Notas de Población Vol.31 N° 78

El número 78 de la revista Notas de Población se inicia con el artículo de Edith Pantelides, en el cual se revisan los conocimientos sobre los aspectos sociales que inciden en las diferencias en maternidad adolescente en América Latina, la autora destaca aspectos macrosociales -políticas públicas- y sociales próximos -lugar de residencia de las jóvenes, disponibilidad de recursos para la atención en salud reproductiva y la anticoncepción, estructura familiar-, como también características individuales de las adolescentes, entre las que se cuentan la edad, el estrato socioeconómico, el nivel de educación y la pertenencia a grupos étnicos. En el segundo artículo, Luís Rosero-Bixby examinan las tendencias de la fecundidad en 15 áreas metropolitanas, correspondientes a siete países latinoamericanos, con el propósito de determinar si la región está a punto de traspasar el umbral de la fecundidad de reemplazo y cuáles son las probabilidades de llegar a fecundidades extremadamente bajas, como las registradas en España. Por otra parte, el estudio de García y Rojas busca aportar información y elementos de reflexión sobre las tendencias que distinguen a la formación y disolución de las uniones conyugales en América Latina en un marco de desigualdad social y de género, característico de los países de la región. Por su parte, Patricio Aroca en el artículo "Migración intrarregional en Chile. Modelos y resultados 1987-2002", revisa de manera sintética un conjunto amplio de teorías económicas sobre la migración considerando sus aplicaciones a distintas modalidades de migración -entre campo y ciudad; entre regiones; contratada o especulativa- y su pertinencia para países en desarrollo. Con el objetivo de comprender y analizar las políticas sobre vejez en la región, en el artículo de Sandra Huenchuan "Políticas de vejez en América Latina: elementos para su análisis y tendencias generales" se exponen los conceptos de vejez y de calidad de vida, para luego plantear una definición de las políticas tanto públicas como sobre vejez y analizar las tendencias generales de las políticas dirigidas a los adultos mayores en algunos países de la región que cuentan con dichos instrumentos. En esta edición se incluye también la Estrategia Regional de implementación para América Latina y el Caribe del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el envejecimiento, que adoptaron os países de América Latina y el Caribe participantes en la Conferencia regional intergubernamental sobre envejecimiento: hacia una estrategia regional de implementación para América Latina y el Caribe del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento, celebrada en Santiago de Chile, del 19 al 21 de noviembre de 2003.

Unesp Informa, 2016, número 78

Boletim elaborado pela Assessoria de Comunicação e Imprensa da Reitoria da UNESP

Dose-response effect of interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interferon-y on the in vitro production of epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78 (ENA-78), IL-8, and IL-6 by human endometrial stromal cells

The production of epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78 (NA-78) and the interleukins IL-8 and IL-6 by endometrial stromal cells is stimulated by pro-inflammatory interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). IL-8 is suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, and in these women the peritoneal fluid concentrations of ENA-78 and IL-8 are increased. TNF-α has been tested together with interferon-γ because of their cooperative stimulation of IL-6. The release of IL-8, however, is inhibited with increasing interferon levels. The aim of the study was the analysis of the production of ENA-78, IL-6 and IL-8 by cultured human endometrial stromal cells in the presence of varying concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, and interferon-γ.

Increased ENA-78 in the follicular fluid of patients with endometriosis

BACKGROUND: It is known that endometriosis is an inflammatory disease and those patients seem to have lower pregnancy rates. The aim of the study was to investigate the concentrations of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the follicular fluid of patients with and without endometriosis. METHODS: Follicular aspiration, recovering follicular fluid during assisted reproductive treatment, follicular fluid storage and analysis of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines were carried out. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-15, leukemia inhibitory factor, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted, and growth-regulated oncogene-alpha were analyzed in the follicular fluid and compared between women with (n =47) and without endometriosis (n = 279). RESULTS: The above cytokines were detected in the follicular fluid samples. Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 levels were significantly higher in follicular fluid from endometriosis patients than from controls (p = 0.008). Increases (to twice the control level) were also observed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and for interleukin-6. CONCLUSIONS: Increased follicular fluid levels of epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 indicate that these cytokines may influence oocyte quality and fecundability of women with endometriosis by deteriorating the microenvironment in the human follicle.

Serine residues 1177/78/82 of the insulin receptor are required for substrate phosphorylation but not autophosphorylation

Serine residues of the human insulin receptor (HIR) may be phosphorylated and negatively regulate the insulin signal. We studied the impact of 16 serine residues in HIR by mutation to alanine and co-overexpression in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells together with the docking proteins insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, or (SHC) Src homologous and collagen-like. As a control, IRS-1 was also cotransfected with an HIR with a juxtamembrane deletion (HIR delta JM) and therefore not containing the domain required for interaction with IRS-1. Coexpression of HIR with IRS-1, IRS-2, and SHC strongly enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins. A similar increase in tyrosine phosphorylation was observed in cells overexpressing IRS-1, IRS-2, or SHC together with all HIR mutants except HIR delta JM and a mutant carrying exchanges of serines 1177, 1178, and 1182 to alanine (HIR1177/78/82), although this mutant showed normal autophosphorylation. Analysis of total cell lysates with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies showed that in addition to the overexpressed substrates, other cellular proteins displayed reduced levels of tyrosine phosphorylation in these cells. To study consequences for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activation, we established stable NIH3T3 fibroblast cell lines overexpressing wild-type HIR, HIR1177/78/82, and other HIR mutants as the control. Again, HIR1177/78/82 showed normal autophosphorylation but showed a clear decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous IRS-1 and activation of PI 3-kinase. This decrease in kinase activity also occurred in an in vitro kinase assay towards recombinant IRS-1. Finally, we performed a separation of the phosphopeptides by high-performance liquid chromatography and could not detect any differences in the profiles of HIR and HIR1177/78/82. In conclusion, we have defined a region in HIR that is important for substrate phosphorylation but not autophosphorylation. Therefore, this mutant may provide new insights into the mechanism of kinase activation and substrate phosphorylation.