Développement d’outils de plaidoyer pour la lutte contre le diabète de type 2 en Afrique subsaharienne à partir de l’estimation des coûts de l’inaction et de l’action

La présente thèse, organisée en trois volets, poursuivait trois objectifs : i) Estimer les coûts médicaux directs du traitement du DT2 dans 4 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne et dans le cas du Mali, rapprocher ces coûts médicaux directs estimés aux dépenses effectives des patients diabétiques ; ii) Examiner le coût-efficacité des interventions de prévention basées sur la modification du mode de vie chez les sujets à haut risque du DT2; iii) Cerner la perception et les attitudes des acteurs de la santé sur les outils de plaidoyer développés dans le cadre du projet DFN et leur potentiel d’impact sur les décideurs. Dans le premier volet, il s’est agi d’estimer les coûts du DT2 et de ses complications au moyen d’un calculateur et de le mettre à l’épreuve au Bénin, au Burkina- Faso, en Guinée et au Mali. Les composantes de soins pour le DT2 et ses complications avaient été définies au préalable par une équipe de spécialistes, sur la base de leur expérience clinique et des lignes directrices existantes. Les prix ont été relevés dans deux structures hospitalières du secteur public et deux du privé. Les coûts ont été estimés sur une base annuelle pour le DT2 avec ou sans complications chroniques puis par épisode pour les complications aiguës. Dans le cas du Mali, ces coûts ont été rapprochés des dépenses de patients diabétiques d’après une précédente enquête transversale dans ce pays. Cette enquête portait sur 500 sujets diabétiques sélectionnés au hasard dans les registres. Les dépenses pour les soins des trois derniers mois avaient été relevées. Les déterminants des dépenses ont été explorés. Il ressort des différences de coûts dans le même secteur puis entre le secteur privé et le secteur public. Le coût minimum du traitement du DT2 sans complications dans le secteur public représentait entre 21% et 34% de PIB par habitant, puis entre 26% - 47% en présence de la rétinopathie et au-delà de 70% pour la néphropathie, la complication chronique la plus coûteuse. Les dépenses des sujets diabétiques enquêtés au Mali, étaient en deçà des coûts minima estimatifs des différentes complications excepté la rétinopathie et le DT2 sans complication. Les facteurs comme l’insulinothérapie, le nombre de complications et la résidence dans la capitale étaient significativement associés aux dépenses plus élevées des patients. Dans le second volet, la revue systématique a consisté à recenser les études d’évaluation économique des interventions de prévention du DT2 dans des groupes à haut risque par l’alimentation et/ou l’activité physique. Les interventions de contrôle de l’obésité comme facteur de risque majeur de DT2 ont également été considérées. Les études ont été sélectionnées dans les bases de données scientifiques en utilisant les mots clés et des critères prédéfinis. Les études originales publiées entre janvier 2009 et décembre 2014 et conduites en français, anglais ou espagnol étaient potentiellement éligibles. La liste de contrôle de « British Medical Journal » a servi à évaluer la qualité des études. Des 21 études retenues, 15 rapportaient que les interventions étaient coût-efficaces suivant les limites d’acceptabilité considérées. Six études étaient non concluantes, dont quatre destinées à la prévention du DT2 et deux, au contrôle de l’obésité. Dans le troisième volet, les perceptions d’utilisateurs potentiels de ce calculateur et d’un autre outil de plaidoyer, à savoir, l’argumentaire narratif expliquant la nécessité de se pencher sur la lutte contre le DT2 en Afrique, ont été évaluées dans une étude qualitative exploratoire. Les données ont été collectées au cours d’entretiens individuels avec 16 acteurs de la santé de quatre pays d’Afrique subsaharienne et un groupe de discussion avec 10 étudiants de master de nutrition à l’issue d’un atelier de formation sur le plaidoyer faisant appel à ces outils, au Bénin. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés, transcrits et codés à l’aide du logiciel QDA Miner. Les participants ont souligné la pertinence des outils pour le plaidoyer et la convivialité du calculateur de coûts. Il demeure cependant que le contexte politique marqué par la compétition des priorités, l’absence de cohésion entre les décideurs et un défaut de données notamment sur le coût-efficacité des interventions sont des freins à la priorisation du DT2 dans les politiques de santé en Afrique subsaharienne que les répondants ont relevés. L’étude confirme que le traitement du DT2 est financièrement inabordable pour un grand nombre de patients. Elle souligne que les dépenses des patients sont en deçà des coûts estimés pour un traitement approprié avec quelques exceptions. La prévention du DT2 basée le mode de vie est coût-efficace mais devrait être étudiée en Afrique. On peut espérer que la pertinence des outils de ce travail telle que relevée par les acteurs de santé se traduise par leur utilisation. Ceci pour susciter des interventions de prévention afin d’infléchir l’évolution du DT2 et son impact économique en Afrique subsaharienne.

Distributed fuzzy logic for building management systems using local operating networks

This paper describes the development of an experimental distributed fuzzy control system for heating and ventilation (HVAC) systems within a building. Each local control loop is affected by a number of local variables, as well as information from neighboring controllers. By including this additional information it is hoped that a more equal allocation of resources can be achieved.

High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE -- To examine the effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training combined with moderate weight loss on glycemic control and body composition in older patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -- Sedentary, overweight men and women with type 2 diabetes, aged 60-80 years (n = 36), were randomized to high-intensity progressive resistance training plus moderate weight loss (RT & WL group) or moderate weight loss plus a control program (WL group). Clinical and laboratory measurements were assessed at 0, 3, and 6 months.

RESULTS -- HbA._1c fell significantly more in RT & WL than WL at 3 months (0.6 ± or -] 0.7 vs. 0.07 ± 0.8%, P < 0.05) and 6 months (1.2 ±1.0 vs. 0.4 ±0.8, P < 0.05). Similar reductions in body weight (RT & WL 2.5 ±2.9 vs. WL 3.1±2.1 kg) and fat mass (RT & WL 2.4 ± 2.7 vs. WL 2.7±2.5 kg) were observed after 6 months. In contrast, lean body mass (LBM) increased in the RT & WL group (0.5 ±1.1 kg) and decreased in the WL group (0.4±1.0) after 6 months (P < 0.05). There were no between-group differences for fasting glucose, insulin, serum lipids and lipoproteins, or resting blood pressure.

CONCLUSIONS -- High-intensity progressive resistance training, in combination with moderate weight loss, was effective in improving glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Additional benefits of improved muscular strength and LBM identify high-intensity resistance training as a feasible and effective component in the management program for older patients with type 2 diabetes.

Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE—To examine whether improvements in glycemic control and body composition resulting from 6 months of supervised high-intensity progressive resistance training could be maintained after an additional 6 months of home-based resistance training.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed a 12-month randomized controlled trial in 36 sedentary, overweight men and women with type 2 diabetes (aged 60–80 years) who were randomly assigned to moderate weight loss plus high-intensity progressive resistance training (RT&WL group) or moderate weight loss plus a control program (WL group). Supervised gymnasium-based training for 6 months was followed by an additional 6 months of home-based training. Glycemic control (HbA_1c), body composition, muscle strength, and metabolic syndrome abnormalities were assessed at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.

RESULTS—Compared with the WL group, HbA_1c decreased significantly more in the RT&WL group (–0.8%) during 6 months of supervised gymnasium-based training; however, this effect was not maintained after an additional 6 months of home-based training. In contrast, the greater increase in lean body mass (LBM) observed in the RT&WL group compared with the WL group (0.9 kg, P < 0.05) after the gymnasium-based training tended to be maintained after the home-based training (0.8 kg, P = 0.08). Similarly, the gymnasium-based increases in upper body and lower body muscle strength in the RT&WL group were maintained over the 12 months (P < 0.001). There were no between-group differences for changes in body weight, fat mass, fasting glucose, or insulin at 6 or 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS—In older adults with type 2 diabetes, home-based progressive resistance training was effective for maintaining the gymnasium-based improvements in muscle strength and LBM but not glycemic control. Reductions in adherence and exercise training volume and intensity seem to impede the effectiveness of home-based training for maintaining improved glycemic control.

Community center-based resistance training for the maintenance of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE--The purpose of this study Was to determine whether beneficial effects on glycemic control of an initial laboratory-supervised resistance training program could be sustained through a community center-based maintenance program.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--We studied 57 overweight (BMI [greater than or equal to] 27 kg/[m.sup.2]) sedentary men and women aged 40-80 years with established (>6 months) type 2 diabetes. Initially, all participants attended a twice-weekly 2-month supervised resistance training program conducted in the exercise laboratory. Thereafter, participants undertook a resistance training maintenance program (2 times/week) for 12 months and were randomly assigned to carry this out either in a community fitness and recreation center (center) or in their domestic environment (home). Glycemic control ([HbA.sub.1c] [A1C]) was assessed at 0, 2, and 14 months.

RESULTS--Pooling data from the two groups for the 2-month supervised resistance training program showed that compared with baseline, mean A1C fell by -0.4% [95% CI -0.6 to -0.2]. Within-group comparisons showed that A1C remained lower than baseline values at 14 months in the center group (-0.4% [-0.7 to -0.03]) but not in the home group (-0.1% [-0.4 to 0.3]). However, no between-group differences were observed at each time point. Changes in A1C during the maintenance period were positively associated with exercise adherence in the center group only.

CONCLUSIONS--Center-based but not home-based resistance training was associated with the maintenance of modestly improved glycemic control from baseline, which was proportional to program adherence. Our findings emphasize the need to develop and test behavioral methods to promote healthy lifestyles including increased physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Classification of healthcare data using genetic fuzzy logic system and wavelets

Healthcare plays an important role in promoting the general health and well-being of people around the world. The difficulty in healthcare data classification arises from the uncertainty and the high-dimensional nature of the medical data collected. This paper proposes an integration of fuzzy standard additive model (SAM) with genetic algorithm (GA), called GSAM, to deal with uncertainty and computational challenges. GSAM learning process comprises three continual steps: rule initialization by unsupervised learning using the adaptive vector quantization clustering, evolutionary rule optimization by GA and parameter tuning by the gradient descent supervised learning. Wavelet transformation is employed to extract discriminative features for high-dimensional datasets. GSAM becomes highly capable when deployed with small number of wavelet features as its computational burden is remarkably reduced. The proposed method is evaluated using two frequently-used medical datasets: the Wisconsin breast cancer and Cleveland heart disease from the UCI Repository for machine learning. Experiments are organized with a five-fold cross validation and performance of classification techniques are measured by a number of important metrics: accuracy, F-measure, mutual information and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results demonstrate the superiority of the GSAM compared to other machine learning methods including probabilistic neural network, support vector machine, fuzzy ARTMAP, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The proposed approach is thus helpful as a decision support system for medical practitioners in the healthcare practice.

The effects of progressive resistance training combined with a whey-protein drink and vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in older adults with type 2 diabetes: study protocol for a randomized c

While physical activity, energy restriction and weight loss are the cornerstone of type 2 diabetes management, less emphasis is placed on optimizing skeletal muscle mass. As muscle is the largest mass of insulin-sensitive tissue and the predominant reservoir for glucose disposal, there is a need to develop safe and effective evidence-based, lifestyle management strategies that optimize muscle mass as well as improve glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in people with this disease, particularly older adults who experience accelerated muscle loss.

Fuzzy logic controller and cascade inverter for direct torque control of IM

In this paper, a five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters topology is applied on induction motor control known as direct torque control (DTC) strategy. More inverter states can be generated by a five-level inverter which improves voltage selection capability. This paper also introduces two different control methods to select the appropriate output voltage vector for reducing the torque and flux error to zero. The first is based on the conventional DTC scheme using a pair of hysteresis comparators and look up table to select the output voltage vector for controlling the torque and flux. The second is based on a new fuzzy logic controller using Sugeno as the inference method to select the output voltage vector by replacing the hysteresis comparators and lookup table in the conventional DTC, to which the results show more reduction in torque ripple and feasibility of smooth stator current. By using Matlab/Simulink, it is verified that using five-level inverter in DTC drive can reduce the torque ripple in comparison with conventional DTC, and further torque ripple reduction is obtained by applying fuzzy logic controller. The simulation results have also verified that using a fuzzy controller instead of a hysteresis controller has resulted in reduction in the flux ripples significantly as well as reduces the total harmonic distortion of the stator current to below 4 %.

Fuzzy logic controller optimized by particle swarm optimization for DC motor speed control

In this paper, we presented an optimized fuzzy logic controller using particle swarm optimization for DC motor speed control. The controller model is simulated using MATLAB software and also experimentally tested on a laboratory DC motor. A comparison of the performance of different controllers such as PID controller, fuzzy logic controller and optimized fuzzy logic controller is presented as well. With reference to the results of digital simulations and experiment, the designed FLC-PSO speed controller obtains much better dynamic behavior compared to PID and the normal FLC designed. Moreover, it can acquire superior performance of the DC motor, and also perfect speed tracking with no overshoot. The optimized membership functions (MFs) are obviously proved to be able to provide a better performance and higher robustness in comparison with a regular fuzzy model, when the MFs were heuristically defined. Besides, experimental results verify the ability of proposed FLC under sudden change of the load torque which leads to speed variances.