulus layer. Although the precise correspondences between single cell activity and LFPs are still far from clear, a sophisticated neuroinformatics approach in combination with multi-site LFP recordings in the standardized slice preparation is suitable for comparing normal conditions to genetically or pharmacologically altered situations based on real cortical microcircuitry.

Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 modulates Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in older men and women

Abstract Background: Advancing age is linked to a decrease in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium spp. and reduced aspects of innate immune function. Objectives: We investigated whether daily consumption of a probiotic [Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC30); GanedenBC30] could improve immune function and gut function in men and women aged 65–80 y, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Method: Thirty-six volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either a placebo (microcrystalline cellulose) or the probiotic BC30 (1 3 109 colony-forming units/capsule). Volunteers consumed 1 treatment capsule per day for 28 d, followed by a 21-d washout period before switching to the other treatment. Blood and fecal samples were collected at the beginning and end of each treatment period. Fecal samples were used to enumerate bacterial groups and concentrations of calprotectin. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were extracted from whole blood to assess natural killer cell activity and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine production. C-reactive protein concentrations were measured in plasma. Results: Consumption of BC30 significantly increased populations of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii by 0.1 log10 cells/mL more than during consumption of the placebo (P = 0.03), whereas populations of Bacillus spp. increased significantly by 0.5 log10 cells/mL from baseline in volunteers who consumed BC30 (P = 0.007). LPS-stimulated PBMCs showed a 0.2 ng/mL increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 28 d after consumption of BC30 (P < 0.05), whereas the placebo did not affect IL-10, and no overall difference was found in the effect of the treatments. Conclusions: Daily consumption of BC30 by adults aged 65–80 y can increase beneficial groups of bacteria in the human gut and potentially increase production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study shows the potential benefits of a probiotic to improve dysbiosis via modulation of the microbiota in older persons. J Nutr doi: 10.3945/jn.114.199802.

Influence of galacto-oligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) on gut microbiota, immune parameters and metabonomics in elderly persons

It is recognised that ageing induces various changes to the human colonic microbiota. Most relevant is a reduction in bifidobacteria, which is a health-positive genus. Prebiotics, such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), are dietary ingredients that selectively fortify beneficial gut microbial groups. Therefore, they have the potential to reverse the age-related decline in bifidobacteria and modulate associated health parameters. We assessed the effect of GOS mixture (Bimuno (B-GOS)) on gut microbiota, markers of immune function and metabolites in forty elderly (age 65-80 years) volunteers in a randomised, double-blind, placebo (maltodextrin)-controlled, cross-over study. The intervention periods consisted of 10 weeks with daily doses of 5·5 g/d with a 4-week washout period in between. Blood and faecal samples were collected for the analyses of faecal bacterial populations and immune and metabolic biomarkers. B-GOS consumption led to significant increases in bacteroides and bifidobacteria, the latter correlating with increased lactic acid in faecal waters. Higher IL-10, IL-8, natural killer cell activity and C-reactive protein and lower IL-1β were also observed. Administration of B-GOS to elderly volunteers may be useful in positively affecting the microbiota and some markers of immune function associated with ageing.

APM/CD13 and FOS in the hypothalamus of monosodium glutamate obese and food deprived rats

Protein (western blotting) and gene (PCR) expressions, catalytic activity of puromycin-insensitive membrane-bound neutral aminopeptidase (APM/CD13) and in situ regional distribution of CD13 and FOS immunoreactivity (it) were evaluated in the hypothalamus of monosodium glutamate obese (MSG) and/or food deprived (FD) rats in order to investigate their possible interplay with metabolic functions. Variations in protein and gene expressions of CD13 relative to controls coincided in the hypothalamus of MSG and MSG-FD (decreased 2- to 17-fold). Compared with controls, the reduction of hypothalamic CD13 content reflected a negative balance in its regional distribution in the supraoptic, paraventricular, periventricular and arcuate nuclei. CD13-ir increased in the supraoptic nucleus in MSG (2.5-fold) and decreased in the paraventricular nucleus (2-fold) together with FOS-ir (1.5-fold) in FD. In MSG-FD. FOS-ir decreased (7-fold) in the paraventricular nucleus, while CD13-ir decreased in the periventricular (5.6-fold) and the arcuate (3.7-fold) nuclei. It was noteworthy that all these changes of CD13 were not related to catalytic activity of APM. Data suggested that hypothalamic CD13 plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism not by means of APM enzyme activity. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Increased Viability of Odontoblast-Like Cells Subjected to Low-Level Laser Irradiation

Studies have shown that the increase of cell metabolism depends on the low level laser therapy (LLLT) parameters used to irradiate the cells. However, the optimal laser dose to up-regulate pulp cell activity remains unknown. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic response of odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23) exposed to different LLLT doses. Cells at 20000 cells/cm(2) were seeded in 24-well plates using plain culture medium (DMEM) and were incubated in a humidified incubator with 5% CO(2) at 37 degrees C. After 24 h, the culture medium was replaced by fresh DMEM supplemented with 5% (stress by nutritional deficit) or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were exposed to different laser doses from a near infrared diode laser prototype designed to provide a uniform irradiation of the wells. The experimental groups were: G1: 1.5 J/cm(2) + 5% FBS; G2: 1.5 J/cm(2) + 10% FBS; G3: 5 J/cm(2) + 5% FBS; G4: 5 J/cm(2) + 10% FBS; G5: 19 J/cm(2) + 5% FBS; G6: 19 J/cm(2) + 10% FBS. LLLT was performed in 3 consecutive irradiation cycles with a 24-hour interval. Non-irradiated cells cultured in DMEM supplemented with either 5 or 10% FBS served as control groups. The analysis of the metabolic response was performed by the MTT assay 3 h after the last irradiation. G1 presented an increase in SDH enzyme activity and differed significantly (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05) from the other groups. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed normal cell morphology in all groups. Under the tested conditions, LLLT stimulated the metabolic activity of MDPC-23 cultured in DMEM supplemented with 5% FBS and exposed to a laser dose of 1.5 J/cm(2). These findings are relevant for further studies on the action of near infrared lasers on cells with odontoblast phenotype.

Comportamento de células pulpares humanas expostas ao TGFβ1 a ao aFGF em cultura

O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de células pulpares humanas expostas ao TGFβ1 e ao aFGF, em cultura, nas seguintes concentrações: TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL e aFGF a 5ng/mL. Foi avaliada a morfologia celular, a atividade da fosfatase alcalina, através de ensaio com pNPP como substrato e a expressão das proteínas osteocalcina, sialoproteína óssea e sialofosfoproteína de dentina, através de RT-PCR. Após quatro dias, verificou-se que a média do número de nucléolos no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL foi significativamente maior que no grupo tratado com aFGF a 5ng/mL. A média da atividade da fosfatase alcalina no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL foi significativamente maior que no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL. Foi observada a expressão de osteocalcina em todas as células pulpares humanas que proliferaram em cultura. Entretanto, no grupo em que foi utilizado o aFGF a 5ng/mL houve diminuição da expressão da osteocalcina. A exposição dos fatores não induziu a expressão de componentes da matriz de dentina tais como BSP e DSPP. Sugere-se que as células expostas ao TGFβ1 1ng/mL foram estimuladas, apresentando uma maior atividade celular e as células expostas ao aFGF 5ng/mL foram inibidas, apresentando uma menor atividade celular.

Increased Viability of Odontoblast-Like Cells Subjected to Low-Level Laser Irradiation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)