Estudo sôbre as temperaturas médias em Campinas

This paper deals with the study by orthogonal polynomials of trends in the mean annual and mean monthly temperatures (in degrees Centigrade) in Campinas (State of São Paulo, Brasil), from 1890 up to 1956. Only 4 months were studied (January, April, July and October) taken as typical of their respective season. For the annual averages both linear and quadratic components were significant, the regression equation being y = 19.95 - 0.0219 x + 0.00057 x², where y is the temperature (in degrees Centigrade) and x is the number of years after 1889. Thus 1890 corresponds to x = 1, 1891, to x = 2, etc. The equation shows a minimum for the year 1908, with a calculated mean y = 19.74. The expected means by the regression equation are given below. Anual temperature means for Campinas (SP, Brasil) calculated by the regression equation Year Annual mean (Degrees Centigrade) 1890 19.93 1900 10.78 1908 19.74 (minimum) 1010 19.75 1920 19.82 1930 20.01 1940 20.32 1950 20.74 1956 21.05 The mean for 67 years was 20.08°C with standard error of the mean 0.08°G. For January the regression equation was y = 23.08 - 0.0661 x + 0.00122 x², with a minimum of 22.19°C for 1916. The average for 67 years was 22.70°C, with standard error 0.12°C. For April no component of regression was significant. The average was 20.42°C, with standard error 0.13°C. For July the regression equation was of first degree, y = 16.01 + 0.0140X. The average for 67 years was 16.49°C, with standard error of the mean 0.14°C. Finally, for October the regression equation was y = 20.55 - 0.0362x + 0.00078x², with a minimum of 20.13°C for 1912. The average was 20.52°C, with standard error of the mean equal to 0.14°C.

Sombreamento dos cafèzais II: resultados do 4.° biênio (1959/1960)

This paper deals with data obtained in 1959 and 1960 in shaded and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The results can be summarized as follows: a) the production, in shaded and unshaded plots, did not show differences statisticaly significant; b) the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c) the percentage of green, ripened and dry fruits depends of the year and of the harvest time. In the same harvest time, both for shaded and for unshaded plots the percentages in the shaded plots were higher for green fruits and lesser for ripened and dry fruits; d) coffee fruits brought from the field in the harvest time yielding up in unshaded plots as compared with shaded ones; e) the relation grains/dry fruits was better in shaded plots.

New or rare frogs from the Coastal Ranges of Brazil: eleutherodactylus venancioi n.sp., E. hoehnei n.sp. Holoaden bradei n.sp. e H. lüderwaldti Mir. Rib., 1920

Field-work in the sierras near the sea-board of south-eastern Brazil continues to yield new or rare frogs. Four more of these forms are presented here. Two of them, both new, are put into the genus Eleutherodactylus, to which they belong by their general habitat, morphology, and also by the osteological characters. They differs from the known regional species of this genus only by the wider and shorter disks of some of the digits and the more lanceolate build. The other two species belong to the very little known genus Holoaden, established by MIRANDA RIBEIRO in 1920. One of them is his type-species, H. lüderwaldti, which continues to be very rare. The other, H. bradei, is new. It seems endemic to the Upper Itatiaia and is very plentiful there.

A new species of Pseudoxenus Saunders, 1872, and a new record of Myrmecolax Incautus Oliveira & Kogan, 1959: (Strepsiptera, Insecta)

Os A. A. descrevem Pseudoxenus inclusus sp. n., baseados em uma fêmea e centenas de triungulinideos, encontrados parasitando Ammophila sp., proveniente de Corrego do Itá, Espírito Santo, Brasil. O encontro de um outro exemplar de Myrmecolax incautus Oliveira & Kogan, 1959, permitiu aos AA. complementar a descrição desta espécie, cujo holótipo está muito danificado.

Los Pioneros del cooperativismo agrario de crédito español (1880-1920)

En las dos últimas décadas del siglo XIX en España el cooperativismo de crédito orientado hacia los pequeños productores agrícolas estuvo bastante ligado a las corrientes del “Regeneracionismo conservador” y el catolicismo social. Hemos estudiado las aportaciones de dos autores: Joaquín Díaz de Rábago y Nicolás Fontes. Díaz de Rábago contó con una fuerte formación teórica y colaboró en la redacción de un proyecto de ley sobre cooperativas, pero a pesar de su influencia no consiguió potenciar ninguna actividad concreta. Nicolás Fontes representa al hombre “práctico”. Sus circunstancias personales, era un importante terrateniente, lo animaron a poner en práctica un sistema de crédito destinado a ayudar a los pequeños arrendatarios. El modelo que puso en práctica se inspiraba en el Raiffeisen System, el mismo que defendía por Rábago. El desconocimiento mutuo de sus actuaciones invita a reflexionar sobre las limitaciones en la difusión del cooperativismo agrícola de crédito en España.

Contribuição para o conhecimento de alguns cestódeos do gênero Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920, (Cestoda-Davaineidae), parasitos de columbiformes

Contribuindo para o conhecimento de alguns cestódeos do gênero Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920, parasitos de Columbiformes, são estudadas aqui duas espécies encontradas em intestino delgado de columba livia dom. L. 1758. Uma delas, Raillietina (Raillietina) allomyodes (Kotlan, 1921), originalmente descrita da Nova Guiné, é agora assinalada pela primeira vez no Brasil, em novo hospedeiro. A outra, Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) crassula (Rudolphi, 1819) apesar de ter sido descrita de material do Brasil e África, não tem uma descrição detalhada.

Criterios de nuliparidad y de paridad en Lutzomyia townsendi (Ortiz, 1959) del occidente de Venezuela

Lutzomyia townsendi (Ortiz, 1959) es un flebótomo antropofílico con concordancia gonadotrófica, en las zonas endémicas de Leishmania brasiliensis y L. garnhami en el occidente de Venezuela. Mediante el estudio de hembras colonizadas en el laboratorio, nuliparas o paridas, de hembras silvestres alimentadas sobre voluntarios y de hembras silvestres mantenidas con sacarosa, se establecen criterios de nuliparidad con un 56,6% de confianza. En cambio, signos de paridad aparecen en un 82% de las hembras consideradas como tales. La digestión de un ingesta sanguínea inicia un ciclo gonadotrófico con oogénesis abortiva y acumulación de fosfolípidos en las células epiteliales del estómago y en las glândulas accesorias. La ovoposición completa produce un calix ovárico grueso e irregular con restos de oocitos abortivos y acumulación de pigmentos. Estos caracteres son suficientes para precisar un criterio de paridad. La presencia de fosfolípidos en el estómago y en las glândulas accesorias de hembras nulíparas es una indicación de ingesta incompleta de sangre.

Factores dermicos que condicionan la infeccion de Lutzomyia townsendi (Ortiz, 1959) por Leishmania spp. de Venezuela

Se estudia la susceptibilidad de Lutzomyia townsendi a la infección con Leishmania spp. sobre lesiones experimentales de hamsteres. Se estudia la frecuencia y distribución de los amastigotos en la dermis, relacionándola con la profundidad que alcanza el estilete bucal del insecto. Una correlación positiva, con significante coeficiente de correlación, se establece entre la frecuencia de los parásitos a una profundidad de 100-150 nm en la dermis y el éxito de la infección de los flebótomos.

Studies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera 1920. IV - A reconsideration of its systematic position

The systematic positon of Trypanosoma rangeli is reconsidered and the creation of a new subgenus. Tejeraia, is proposed to remove this trypanosome from the subgenus Herptosoma of the section Stercoraria. The characteristics described for the proposed subgenus indicate that it must be located in the section Salivaria rather than in the Stercoraria. The evidence supporting this proposition is discussed in the text.