Decomposing hierarchical alignment: Co-arguments as conditions on alignment and the limits of referential hierarchies as explanations in verb agreement

Apart from common cases of differential argument marking, referential hierarchies affect argument marking in two ways: (a) through hierarchical marking, where markers compete for a slot and the competition is resolved by a hierarchy, and (b) through co-argument sensitivity, where the marking of one argument depends on the properties of its co-argument. Here we show that while co-argument sensitivity cannot be analyzed in terms of hierarchical marking, hierarchical marking can be analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity. Once hierarchical effects on marking are analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity, it becomes possible to examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in exactly the same way as one can examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in cases of differential argument marking and indeed any other condition on alignment (such as tense or clause type). As a result, instances of hierarchical marking of any kind turn out not to present a special case in the typology of alignment, and there is no need for positing an additional non-basic alignment type such as “hierarchical alignment”. While hierarchies are not needed for descriptive and comparative purposes, we also cast doubt on their relevance in diachrony: examining two families for which hierarchical agreement has been postulated, Algonquian and Kiranti, we find only weak and very limited statistical evidence for agreement paradigms to have been shaped by a principled ranking of person categories.

Melanesian pidgin phrase-book and vocabulary with grammatical introduction.

Mode of access: Internet.

The modern English verb-adverb combination /

Includes bibliographical references (p.[7]-8)

Random generation of sentences from context free and context sensitive phrase structure grammars.

Bibliography: p. 67.

Vocabulary and phrase book in English and Burmese /

Mode of access: Internet.

A Chinese and English phrase book in the Canton dialect; or, Dialogues on ordinary and familiar subjects for the use of the Chinese resident in America, and of Americans desirous of learning the Chinese language,

Added title-page in Chinese.

Dramatische Werke : 1. rechtmässige, vollständige und vom Verfasser verb. Gesammt. Ausg.

1. T. Der neun und zwanzigste Februar. Eumenides Düster; Trauerspiel nach Adolph Müllner's Weise von Ludwig Stahlpanzer.--2. T. Die Schuld.--3. T. König Yngurd.--4. T. Die Albaneserin.--5. T. Der angolische Kater. Die Zurückkunst aus Surinam. Die Vertrauten.--6. T. Die Zweiflerin. Die grossen Kinder.--7. T. Der Whan. Der Blitz. Die Onkelei.

Fl. Justiniani PP. Aug. Institutionum sive elementorum libri IV : adjecti sunt ex Digestis tituli de verb. signif. [et] de reg. jur. antiq. cum indice ad eosdem titulos.

Mode of access: Internet.

The rudiments of English grammar : illustrated by parsing lessons : containing also a table of questions on the parts of speech, arranged in systamatic order, designed to facilitate the pupil's progress and initiate him in the principles of etymology : together with twenty-four syntactical rules, ellipsis, and a few observations on the uses of what and its /

Mode of access: Internet.

Munson's system of practical phonography. The dictionary of practical phonography, giving the best phonographic forms for the words of the English language (sixty thousand), and for over five thousand proper names; also illustrating the principles of phrase-writing ...

Re-issue of the edition of 1875, with a new title-page.

An analysis of the Greek verb /

Mode of access: Internet.

The verb and the sentence in Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah,

Part of thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Chicago, 1909.

A phrase book from the poetic and dramatic works of Robert Browning,

Mode of access: Internet.

An analysis of the Greek verb /

Mode of access: Internet.

Dictionary of phrase and fable. Giving the derivation, source, or origin of common phrases, allusions, and words that have a tale to tell.

Mode of access: Internet.