Prevalence and virulence properties of Vibrio cholerae non-O1, Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from Cambe Stream (State of Parana, Brazil)

The incidence of Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas spp, and Plesiomonas shigelloides was determined in Rater samples from Cambe Stream. The samples were collected from seven different sites. The serogroups, virulence markers and drug resistance profiles were also evaluated. Twelve. Aer. hydrophila, 12 Aer. caviae, eight Aer. sobria, seven Ple. shigelloides and two V. cholerae non-O1 were isolated. They belonged to different serogroups and all produced haemolysis in different assays. Five of the Aeromonas strains and one of V, cholerae non-O1 were positive for enterotoxin activity. Haemagglutination and its inhibition, using erythrocytes of different origins, was variable for Aeromonas spp and V. cholerae, while none of the Plt. shigelloides haemagglutinated in association with any type of erythrocyte. All isolates exhibited multiple drug resistance. These results indicate that the occurrence of V. cholerae non-O1, Aeromonas spp, and Ple. shigelloides, in water used for vegetable irrigation, human recreation and animal consumption, among others, represents a potential risk for humans.

Diversidade genética de isolados ambientais de Vibrio cholerae da Amazônia brasileira

Vibrio cholerae, agente etiológico da cólera, é uma bactéria nativa de ambientes aquáticos de regiões temperadas e tropicais em todo o mundo. A cólera é endemica e epidemica em países da África, Ásia e Americas Central e do Sul. Neste trabalho o objetivo foi estudar a diversidade genética de isolados desta espécie, de ambientes aquáticos da Amazônia brasileira. Um total de 148 isolados de V.cholerae não-O1 e não-O139 (NAGs) e O1 ambientais da Amazônia, obtidos entre 1977 e 2007, foram caracterizados e comparados a linhagens clínicas de V.cholerae O1 da sexta e sétima pandemias. Utilizou-se os perfis de macrorestrição definidos em eletroforese em gel de agarose em campo pulsado (PFGE), para determinar a relação clonal entre V.cholerae non-O1 e O1 ambientais e clínicos. A presença de genes de virulência (hlyA/hem, hlyB, hlyC, rtxA, rtxC, tcp, ctx, zot, ace, stn/sto) e integrons de classe 1, 2 e 3 (intI 1, 2 e 3), foi analisada utilizando-se a reação em cadeia da polimerase. A análise dos perfis de macrorestrição revelou que os NAGs apresentaram uma grande diversidade genética comparada aos V.cholerae O1. Isolados de NAGs e O1 segregaram em distintos grupos e a maioria dos O1 ambientais apresentou relação clonal com isolados clínicos da sétima pandemia de cólera. A distribuição dos genes de virulência entre os NAGs é diferente a dos O1, os quais, em geral, foram positivos para todos os genes de virulência estudados exceto stn/sto e integrons de classe 1, 2 e 3. Alguns V.cholerae O1 ambientais pertencentes a linhagem da sétima pandemia, apresentaram uma extensiva perda de genes. Diferentes NAGs foram stn/sto+ e intI 1+. Dois alelos do gene aadA foram encontrados: aadA2 e aadA7. De modo interessante os V.cholerae O1 ambientais pertencentes à linhagem pandêmica, só foram isolados durante o período da última epidemia de cólera na região Amazônica brasileira (1991-1996).

Caracterização molecular de Vibrio cholerae O1 sacarose negativa de isolados clínicos e ambiente na Amazônia brasileira

O V.cholerae é um microorganismo autóctone do ambiente aquático e os sorogrupos O1 e O 139 estão ligados a pandemia e epidemia de cólera. Os V.cholerae não O1 e não O139 ou vibrios não aglutinantes (NAGs) estão envolvidos em casos isolados e surtos de diarréia semelhantes à cólera. No decorrer da sétima pandemia houve o surgimento de diversos isolados “El Tor atípicos”. Entre estes se encontra a variante bioquímica do V.cholerae O1 que não fermenta a sacarose no TCBS em 18 a 24 horas que é o tempo de incubação convencional. Neste trabalho foram estudados 138 isolados de V.cholerae O1 e não O1 não fermentador da sacarose no TCBS de procedência clínica e ambiental, obtidos entre 1994 e 1995 na Amazônia Brasileira (Estados do Pará, Amapá e Amazonas). Avaliou-se a fermentação da sacarose no TCBS e em caldo; o perfil de suscetibilidade a oito diferentes antimicrobianos em ágar difusão; a relação clonal entre os V.cholerae O1 e NAG clínicos e ambientais pelo PFGE e a presença de genes de virulência ctxAB e tcpA pela reação em cadeia da polimerase. Observou-se que as amostras de V.cholerae não fermentaram a sacarose em 24 de incubação no ágar TCBS e em caldo, 43% utilizaram a sacarose em 24 horas e 57% a fermentavam tardiamente (tempo superior a 24 horas). Os isolados apresentaram baixo percentual de resistência a antimicrobianos (8,7%) e nenhum caso de multiresistência. Em relação aos genes de virulência, de um modo geral, os isolados de V.cholerae O1 apresentavam o tcpA e o ctxAB. Nos não O1 estes estavam ausentes, com exceção de um isolado clínico não O1 (gene tcpA+). A análise do PFGE revelou pulsotipos distintos entre os O1 e NAGs, embora dois destes últimos tenham apresentado relação clonal com os O1 clínicos. Todos os O1 clínicos apresentaram relação clonal com isolados de referência da sétima pandemia.

Vibrio cholerae O1 detection in estuarine and coastal zooplankton

Vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous marine bacterium, and its association with diverse planktonic crustaceans has been extensively investigated; however, the presence of V. cholerae on individuals of most phyla of planktonic animals is still incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution of V. cholerae serogroup O1 associated with specific zooplankton taxa in an estuary and the adjacent continental shelf of the southeastern Brazilian coast. The occurrence of the bacterium was assessed in zooplankton samples, specifically on the most abundant taxa, using direct fluorescence assay (DFA) and direct viable count-direct fluorescence assay (DVC-DFA) methods. Vibrio cholerae O1 was detected in 88% of samples collected from the Santos-Bertioga estuary and in 67% of samples from the shelf. The salinity of the estuarine water ranged from 21.8 to 34.6, significantly lower than the shelf water which was 32.1-36.1. Salinity was the only environmental variable measured that displayed a significant correlation with the presence of V. cholerae (P < 0.05). Vibrio cholerae O1 was detected in chaetognaths, pluteus larvae of echinoderms and planktonic fish eggs (Engraulidae), all new sites for this bacterium.

Genome Sequence of the Bacterioplanktonic, Mixotrophic Vibrio campbellii Strain PEL22A, Isolated in the Abrolhos Bank

Vibrio campbellii PEL22A was isolated from open ocean water in the Abrolhos Bank. The genome of PEL22A consists of 6,788,038 bp (the GC content is 45%). The number of coding sequences (CDS) is 6,359, as determined according to the Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) server. The number of ribosomal genes is 80, of which 68 are tRNAs and 12 are rRNAs. V. campbellii PEL22A contains genes related to virulence and fitness, including a complete proteorhodopsin cluster, complete type II and III secretion systems, incomplete type I, IV, and VI secretion systems, a hemolysin, and CTX Phi.

Importance and implication of respiration Quotient (RQ): a bacterial experimental assay with pseudomonia náutica and Vibrio natrigiensis

Máster en Oceanografía

Evaluation of Microbial Contamination in Bivalve Mollusks: Epidemiology and Diagnosis

Shellfish are filter-feeding organisms that can accumulate many bacteria and viruses. Considering that depuration procedures are not effective in removal of certain microorganisms, shellfish-borne diseases are frequent in many parts of the world, and their control must rely primarily on investigation of prevalence of human pathogens in shellfish and water environment. However, the diffusion of enteric viruses and Vibrio bacteria is not known in many geographical areas, for example in Sardinia, Italy. A survey aimed at investigating the prevalence of Norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae and V. vulnificus was carried out, analyzing both local and imported purified, non-purified and retail shellfish from North Italy and Sardinia. Shellfish from both areas were found contaminated by NoVs, HAV and Vibrio, including retail and purified animals. Molecular analysis evidenced different NoV genogroups and genotypes, including bovine NoVs, as well as pathogenic Vibrio strains, underlining the risk for shellfish consumers. However, also other approaches are needed to control the diffusion of shellfish-borne diseases. It was originally thought that enteric viruses are passively accumulated by shellfish. Recently, it was proven that NoVs bind to specific carbohydrate ligands in oysters, and various NoV strains are characterized by a different bioaccumulation pattern. To deepen the knowledge on this argument, a study was carried out, analyzing bioaccumulation of up to 8 different NoV strains in four different species of shellfish. Different bioaccumulation patterns were observed for each shellfish species and NoV strain used, potentially important in setting up effective shellfish purification protocols. Finally, a novel study of evaluation of viral contamination in shellfish from the French Atlantic coast was carried out following the passage of Xynthia tempest over Western Europe which caused massive destruction. Different enteric viruses were found over a one month period, evidencing the potential of these events of contaminating shellfish.

Untersuchungen zur Struktur und Funktion des Vibrio cholerae Cytolysins

Vibrio cholerae Cytolysin (VCC) gehört zur Gruppe der Exotoxine und bildet auf Membranen heptamere transmembrane Poren. VCC wird als protoxin mit einem Molekulargewicht von 79 kDa sezerniert und benötigt die proteolytische Spaltung der N-terminalen Pro-Region um Poren in der Membran zu bilden. Diese Spaltung erfolgt sowohl in Lösung, als auch nach der Bindung an Membranen, aber nur aktiviertes VCC oligomererisiert in eine lytische Pore. Die Kristallstruktur von VCC zeigt, dass das Monomer vier verschiedenen strukturellen Domänen enthält; die cytolytische Domäne, mit der Pre-Stem-Sequenz, der Pro-Region und den beiden C-terminalen Domänen β-Trefoil und β-Prism. Die porenbildende β-Barrel wird aus je einer Pre-Stem Domäne jedes der einzelnen sieben Untereinheiten gebildet. Da sich die porenbildende Region im Monomer zwischen den Domänen β-Prism und β-Trefoil befindet, sind konformationelle Änderungen des Toxins notwendig, um die Insertion dieser Region in die Membran zu ermöglichen. In dieser Arbeit wurde unter anderem der Mechanismus der Porenbildung durch die Konstruktion von Disulfid-Derivaten untersucht. Die Bildung von Disulfidbrücken wurde verwendet, um die porenbildende Region entweder mit der β-Trefoil oder β-Prism Domäne zu verknüpfen. Unter nicht-reduzierenden Bedingungen bindet das Toxin an Membranen und oligomerisiert zu SDS-labilen Oligomeren. Nach der Reduktion der künstlichen Disulfidbrücke erlangen die gebildeten Oligomere SDS-Stabilität und permeabilisieren die Membran. Durch die Zugabe steigender Konzentrationen des VCC-Derivats zu aktivem Toxin, wird die SDS-Stabilität der gebildeten Oligomere stark reduziert. Die Insertion des aktiven Toxins in die Membran wird allerdings nicht verhindert und daher Poren mit reduziertem funktionellen Durchmesser gebildet. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die Bildung einer Prä-Pore vor der Insertion des Toxins in die Membran erfolgt und zeigt zum ersten Mal ein solches Zwischenstadium für ein β-porenbildendes Toxin, das von Gram-negativen Organismen produziert wird. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf einen archetypischen Mechanismus der Porenbildung hin. Zusätzlich wurde die Funktion der beiden C-terminalen Domänen untersucht, und daher verschiedene Deletions- und Substitutionsmutanten konstruiert. Die β-Trefoil Domäne ist nicht essentiell für die Bindung des Toxins an Membranen, ist aber für die korrekte Faltung des Toxins notwendig. Die C-terminale β-Prism Domäne vermittelt die Bindung des Toxins an Membranen über Zuckerrezeptoren.

Expression of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factors in Vibrio cholerae

As a first step towards a vaccine against diarrhoeal disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), we have studied the expression of several ETEC antigens in the live attenuated Vibrio cholerae vaccine strain CVD 103-HgR. Colonization factors (CF) CFA/I, CS3, and CS6 were expressed at the surface of V. cholerae CVD 103-HgR. Both CFA/I and CS3 required the co-expression of a positive regulator for expression, while CS6 was expressed without regulation. Up-regulation of CF expression in V. cholerae was very efficient, so that high amounts of CFA/I and CS3 similar to those in wild-type ETEC were synthesized from chromosomally integrated CF and positive regulator loci. Increasing either the operon and/or the positive regulator gene dosage resulted in only a small increase in CFA/I and CS3 expression. In contrast, the level of expression of the non-regulated CS6 fimbriae appeared to be more dependent on gene dosage. While CF expression in wild-type ETEC is known to be tightly thermoregulated and medium dependent, it seems to be less stringent in V. cholerae. Finally, co-expression of two or three CFs in the same strain was efficient even under the control of one single regulator gene.

Morphological and immunocytochemical analysis of Escherichia coli-specific surface antigens in wildtype strains and in recombinant Vibrio cholerae

Adhesion is the first step in the pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections. The genes encoding the most prevalent adhesion factors CFA/I, CS3 and CS6 were cloned into Vibrio cholerae strain CVD 103-HgR and expression of fimbriae was investigated in wildtype and recombinant strains by transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with immunolabelling and negative staining. Negative staining was effective in revealing CFA/I and CS3, but not CS6. Although morphology of fimbriae differed between wildtype and recombinant strains, corresponding surface antigens were recognized by specific antibodies. The present study provides evidence that ETEC-specific fimbriae can adequately be expressed in an attenuated V. cholerae vaccine strain and that immunoelectron microscopy is a critical tool to validate the surface expression of antigens in view of their possible suitability for recombinant vaccines.

Assessment by electron-microscopy of recombinant Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella vaccine strains expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-specific surface antigens

Diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) requires adhesion of microorganisms to enterocytes. Hence, a promising approach to immunoprophylaxis is to elicit antibodies against colonisation factor antigens (CFAs). Genes encoding the most prevalent ETEC-specific surface antigens were cloned into Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella vaccine strains. Expression of surface antigens was assessed by electron-microscopy. Whereas negative staining was effective in revealing CFA/I and CS3, but not CS6, immunolabelling allowed identification of all surface antigens examined. The V. cholerae vaccine strain CVD103 did not express ETEC-specific colonisation factors, whereas CVD103-HgR expressed CS3 only. However, expression of both CFA/I and CS3 was demonstrated in Salmonella Ty21a.

Effect of chitin on {\it Vibrio cholerae}

Chitin, N-acetylglucosamine and crude shrimp shell were found to support growth and survival of non-01 and 01 Vibrio cholerae species in aquatic microcosms. Growth was found to be concentration-dependent when the amount of chitin used was within the range of 0.5 g/L to 5 g/L. Toxigenic strains of V. cholerae retained their ability to produce cholera toxin in bay water with chitin as the sole source of nutrient. The amount of chitin solubilized in bay water was shown to depend on salinity but not pH. The inability of V. cholerae to grow in dilute (10%) sewage is reported, and its bearing on the adequacy of the currently used fecal coliform count as a measure of shellfish and shellfish harvesting water quality is discussed. ^