Democracy promotion and Turkey

The dissertation documented the degree of Turkey's involvement in the promotion of democracy in the Arab Middle East (ME). Initially, I investigated why and under what conditions Turkey promotes democracy in the ME, and then I explained strategies through which Turkey promotes democracy in the region. I applied the neo-classical realist theoretical framework and a mixed methodology in the research, and I provided evidence from two sources: face-to-face interviews with the Turkish and foreign officials and common citizens, and the statistical data from institutions, such as the OECD, Turkish Statistical Institute, and World Bank.^ My research indicates that Turkey promotes democracy through seven channels. These channels are official development assistance (ODA), mentoring, demonstrative effect, normative pressure, conditionality, military power, enlargement, and civil society organizations. Turkey promotes democracy in the ME for three substantial reasons: first, to advance its security and economic interests; second, to improve the political, social, and economic conditions of people living in the region; and third, to create long-term regional stability, crucial for cooperation in economic and security realms.^ I attempted to engage in debates with two distinct, but interrelated fields of comparative politics and international relations. My most important contribution to the field is that I documented Turkey's case of democracy promotion regarding the degree of Turkey's involvement in this endeavor, its strategies, specificities, and effectiveness in the region. I also contribute to the field as I explained the difference between democracy promotion policies of a regional power, such as Turkey, and global powers, such as the US. I further engaged in discussions that illuminate some aspects of the interplay between the identity and strategic interests in states' foreign policy decisions.^

El entorno empresarial y las condicionantes tributarias y fiscales en Am��rica Latina

La primera parte de este estudio versa sobre los temas del crecimiento y el desarrollo y sobre la caracterizaci��n de las pol��ticas econ��micas. La segunda secci��n se dedica a una caracterizaci��n de las condicionantes fiscales con base en las cuales desempe��an sus funciones los Gobiernos de Am��rica Latina y el Caribe. En la primera secci��n se discuten las principales caracter��sticas de las pol��ticas fiscales, monetarias y cambiarias, y con fundamento en ellas se exponen los conceptos centrales relacionados con el desarrollo humano. El principal argumento a sostener aqu�� es que, en general, los pa��ses de menor desarrollo relativo, los que tienen que enfrentar los desaf��os sociales m��s significativos, son tambi��n los que poseen condiciones fiscales m��s d��biles o vulnerables. Los intentos de alcanzar mayores niveles de desarrollo implican la necesidad de realizar cambios efectivos en las condiciones fiscales de varios pa��ses latinoamericanos.

Diagn��stico del plan fronteras para la prosperidad en el archipi��lago de San Andr��s, Providencia y Santa Catalina

El presente estudio de caso tiene por objetivo presentar un diagn��stico del Plan Fronteras para la Prosperidad -PFP- en el archipi��lago de San Andr��s, Providencia y Santa Catalina -SAPSC-, liderado por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores -MRE- en el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Con este texto, se busc�� describir la situaci��n pol��tica, social, econ��mica y cultural del Archipi��lago de SAPSC; explicar las principales herramientas de pol��tica p��blica utilizadas por los gobiernos para mejorar las condiciones pol��ticas, sociales y econ��micas en el Archipi��lago; y por ��ltimo, evaluar el PFP a la luz del enfoque de pol��tica p��blica de implementaci��n ���botton-up��� para identificar las debilidades, fortalezas, oportunidades y amenazas de la misma, con el prop��sito de aportar recomendaciones para desarrollo de pol��ticas p��blicas virtuosas.

As estruturas sociais e econ��micas do Imp��rio Romano do Ocidente e o estabelecimento do reino dos visigodos nas Galliae Aquitania e Narbonensis

In the year 376 of the Common Era, a tribe of Germanic warriors known as Tervingi , of Gothic extraction, crossed the Hister (Danube) river due south, entering the Roman Empire. They fled the Huns, a nomadic group that came plundering their way from the East. It did not take long for a conflict between the Roman imperial authorities and the refugees to begin. Peace was reached in 382 and, henceforth, the Tervingi would be officially foederati (allies) of the Romans, gaining the right to remain an autonomous tribe inside the borders of the Empire. For the next thirteen years the Tervingi warriors fought beside the Roman imperial armies in every major conflict. Nevertheless, after the death of the emperor Theodosius I in 395, their relations deteriorated severely. In theory, the Tervingi remained Roman allies; in practice, they begun to extort monies and other assets from the emperors Honorius and Arcadius. The sack of Rome by the Tervingi king Alaric in 410 was both the culmination and the point of inflection of this state of affairs. During the 410s the Tervingi warriors would fought again beside the Roman Imperial armies and be rewarded with a piece of land in the southwestern portion of the Gallic diocese. Dubbed Visigoths , they would remain trusted Roman allies throughout the next decades, consolidating their own kingdom in the process. This dissertation deals not only with the institution of the Visigothic kingdom in the southwestern portion of the Galliae but also with the social and economic conditions that hindered the Roman ability to defend their territory by themselves, hence opening opportunities for foederati like the Tervingi to carve out a piece of it for themselves.

Avalia����o longitudinal do impacto da sa��de bucal na estrat��gia sa��de da fam��lia em Natal

As a result of the financial incentive provided by the GM / MS 1.444, since 2000, Brazil has experienced a substantial increase in the number of oral health services at the Family Health Strategy. There is, however, evidence that these teams have produced qualitatively different experiences which do not translate necessarily into improved quality of life and health. Thus, evaluative research of great importance. This study aims to assess the impact of the Family Health Strategy in oral health in a longitudinal perspective natalense the years 2006 and 2009. This is an intervention study whose design is a community trial in parallel, nearly randomized. The sample consisted of census tracts covered by oral health teams in the Family Health and the Traditional Model (Basic Health Units and non-FHS Program of Community Health Agents and areas not covered.) The sample was determined by drawing ten census tracts to form the experimental group and ten other sectors for the control group by pairing intentional based on socio-economic and geographic. To check the net effect of the intervention was performed multivariate analysis by Poisson regression. As a result of cross-sectional analysis of year 2009, it was found that the effects of the ESF in Natal were satisfactory only for the variables of injuries and for other purposes without and with negative impact on stock coverage reclaimers. However, the longitudinal analysis revealed that the ESB / ESF improved their performance in dealing with grievances, access and coverage of the type of actions and this fact is independent of age, sex and social and economic conditions. In other employees' words are related to the presence of the Family Health Strategy in the region. However it does not say that both models under study (the Family Health Strategy Model and Traditional) are different in terms of performance and it is pertinent to reflect on the need for further development of evaluation studies that use other approaches able to clarify the dynamics of the process whose results can come to the knowledge of the actors responsible for leading the ESF and encourage them to incorporate the assessment in their routine

Rela����o das condi����es socioecon��micas com as condi����es de sa��de bucal em capitais brasileiras

Despite the improvement of Brazilian s living conditions in recent decades, this improvement occurred in a polarized way between groups of better social position. Then, there is still a health inequity��s panorama in Brazil which encompasses the oral health state. This panorama instigated the attainment of this ecological study that aimed to evaluate the relationship of socioeconomic conditions, and public health policies with oral health status in Brazilian capitals. Thus, we performed factor analysis and linear regression using oral health indicators collected from SB Brasil 2010, of socioeconomic conditions from Brazilian Census 2010 and related to water��s supply fluoridation from SISAGUA. Factor analysis with indicators of living conditions revealed two common factors, economic deprivation and socio-sanitary condition. Economic deprivation showed statistically significant positive correlation with DMFT 12 years (p= 0,03) and mean missing teeth (p = 0,002) and negative correlation with caries-free population (p=0,012). Socio-sanitary negatively correlated with DMFT (p <0,0001) and a positive correlation with caries-free population (p = 0.002). Fluoridated water had a significant association with DMFT (p <0,0001), mean missing teeth (p <0,0001) and caries free population (p <0.0001). Multiple linear regression analysis for the DMFT of capital was estimated by socio-sanitary condition and fluoridation, adjusted by economic deprivation, whereas the model for the mean missing teeth was estimated only by fluoridation and economic deprivation, and finally the model the rate for the population free of caries in Brazilian capitals was estimated by economic and socio-sanitary status adjusted fluoridated water supply. Therefore, factors related to living conditions and public policies are intrinsically linked to tooth decay issues. Thus, actions, beyond dental care assistance, must be development to impact positively in social and economic conditions, especially, between the most vulnerable populations

Sa��de bucal: uma revis��o cr��tica sobre programa����es educativas para escolares

Em sa��de bucal, a situa����o epidemiol��gica brasileira ainda �� grave devido ��s condi����es sociais e econ��micas da popula����o, �� pequena parcela de investimentos que a ��rea recebe em rela����o ao total do SUS e �� falta de informa����o sobre os cuidados b��sicos de sa��de. Embora a odontologia se mostre muito desenvolvida em tecnologia, n��o responde em n��veis significativos ��s demandas dos problemas de sa��de bucal da popula����o. Nesse contexto, a educa����o em sa��de bucal tem sido cada vez mais requisitada, considerando o baixo custo e as possibilidades de impacto odontol��gico no ��mbito p��blico e coletivo. A import��ncia de pr��ticas preventivas e educativas em sa��de bucal nos levou a realizar este estudo, apontando diferentes programas odontol��gicos, mediante estudo de revis��o, para analis��-los em suas propostas, metodologias, possibilidades e limita����es, visando refletir sobre o tema com foco nos aspectos educativos que ainda desafiam os programas de sa��de bucal. Identificaram-se quatro tend��ncias nos programas analisados. O estudo apontou para a necessidade de se repensar as pr��ticas educativas.

Aproveitamento dos res��duos gerados pelo processamento industrial/artesanal de pedra-sab��o da regi��o de Ouro Preto

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

Aspectos cl��nicos e epidemiol��gicos da infec����o por pseudomonas aeruginosa em pacientes portadores de fibrose c��stica no Estado do Par��

Pseudomonas aeruginosa �� um bacilo gram-negativo, importante pat��geno para pacientes neutrop��nicos, queimados e em condi����es de ventila����o artificial em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo, onde causam infec����o nosocomial. Nestas condi����es, a infec����o pode ser s��ria e muitas vezes letal. Em pacientes com fibrose c��stica, o curso da patologia por P. aeruginosa evolui como uma infec����o pulmonar cr��nica severa, pois a bact��ria produz diversas toxinas e outros fatores de virul��ncia respons��veis pelo estabelecimento da coloniza����o persistente do trato respirat��rio destes pacientes. A apresenta����o caracter��stica da persistente infec����o por P. aeruginosa �� a produ����o de alginato muc��ide e a forma����o de microcol��nias, que �� considerada a estrat��gia de sobreviv��ncia da bact��ria no meio ambiente, P. aeruginosa crescendo em biofilm �� altamente resistente a antibi��ticos, estando usualmente associada com progressiva perda da fun����o pulmonar. Esta pesquisa realizou uma avalia����o epidemiol��gica e cl��nica de portadores de fibrose c��stica, colonizados por P. aeruginosa, atendidos no Hospital Universit��rio Jo��o de Barros Barreto, na cidade de Bel��m, Par�� no ano de 2003. Foi feito coleta de escarro dos pacientes expectoradores e swab de orofaringe nos demais para estudo microbiol��gico realizado no laborat��rio microbiologia deste hospital. Foram avaliados 32 pacientes fibroc��sticos, distribu��dos em tr��s grupos, conforme: aus��ncia de infec����o por P. aeruginosa (G1), infec����o pela bact��ria sem coloniza����o (G2) e coloniza����o cr��nica (G3). Pacientes pertencentes a G3 apresentaram complica����es respirat��rias mais frequ��ntes e mais graves que os demais. A ocorr��ncia de cepas muc��idaes de P. aeruginosa foi significativamente mais prevalente neste grupo, onde a doen��a respirat��ria se apresentou de forma mais severa. Cepas n��o-muc��ides foram identificadas de forma similar nos grupos G2 e G3. Os sintomas respirat��rios foram os mais frequ��ntes ao diagn��stico. A idade m��dia dos pacientes ao diagn��stico foi de 7 anos. Condi����es s��cio-econ��micas adversas, diagn��stico tardio, desnutri����o e muta����o gen��tica parecem ter favorecido a coloniza����o e contribu��do para ocorr��ncia de ��bito no grupo G3.

Atua����o internacional dos munic��pios brasileiros �� luz da constitui����o dirigente de 1988: um estudo de caso da Secretaria Municipal de Rela����es Internacionais e Federativas de S��o Paulo

P��s-gradua����o em Direito - FCHS

Church Women United in Columbia Records - Accession 191

The Church Women United In Columbia was founded in 1915 as the Women���s Interdenominational Missionary Union whose purpose was to work for the betterment of social and economic conditions in the city of Columbia, South Carolina. The collection consists of constitutions, bylaws, minutes, correspondence, reports, financial records, newsletters, newspaper clippings, lists, and other records relating to the history and civic activities of the organization.

Interethnic Interaction Dynamics in the Russian Federation

The collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s also meant the end of the idea of a common soviet identity incarnated in the "soviet man" and the new "historic community of the soviet people". While this idea still lives on in the generations of the 1920s to 1940s, the younger generations tend to prefer identification with family, profession, ethnic group or religion. Ms. Alexakhina set out to investigate different interethnic interaction strategies in the multi-ethnic context of the Russian Federation, with an emphasis on analysing the role of cultural and ethno-demographic characteristics of minority ethnic groups. It aimed to identify those specific patterns of interaction dynamics that have emerged in response to the political and economic transformation at present under way. The basic supposition was that the size and growth of an ethnic population are defined not only by demographic features such as fertility, mortality and net migration, but are also dependent on processes interethnic interaction and ethnic transition. The central hypothesis of the project was that the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural composition of Russia is apparently manifesting itself in the ethnic minority groups in various forms, but particularly in the form of ethnic revival and/or assimilation. The results of these complex phenomena are manifested as changes in ethnic attachments (national re-identification and language behaviour (multi-lingualism, language transition and loss of the mother tongue). The stress of the political and economic crisis has stimulated significant changes in ethnographic, social and cultural characteristics of inter-ethnic dynamics such as the rate of national re-identification, language behaviour, migration activity and the spread of mixed marriages, among both those minorities with a long history of settlement in Russia and those that were annexed during the soviet period. Patterns of language behaviour and the spread of mixed marriages were taken as the main indicators of the directions of interethnic interaction described as assimilation, ethnic revival and cultural pluralism. The first stage of the research involved a statistical analysis of census data from 1959 to 1994 in order to analyse the changing demographic composition of the largest ethnic groups of the Russian Federation. Until 1989 interethnic interaction in soviet society was distinguished by the process of russification but the political and economic transformation has stimulated the process of ethnic revival, leading to an apparent fall in the size of the Russian population due to ethnic re-identification by members of other ethnic groups who had previously identified themselves as Russian. Cross-classification of nationalities by demographic, social and cultural indicators has shown that the most important determinants of the nature of interethnic interaction are cultural factors such as religion and language affiliation. The analysis of the dynamics of language shift through the study of bilingualism and the domains of language usage for different demographic groups revealed a strong correlation between recognition of Russian as a mother tongue among some non-Russian ethnic groups and the declining size of these groups. The main conclusion from this macro-analysis of census data was the hypothesis of the growing importance of social and political factors upon ethnic succession, that ethnic identity is no longer a stable characteristic but has become dynamic in nature. In order to verify this hypothesis Ms. Alexakhina conducted a survey in four regions showing different patterns of interethnic interaction: the Karelian Republic, Buryatiya, the Nenezkii Autonomous Region and Tatarstan. These represented the west, east, north and south of the Russian Federation. Samples for the survey were prepared on the basis of census lists so as to exclude mono-Russian families in favour of mixed and ethnic-minority families. The survey confirmed the significant growth in the importance of ethnic affiliation in the everyday lives of people in the Federation following the de-centralisation of the political and economic spheres. Language was shown to be a key symbol of the consciousness of national distinction, confirmed by the fact that the process of russification has been reversed by the active mastering of the languages of titular nationalities. The results also confirmed that individual ethnic identity has ceased to be a fixed personal characteristic of one's cultural and genetic belonging, and people's social adaptation to the current political, social and economic conditions is also demonstrated in changes in individual ethnic self-identification. In general terms, the dynamic nature of national identity means that ethnic identity is at present acquiring the special features of overall social identity, for which the frequent change of priorities is an inherent feature of a person's life cycle. These are mainly linked with a multi-ethnic environment and high individual social mobility. From her results Ms. Alexakhina concludes that the development of national languages and multi-lingualism, together with the preservation of Russian as a state language, seems to be the most promising path to peaceful coexistence and the development of the national cultures of different ethnic groups within the Russian Federation.

Las empresas regionales : ��Nuevo actor innovador?

En este trabajo se intenta reflexionar, a partir de un estudio de caso, sobre los desaf��os que enfrentan los empresarios regionales para la introducci��n de una respuesta original aplicada tanto a sus procesos y productos como a la estructura total de la empresa. Pensar en el estudio de las diferentes tecnolog��as que posee una regi��n en particular requiere, al menos, la consideraci��n y el an��lisis de distintas dimensiones, siendo una de ellas la econom��a regional y, en especial, las actividades productivas, su din��mica empresarial y el desarrollo de las instituciones presentes dentro de la regi��n. En este sentido, parece apropiado preguntarnos si, en las actuales condiciones sociales y econ��micas de la regi��n, los actores organizacionales asumen un papel activo o pasivo frente a la necesidad de incorporaci��n de innovaci��n en las organizaciones empresariales. En funci��n de lo planteado, el punto nodal debe ubicarse en la relaci��n que se establece entre las pol��ticas internas de las empresas regionales, la incorporaci��n de innovaci��n y su impacto en las instituciones locales

Las empresas regionales : ��Nuevo actor innovador?

En este trabajo se intenta reflexionar, a partir de un estudio de caso, sobre los desaf��os que enfrentan los empresarios regionales para la introducci��n de una respuesta original aplicada tanto a sus procesos y productos como a la estructura total de la empresa. Pensar en el estudio de las diferentes tecnolog��as que posee una regi��n en particular requiere, al menos, la consideraci��n y el an��lisis de distintas dimensiones, siendo una de ellas la econom��a regional y, en especial, las actividades productivas, su din��mica empresarial y el desarrollo de las instituciones presentes dentro de la regi��n. En este sentido, parece apropiado preguntarnos si, en las actuales condiciones sociales y econ��micas de la regi��n, los actores organizacionales asumen un papel activo o pasivo frente a la necesidad de incorporaci��n de innovaci��n en las organizaciones empresariales. En funci��n de lo planteado, el punto nodal debe ubicarse en la relaci��n que se establece entre las pol��ticas internas de las empresas regionales, la incorporaci��n de innovaci��n y su impacto en las instituciones locales

Las empresas regionales : ��Nuevo actor innovador?

En este trabajo se intenta reflexionar, a partir de un estudio de caso, sobre los desaf��os que enfrentan los empresarios regionales para la introducci��n de una respuesta original aplicada tanto a sus procesos y productos como a la estructura total de la empresa. Pensar en el estudio de las diferentes tecnolog��as que posee una regi��n en particular requiere, al menos, la consideraci��n y el an��lisis de distintas dimensiones, siendo una de ellas la econom��a regional y, en especial, las actividades productivas, su din��mica empresarial y el desarrollo de las instituciones presentes dentro de la regi��n. En este sentido, parece apropiado preguntarnos si, en las actuales condiciones sociales y econ��micas de la regi��n, los actores organizacionales asumen un papel activo o pasivo frente a la necesidad de incorporaci��n de innovaci��n en las organizaciones empresariales. En funci��n de lo planteado, el punto nodal debe ubicarse en la relaci��n que se establece entre las pol��ticas internas de las empresas regionales, la incorporaci��n de innovaci��n y su impacto en las instituciones locales