Western Containment Policies in the Cold War; The Yugoslav Case, 1948-1953

Containment, as conceived by the US government official George Kennan, was an aggressive attempt to cause the Soviet Cold War empire to disintegrate. This can is demonstrated by the case study of how the USA, Britain, and France tried to instrumentalise renegade Tito's Yugoslavia as a wedge to break up the cohesion of the Communist regimes within the Soviet sphere. They supported Tito against subversion and planned Soviet-orchestrated military attack from its neighbouring states; Western plans for the support of Yugoslavia included plans for a selective use of nuclear weapons.

Fostransanspråk : En studie om Tunabygdens lärarklubbs fostransanspråk i samhälleliga fält mellan åren 1930-1953

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka lärares yrkesidentitet i Tunabygdens lärarklubb mellan åren 1930-1953, och se om deras självuppfattningar och föreställningar om sin yrkesroll som fostrare inom olika samhälleliga fält har förändrats under klubbens verksamhetshistoria. Frågeställningarna arbetet har utgått ifrån har varit: Vad anses i Tunabygdens lärarklubb vara lärarens angelägenheter i sin roll som fostrare, vad ingår i lärarens fält? Hur reflekterar lärarna i Tunabygdens lärarklubb över sin roll som fostrare inom de olika samhälleliga fälten? Samt, sker det någon förändring under klubbens verksamhetshistoria gällande vad som uppfattas vara lärares angelägenheter i sin roll som fostrare, samt hur lärarna reflekterar över sin egen roll som fostrare? Om så är fallet, vad kan detta bero på? Ett flertal slutsatser kan dras utifrån det berörda källmaterialet. En slutsats är att lärarnas fostransanspråk på samhälleliga fält grundar sig bland annat på en funktionell syn på läraryrket och skolan, där skolan och lärarna förväntas tillgodose vissa samhällsbehov. Ytterliga slutsatser är att lärarnas självreflektion kring den egna fostrande rollen påverkas i hög grad av samhällets utveckling.

Importance of the contribution of Australians to the penetration of China by the China Inland Mission in the period 1888-1953, with particular reference to the work of Australian women missionaries

Australians, in the main, are unaware of the role which Australia played in the evangelization of China in the late nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. Most would never have heard of the China Inland Mission (CIM), the largest of the Protestant bodies which penetrated the Middle Kingdom, and few would know of the contribution that its Australian contingent, which consistently comprised about a tenth of the CIM's numbers, made towards the Christianization of that vast country. This thesis aims to raise the level of awareness in this area. Academic researchers have not totally neglected to examine the proselytization of China, and historians of the stature of Latourette have not let it escape their attention. However, most of the studies which have not merely fleetingly focused on the subject while viewing a larger canvas, have been North American, singling out the efforts of United States and Canadian bodies in introducing Christianity to the Chinese. Here, authors like Amerding, Bacon, Creighton, Gates, Hawkes, Ho, Ko, Mensendiek, Michell and Quale have left their mark. In the case of the present thesis, the outlook from which events played out in China are viewed is firmly based in Australia rather than North America. Earlier Australian research has been scarce, and is dominated by Loane and Dixon. Loane, evidently primarily working from Australasian Council minutes, mainly concentrates on the efforts of the CIM's Home Council, examining its endeavours decade by decade against a backdrop of contemporaneous events in China, and briefly referring to aspects of the lives of a cross-section of Australasian missionaries, without providing much idea about what they actually did in the field or what they achieved there. Because of its preoccupation with the Home Council, which never admitted women into its ranks, Loane's treatise is systemically biased towards men, though the more prominent of the women, like Mary Reed and Susie Garland, are given due recognition. The current thesis looks in detail at what Australians did in the field, the level of success they achieved, and at the particular contribution of Australian women towards the evangelization of China. Dixon took upon herself the formidable task of examining the endeavours of all missions in China which contained Australian missionaries. Because of the magnitude of her task, she could not focus to any great extent on particular missions, nor pursue in any detail the work of individual Australian missionaries. Like Loane, she was unable to explore what they actually did in the field or what they achieved there. Neither could she delve to any depth into the work of Australian women missionaries, though on the basis of the information she had accumulated, she drew the conclusion that Australian women had largely only brought about some unintended feminist consequences amongst Chinese women. This sweeping generalization failed to take into account the other very real social changes for Chinese women the Australian female missionaries quite purposely helped to bring about, and this thesis makes good that omission. This thesis studies aspects of the Australian missionary endeavour which both Loane and Dixon have neglected, thereby breaking new ground, and sets out to correct erroneous impressions which Dixon's dissertation has left on the historical record. One of these impressions concerned the longevity of the effect of the Australian effort in China. She had the View, writing in 1978, that the Chinese Church was moribund (a view shared by Varg and Lacy) , and that therefore the effects attributable to the endeavours of any nationality had proved fruitless, whereas the author is able to show, using modern-day sources, that the church has burgeoned in recent years thanks to earlier missionary endeavours and later neo-evangelistic efforts like Gospel radio, and now has a complement of perhaps 50 million adherents, making it second only to the United States in the size of its Protestant evangelical population. Another impression she left was that the Australian input into the evangelization of China can be largely dismissed because no totally Australian organization emerged, leaving the direction of Australia's effort in other hands. Contrary to that impression, the author shows that the Australian impact in China was significant and that Australians enjoyed more power than Dixon ever imagined. The author also shows that Australians were accepted as the equal of other nationalities in the CIM once they had acquired the necessary field expertise, a factor which doubtless also applied in respect of other missions with Australian components in China. Marchant has suggested that it is a fiction perpetuated by mission periodicals that Christianity spread and progressed in a determined manner in China. This thesis establishes that within the CIM's bailiwick, though there was some patchiness, Christianity progressed steadily and inexorably. One mission alone, the CIM, is concentrated upon, firstly in order to render the data manageable, secondly because it was the largest mission in China and had a sizeable Australian (including female) contingent, and thirdly because it exemplified many of the problems which would have been faced by missions in that country and their Australian components. The methodology employed is multifaceted. The written testimony of the missionaries themselves, contained in CIM periodicals, Field Bulletins, Monthly Notes, Annual Reports, autobiographies, personal files, diaries and letters is used to illustrate various aspects of the CIM's work in which Australians were engaged. This approach is augmented by other sources such as China and Australasian Home Council Minutes, missionary conference reports, Candidates' Books, biographies, and other selected material from archival holdings in Australia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, America and Canada. Statistics, especially ratio analyses and growth rate comparisons are used to demonstrate the relative success of different missions, missionaries and genders. Also employed are reminiscences of missionaries and descendants obtained by personal interview, and these are aggregated to provide some general conclusions. Data from these various sources have been synthesized to serve the central objective of demonstrating the importance of the contribution of Australians to the penetration of China by the CIM in the period 1888-1953 with particular reference to the work of Australian women missionaries.

A arquitetura da escola paulista brutalista 1953-1973

Esta tese parte de uma visão pluralista que organiza um panorama amplo e acurado das principais características arquitetônicas e consolidação, requerendo seu status de relativa autonomia, tanto no seio da arquitetura brasileira, como em face de sua relativa não superposição congruente com a Escola Paulista Brutalista; buscando compreender suas relações com outras tendências da arquitetura brasileira, anteriores e contemporâneas a esse período, bem como as relações ativas e passivas que estabelece com o panorama arquitetônico internacional daquela época. Parte não das generalizações historiográficas disponíveis, freqüentemente antipáticas ao tema, mas do reexame das obras, por meio de um amplo reconhecimento sistemático da arquitetura brasileira paulista das décadas de 1950 até meados dos anos 1970, verificando quais e quantas obras poderiam ser corretamente englobadas no marco da Arquitetura Paulista Brutalista. Esta é aqui entendida como tendência arquitetônica e estética, de peculiar organização formal, espacial, construtiva e plástica, eventualmente um esforço potencial para a formação de um estilo. A grande quantidade de obras encontrada pelo levantamento valida a existência da Arquitetura Paulista Brutalista, exigindo a proposição de uma classificação instrumental criteriosa de maneira a selecionar cerca de uma centena de obras, cuja análise arquitetônica mais acurada foi realizada. Admitiu-se nessa amostragem uma ampla variedade de aproximações que constata e reafirma um certo grau de pluralidade interna à tendência. O objetivo da tese é ajudar a compor, com a adição de um importante fragmento, pouco estudado e reconhecido de maneira ampla na historiografia arquitetônica brasileira, um panorama mais rico, múltiplo e complexo da arquitetura brasileira.

Espanholismo e indigenismo nas Cuecas e Kaluyos do compositor boliviano Simeón Roncal (1870-1953)

O compositor boliviano Simeón Roncal (1870-1953) é considerado um dos formadores da linguagem musical nacional na Bolívia. Para desvendar este processo de formação e reconhecer aqueles elementos que, no momento histórico em estudo, propiciam a identificação desta música com o projeto nacionalista boliviano, analisamos os elementos técnico-estilísticos que representam as culturas formadoras da nação boliviana, indígena e hispano-americana, no conjunto de obras 20 Cuecas e dois Kcaluyos Indios. Tais elementos foram interpretados à luz de estudos musicológicos e etnomusicológicos sobre a música da Bolívia.

Efeitos de Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. e S. nigrum L. sobre o nemátode - das - lesões - radiculares (Pratylenchus goodeyi (Cobb) Sher & Allen, 1953) parasita da bananeira (Musa acuminata Colla)

A cultura da bananeira é de grande importância económica para a Ilha da Madeira. A procura de formas de agricultura mais sustentáveis, como é o caso da agricultura biológica, tem levado ao desenvolvimento de estratégias alternativas aos produtos fitofarmacêuticos que possam ser utilizadas pelos agricultores. O objectivo geral deste trabalho foi o contribuir para a agricultura da Madeira desenvolvendo uma estratégia de luta contra o nemátode-das-lesões-radiculares, Pratylenchus goodeyi, utilizando Solanum sisymbriifolium e S. nigrum como cultura armadilha ou como biofumigante. Os isolados de P. goodeyi foram obtidos a partir da cultura in vitro em discos de cenoura e de raízes de bananeira infectadas pelo nemátode. Apesar de P. goodeyi se ter reproduzido nas plantas de S. sisymbriifolium e de S. nigrum, os factores de reprodução foram muito baixos (0,001), podendo estas plantas serem consideradas como resistentes ou, pelo menos, hospedeiros fracos. Os efeitos da incorporação, de diferentes partes de S. sisymbriifolium e S. nigrum (raízes, raízes+parte aérea e parte aérea), no solo com plantas de bananeira, infectadas com P. goodeyi, foram avaliados em relação ao crescimento das plantas de bananeira e à reprodução do nemátode. Verificou-se que qualquer uma das espécies de Solanum influenciou o crescimento das plantas de bananeira, principalmente daquelas em que as raízes foram incorporadas no solo. A reprodução de P. goodeyi nas plantas de bananeira, apenas infectadas com o nemátode, foi superior à sua reprodução nas plantas em que ocorreu incorporação no solo. Relativamente aos efeitos dos extractos aquosos das plantas de Solanum na mortalidade de P. goodeyi concluiu-se que os extractos de S. sisymbriifolium foram os mais eficazes, principalmente na concentração de 250 mg/ml. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que as plantas S. sisymbriifolium e S. nigrum poderão ser utilizadas como biofumigante e como adubo verde, contribuindo para melhorar a qualidade e a quantidade das produções, eliminando os efeitos negativos, de produtos de origem química, sobre a saúde e o ambiente.

Um olhar sobre a obra de Acácio Gil Borsoi obras e projetos residenciais 1953-1970

This essay studies the contribution of architect Acácio Gil Borsoi (1924-), who played an important role in the consolidation of Modern Architecture in the Northeast of Brazil. The universe analyzed is constituted of 48 residential projects, houses and apartment buildings, both built and unbuilt, dating from 1953 to 1970. Considering an analogy between architecture and language, the selected projects were analyzed focusing in the process of creation

Contribuições da CADES para a Educação (Matemática) Secundária no Brasil: uma Descrição da Produção Bibliográfica (1953-1971)

The so called Campaign for the Improvement and Diffusion of High School (in Portuguese, CADES) took place between 1953 and 1971, in Brazil. During this period, the Campaign published or helped publish dozens of books, in different teaching areas, and several of them were located by the authors of this article. These books guided high school teachers with respect to curriculum planning, legal aspects and methods of teaching. In this article, we contextualize historically this Campaign and also mention its objectives. We briefly describe some of the books found - especially those related to the teaching of mathematics - in order to open perspectives for future approaches and research that can be done based on this written material. Our main aim is to discuss its orientations and to provide ingredients that enable the construction of considerations related to this perspective of training mathematics teachers during a period when there were few colleges and universities to prepare teachers in Brazil.