A vibrational spectroscopic study of the so-called ‘healing’ mineral papagoite CaCuAlSi2O6(OH)3

Papagoite is a silicate mineral named after an American Indian tribe and was used as a healing mineral. Papagoite CaCuAlSi2O6(OH)3 is a hydroxy mixed anion compound with both silicate and hydroxyl anions in the formula. The structural characterization of the mineral papagoite remains incomplete. Papagoite is a four-membered ring silicate with Cu2+ in square planar coordination. The intense sharp Raman band at 1053 cm−1 is assigned to the ν1 (A 1g) symmetric stretching vibration of the SiO4 units. The splitting of the ν3 vibrational mode offers support to the concept that the SiO4 tetrahedron in papagoite is strongly distorted. A very intense Raman band observed at 630 cm−1 with a shoulder at 644 cm−1 is assigned to the ν4 vibrational modes. Intense Raman bands at 419 and 460 cm−1 are attributed to the ν2 bending modes. Intense Raman bands at 3545 and 3573 cm−1 are assigned to the stretching vibrations of the OH units. Low-intensity Raman bands at 3368 and 3453 cm−1 are assigned to water stretching modes. It is suggested that the formula of papagoite is more likely to be CaCuAlSi2O6(OH)3 · xH2O. Hence, vibrational spectroscopy has been used to characterize the molecular structure of papagoite.

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral anapaite Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 4(H2O)

We have characterized anapaite Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2·4(H2O), a rare Ca and Fe phosphate, using a combination of electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. The mineral occurs in soils and lacustrine sediments and is usually related to the diagenetic process in phosphorous rich sediments. The phosphate anion is characterized by its Raman spectrum with an intense sharp band at 943 cm-1, attributed to the ν1 PO4 3- symmetric stretching mode. Three bands at 992, 1039 and 1071 cm-1 are attributed to ν3 PO4 3-antisymmetric stretching modes. The infrared spectrum of anapaite shows complexity with a series of overlapping bands. Water in the structure of anapaite is observed by OH stretching vibrations at 2777, 3022 and 3176 cm-1 (Raman) and 2744, 3014 and 3096 cm-1 (infrared). The position of these bands provides evidence for the strong hydrogen bonding of water in the anapaite structure and contributes to the stability of the mineral.

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral phosphophyllite – Zn2Fe(PO4)2·4H2O, from Hagendorf Süd, Germany and in comparison with other zinc phosphates

This research was undertaken on phosphophyllite sample from the Hagendorf Süd pegmatite, Bavaria, Germany. Chemical analysis was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope in the EDS mode and indicates a zinc and iron phosphate with partial substitution of manganese, which partially replaced iron. The calculated chemical formula of the studied sample was determined to be: Zn2(Fe0.65, Mn0.35)P1.00(PO4)2- �4(H2O). The intense Raman peak at 995 cm�1 is assigned to the m1 PO3� 4 symmetric stretching mode and the two Raman bands at 1073 and 1135 cm�1 to the m3 PO3� 4 antisymmetric stretching modes. The m4 PO3� 4 bending modes are observed at 505, 571, 592 and 653 cm�1 and the m2 PO3� 4 bending mode at 415 cm�1. The sharp Raman band at 3567 cm�1 attributed to the stretching vibration of OH units brings into question the actual formula of phosphophyllite. Vibrational spectroscopy enables an assessment of the molecular structure of phosphophyllite to be assessed.

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral hureaulite – (Mn, Fe)5(PO4)2(HPO4)2·4(H2O)

This research was done on hureaulite samples from the Cigana claim, a lithium bearing pegmatite with triphylite and spodumene. The mine is located in Conselheiro Pena, east of Minas Gerais. Chemical analysis was carried out by Electron Microprobe analysis and indicated a manganese rich phase with partial substitution of iron. The calculated chemical formula of the studied sample is: (Mn3.23, Fe1.04, Ca0.19, Mg0.13)(PO4)2.7(HPO4)2.6(OH)4.78. The Raman spectrum of hureaulite is dominated by an intense sharp band at 959 cm−1 assigned to PO stretching vibrations of HPO42− units. The Raman band at 989 cm−1 is assigned to the PO43− stretching vibration. Raman bands at 1007, 1024, 1047, and 1083 cm−1 are attributed to both the HOP and PO antisymmetric stretching vibrations of HPO42− and PO43− units. A set of Raman bands at 531, 543, 564 and 582 cm−1 are assigned to the ν4 bending modes of the HPO42− and PO43− units. Raman bands observed at 414, and 455 cm−1 are attributed to the ν2 HPO42− and PO43− units. The intense A series of Raman and infrared bands in the OH stretching region are assigned to water stretching vibrations. Based upon the position of these bands hydrogen bond distances are calculated. Hydrogen bond distances are short indicating very strong hydrogen bonding in the hureaulite structure. A combination of Raman and infrared spectroscopy enabled aspects of the molecular structure of the mineral hureaulite to be understood.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral cyrilovite Na(Fe3+)3(PO4)2(OH)4·2(H2O) and in comparison with wardite

Vibrational spectroscopy enables subtle details of the molecular structure of cyrilovite to be determined. Single crystals of a pure phase from a Brazilian pegmatite were used. Cyrilovite is the Fe3+ member of the wardite group. The infrared and Raman spectroscopy were applied to compare the structure of cyrilovite with that of wardite. The Raman spectrum of cyrilovite in the 800–1400 cm−1 spectral range shows two intense bands at 992 and 1055 cm−1 assigned to the ν1View the MathML source symmetric stretching vibrations. A series of low intensity bands at 1105, 1136, 1177 and 1184 cm−1 are assigned to the ν3View the MathML source antisymmetric stretching modes. The infrared spectrum of cyrilovite in the 500–1300 cm−1 shows much greater complexity than the Raman spectrum. Strong infrared bands are found at 970 and 1007 cm−1 and are attributed to the ν1View the MathML source symmetric stretching mode. Raman bands are observed at 612 and 631 cm−1 and are assigned to the ν4 out of plane bending modes of the View the MathML source unit. In the 2600–3800 cm−1 spectral range, intense Raman bands for cyrilovite are found at 3328 and 3452 cm−1 with a broad shoulder at 3194 cm−1 and are assigned to OH stretching vibrations. Sharp infrared bands are observed at 3485 and 3538 cm−1. Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy has enabled the structure of cyrilovite to be ascertained and compared with that of wardite.

Managing the therapeutic relationship in online cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: Therapists' treatment of clients' contributions

This article examines how therapists and clients manage the therapeutic relationship in online psychotherapy. Our study focuses on early sessions of therapy involving 22 therapist-client pairs participating in online Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for depression. Using Conversation Analysis (CA), we examine how therapists can orient to clients’ contributions, while also retaining control of the therapeutic trajectory. We report two practices that therapists can use, at their discretion, following clients’ responses to requests for information. The first, thanking, accepts clients’ responses, orienting to the neutral affective valence of those responses. The second, commiseration, orients to the negative affective valence of clients’ responses. We argue that both practices are a means by which therapists can simultaneously manage developing rapport, while also retaining control of the therapeutic process.

The molecular structure of the phosphate mineral chalcosiderite – a vibrational spectroscopic study

The mineral chalcosiderite with formula CuFe6(PO4)4(OH)8⋅4H2O has been studied by Raman spectroscopy and by infrared spectroscopy. A comparison of the chalcosiderite spectra is made with the spectra of turquoise. The spectra of the mineral samples are very similar in the 1200–900 cm−1 region but strong differences are observed in the 900–100 cm−1 region. The effect of substitution of Fe for Al in chalcosiderite shifts the bands to lower wave numbers. Factor group analysis (FGA) implies four OH stretching vibrations for both the water and hydroxyl units. Two bands ascribed to water are observed at 3276 and 3072 cm−1. Three hydroxyl stretching vibrations are observed. Calculations using a Libowitzky type formula show that the hydrogen bond distances of the water molecules are 2.745 and 2.812 Å which are considerably shorter than the values for the hydroxyl units 2.896, 2.917 and 2.978 Å. Two phosphate stretching vibrations at 1042 and 1062 cm−1 in line with the two independent phosphate units in the structure of chalcosiderite. Three bands are observed at 1102, 1159 and 1194 cm−1 assigned to the phosphate antisymmetric stretching vibrations. FGA predicts six bands but only three are observed due to accidental degeneracy. Both the ν2 and ν4 bending regions are complex. Four Raman bands observed at 536, 580, 598 and 636 cm−1 are assigned to the ν4 bending modes. Raman bands at 415, 420, 475 and 484 cm−1are assigned to the phosphate ν2 bending modes. Vibrational spectroscopy enables aspects of the molecular structure of chalcosiderite to be assessed.

The potential contributions of traditional Chinese medicine to emergency medicine

BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been developed and used to treat acute and urgent illness for many thousands of years. TCM has been widely perceived in western societies that TCM may only be effective to treat chronic diseases. The aim of this article is to provide some scientific evidence regarding the application of TCM in emergency medicine and its future potential. METHODS: Multiple databases (PubMed, ProQuest, Academic Search Elite and Science Direct) were searched using the terms: Traditional Chinese Medicine/ Chinese Medicine, Emergency Medicine, China. In addition, three leading TCM Journals in China were searched via Oriprobe Information Services for relevant articles (published from 1990—2012). Particular attention was paid to those articles that are related to TCM treatments or combined medicine in dealing with intensive and critical care. RESULTS: TCM is a systematic traditional macro medicine. The clinical practice of TCM is guided by the TCM theoretical framework – a methodology founded thousands of years ago. As the methodologies between TCM and Biomedicine are significantly different, it provides an opportunity to combine two medicines, in order to achieve clinical efficacy. Nowadays, combined medicine has become a common clinical model particular in TCM hospitals in China. CONCLUSIONS: It is evident that TCM can provide some assistance in emergency although to combine them in practice is stillits infant form and is mainly at TCM hospitals in China. The future effort could be put into TCM research, both in laboratories and clinics, with high quality designs, so that TCM could be better understood and then applied in emergency medicine.

The molecular structure of the phosphate mineral väyrynenite : a vibrational spectroscopic study

We have studied the mineral väyrynenite from the Viitaniemi pegmatite, located in the Eräjärvi area, Finland using a combination of electron microscopy electron microprobe and vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Chemical analysis shows the formula of the mineral to be (Mn0.88,Fe0.08,Mg0.01)∑0.97Be1.02(PO4)1.00(OH)1.02. Vibrational spectroscopy enables an assessment of the molecular structure of väyrynenite to be assessed. An intense Raman band at 1004 cm−1 is to the ν1 symmetric stretching mode. The observation of multiple bands in the phosphate stretching region, offers support for the concept of different phosphate units in the väyrynenite structure. Infrared spectroscopy confirms this multiplicity of vibrational bands. Multiple bands are observed in the phosphate bending region.

Vibrational spectroscopy of the mineral meyerhofferite CaB3O3(OH)5·H2O – An assessment of the molecular structure

Meyerhofferite is a calcium hydrated borate mineral with ideal formula: CaB3O3(OH)5�H2O and occurs as white complex acicular to crude crystals with length up to �4 cm, in fibrous divergent, radiating aggregates or reticulated and is often found in sedimentary or lake-bed borate deposits. The Raman spectrum of meyerhofferite is dominated by intense sharp band at 880 cm�1 assigned to the symmetric stretching mode of trigonal boron. Broad Raman bands at 1046, 1110, 1135 and 1201 cm�1 are attributed to BOH in-plane bending modes. Raman bands in the 900–1000 cm�1 spectral region are assigned to the antisymmetric stretching of tetrahedral boron. Distinct OH stretching Raman bands are observed at 3400, 3483 and 3608 cm�1. The mineral meyerhofferite has a distinct Raman spectrum which is different from the spectrum of other borate minerals, making Raman spectroscopy a very useful tool for the detection of meyerhofferite in sedimentary and lake bed deposits.

Vibrational spectroscopy of the phosphate mineral kovdorskite – Mg2PO4(OH)⋅3H2O

The mineral kovdorskite Mg2PO4(OH)�3H2O was studied by electron microscopy, thermal analysis and vibrational spectroscopy. A comparison of the vibrational spectroscopy of kovdorskite is made with other magnesium bearing phosphate minerals and compounds. Electron probe analysis proves the mineral is very pure. The Raman spectrum is characterized by a band at 965 cm�1 attributed to the PO3� 4 m1 symmetric stretching mode. Raman bands at 1057 and 1089 cm�1 are attributed to the PO3�4 m3 antisymmetric stretching modes. Raman bands at 412, 454 and 485 cm�1 are assigned to the PO3�4 m2 bending modes. Raman bands at 536, 546 and 574 cm�1 are assigned to the PO3�4 m4 bending modes. The Raman spectrum in the OH stretching region is dominated by a very sharp intense band at 3681 cm�1 assigned to the stretching vibration of OH units. Infrared bands observed at 2762, 2977, 3204, 3275 and 3394 cm�1 are attributed to water stretching bands. Vibrational spectroscopy shows that no carbonate bands are observed in the spectra; thus confirming the formula of the mineral as Mg2PO4(OH)�3H2O.

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral series eosphorite–childrenite–(Mn,Fe)Al(PO4)(OH)2·(H2O)

The phosphate mineral series eosphorite–childrenite–(Mn,Fe)Al(PO4)(OH)2·(H2O) has been studied using a combination of electron probe analysis and vibrational spectroscopy. Eosphorite is the manganese rich mineral with lower iron content in comparison with the childrenite which has higher iron and lower manganese content. The determined formulae of the two studied minerals are: (Mn0.72,Fe0.13,Ca0.01)(Al)1.04(PO4, OHPO3)1.07(OH1.89,F0.02)·0.94(H2O) for SAA-090 and (Fe0.49,Mn0.35,Mg0.06,Ca0.04)(Al)1.03(PO4, OHPO3)1.05(OH)1.90·0.95(H2O) for SAA-072. Raman spectroscopy enabled the observation of bands at 970 cm−1 and 1011 cm−1 assigned to monohydrogen phosphate, phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate units. Differences are observed in the area of the peaks between the two eosphorite minerals. Raman bands at 562 cm−1, 595 cm−1, and 608 cm−1 are assigned to the �4 bending modes of the PO4, HPO4 and H2PO4 units; Raman bands at 405 cm−1, 427 cm−1 and 466 cm−1 are attributed to the �2 modes of these units. Raman bands of the hydroxyl and water stretching modes are observed. Vibrational spectroscopy enabled details of the molecular structure of the eosphorite mineral series to be determined.

The molecular structure of the phosphate mineral senegalite Al2(PO4)(OH)3⋅3H2O – A vibrational spectroscopic study

We have studied the mineral senagalite, a hydrated hydroxy phosphate of aluminium with formula Al2(PO4)(OH)3⋅3H2O using a combination of electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. Senegalite crystal aggregates shows tabular to prismatic habitus and orthorhombic form. The Raman spectrum is dominated by an intense band at 1029 cm−1 assigned to the PO43- ν1 symmetric stretching mode. Intense Raman bands are found at 1071 and 1154 cm−1 with bands of lesser intensity at 1110, 1179 and 1206 cm−1 and are attributed to the PO43- ν3 antisymmetric stretching vibrations. The infrared spectrum shows complexity with a series overlapping bands. A comparison is made with spectra of other aluminium containing phosphate minerals such as augelite and turquoise. Multiple bands are observed for the phosphate bending modes giving support for the reduction of symmetry of the phosphate anion. Vibrational spectroscopy offers a means for the assessment of the structure of senagalite.

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral kulanite Ba(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3

The mineral kulanite BaFe2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3, a barium iron aluminum phosphate, has been studied by using a combination of electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy with EDX shows the mineral is homogenous with no other phases present. The Raman spectrum is dominated by an intense band at 1022 cm−1 assigned to the PO43-ν1 symmetric stretching mode. Low intensity Raman bands at 1076, 1110, 1146, 1182 cm−1 are attributed to the PO43-ν3 antisymmetric stretching vibrations. The infrared spectrum shows a complex spectral profile with overlapping bands. Multiple phosphate bending vibrations supports the concept of a reduction in symmetry of the phosphate anion. Raman spectrum at 3211, 3513 and 3533 cm−1 are assigned to the stretching vibrations of the OH units. Vibrational spectroscopy enables aspects on the molecular structure of kulanite to be assessed.

Vibrational spectroscopy of the phosphate mineral lazulite – (Mg, Fe)Al2(PO4)2·(OH)2 found in the Minas Gerais, Brazil

This research was done on lazulite samples from the Gentil mine, a lithium bearing pegmatite located in the municipality of Mendes Pimentel, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Chemical analysis was carried out by electron microprobe analysis and indicated a magnesium rich phase with partial substitution of iron. Traces of Ca and Mn, (which partially replaced Mg) were found. The calculated chemical formula of the studied sample is: (Mg0.88, Fe0.11)Al1.87(PO4)2.08(OH)2.02. The Raman spectrum of lazulite is dominated by an intense sharp band at 1060 cm-1 assigned to PO stretching vibrations of of tetrahedral [PO4] clusters presents into the HPO2/4- units. Two Raman bands at 1102 and 1137 cm-1 are attributed to both the HOP and PO antisymmetric stretching vibrations. The two infrared bands at 997 and 1007 cm-1 are attributed to the m1 PO3/4- symmetric stretching modes. The intense bands at 1035, 1054, 1081, 1118 and 1154 cm-1 are assigned to the v3PO3/4- antisymmetric stretching modes from both the HOP and tetrahedral [PO4] clusters. A set of Raman bands at 605, 613, 633 and 648 cm-1 are assigned to the m4 out of plane bending modes of the PO4, HPO4 and H2PO4 units. Raman bands observed at 414, 425, 460, and 479 cm-1 are attributed to the m2 tetrahedral PO4 clusters, HPO4 and H2PO4 bending modes. The intense Raman band at 3402 and the infrared band at 3403 cm-1 are assigned to the stretching vibration of the OH units. A combination of Raman and infrared spectroscopy enabled aspects of the molecular structure of the mineral lazulite to be understood.