Agents, Trustees, and International Courts: Nomination and Appointment of Judicial Candidates in the WTO Appellate Body

Scholars have increasingly theorized, and debated, the decision by states to create and delegate authority to international courts, as well as the subsequent autonomy and behavior of those courts, with principal–agent and trusteeship models disagreeing on the nature and extent of states’ influence on international judges. This article formulates and tests a set of principal–agent hypotheses about the ways in which, and the conditions under which, member states are able use their powers of judicial nomination and appointment to influence the endogenous preferences of international judges. The empirical analysis surveys the record of all judicial appointments to the Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization over a 15-year period. We present a view of an AB appointment process that, far from representing a pure search for expertise, is deeply politicized and offers member-state principals opportunities to influence AB members ex ante and possibly ex post. We further demonstrate that the AB nomination process has become progressively more politicized over time as member states, responding to earlier and controversial AB decisions, became far more concerned about judicial activism and more interested in the substantive opinions of AB candidates, systematically championing candidates whose views on key issues most closely approached their own, and opposing candidates perceived to be activist or biased against their substantive preferences. Although specific to the WTO, our theory and findings have implications for the judicial politics of a large variety of global and regional international courts and tribunals.

Economies of Scale and Cost Efficiencies: A Panel-Data Stochastic-Frontier Analysis of Real Estate Investment Trusts

This paper extends the existing research on real estate investment trust (REIT) operating efficiencies. We estimate a stochastic-frontier panel-data model specifying a translog cost function, covering 1995 to 2003. The results disagree with previous research in that we find little evidence of scale economies and some evidence of scale diseconomies. Moreover, we also generally find smaller inefficiencies than those shown by other REIT studies. Contrary to previous research, the results also show that self-management of a REIT associates with more inefficiency when we measure output with assets. When we use revenue to measure output, selfmanagement associates with less inefficiency. Also contrary with previous research, higher leverage associates with more efficiency. The results further suggest that inefficiency increases over time in three of our four specifications.

Cost Improvements, Returns to Scale, and Cost Inefficiencies for Real Estate Investment Trusts

This paper extends the existing research on real estate investment trust (REIT) operating efficiencies. We estimate stochastic-frontier, panel-data models specifying a translog cost function. The specified model updates the cost frontier with new information as it becomes available over time. The model can identify frontier cost improvements, returns to scale, and cost inefficiencies over time. The results disagree with most previous research in that we find no evidence of scale economies and some evidence of scale diseconomies. Moreover, we also generally find smaller inefficiencies than those shown by other REIT studies. Contrary to previous research, higher leverage associates with more efficiency.

Catalogue of the governors, trustees, and officers, and of the alumni and other graduates, of Columbia College (originally King's College), in the city of New York, from 1754 to 1876.

Mode of access: Internet.

Catalogue of the governors, trustees, and officers , and of the alumni and other graduates, of Columbia College (originally King's College), in the city of New York, from 1754 to 1864.

Includes index.

A key to the "Trustee's Statement". Letters to the majority of the trustees of the Dudley observatory, showing the misrepresentations, garblings, and perversions of their mis-statement.

"From the Atlas & Argus, October, 1858."

Mercantile Trust Company vs. the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad Company et als. : hearing on bill; answers and proofs : abstract and points in behalf of Nathan Webb, Samuel E. Spring and Weston F. Milliken, trustees /

At head of title: Circuit Court of the United States. District of New Hampshire.

State university of Iowa : plan of organization and course of studies adopted by the Board of Trustees, June 28th, 1860.

Mode of access: Internet.

Biennial report of the trustees of the Connecticut Agricultural College at Storrs, Conn., for the two fiscal years ended September 30, ..., and for the two years in other matters ended November 30, ....

Ceased publication.

General catalogue of the graduates and former students of Miami university : including members of the Board of trustees and faculty during its first century, 1809-1909. [Centennial ed.].

B.S. Bartlow, editor.

The expedience and method of providing assurances for the poor, and of adopting the improved constitution of freindly societies, constructed upon principles calculated to ensure their stability and prevent their insolvency, and governed by regulations in conformity with the act 10 Geo. IV. c.56. Submitted to he consideration of the trustees and managers of the Bank for savings for the hundred of Hinckford in the county of Essex.

Additions and corrections in manuscript.

Directory of trustees, managing committee, faculty and students, 1882-1942.

"This editorial work has been ... done by Mr. and Mrs. C.S. Hartman."

Catalogue of nineteen books of the highest importance, from the library of the late Earl of Carysfort, K.P., sold by order of the owner, Col. D.J. Proby, and with the consent of the trustees and of the court.

The collection was sold at auction by Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge, July, 1923.

Biennial report of the Board of Trustees and Superintendent of the Arkansas School for the Blind.

Description based on: 11th (1880-1882).

Reports of the trustees and principal of the Maine School for the Deaf in Portland.

Description based on: Dec. 31, 1904 to Dec. 31, 1906.