Avaliação da indução de cristalinidade de policarbonato

Neste trabalho foram investigados os comportamentos térmico e mecânico e as características morfológicas de amostras de policarbonato de bisfenol-A (PC) com cristalinidade induzida por exposição ao vapor de solvente. A técnica de indução de cristalização foi empregada em três amostras de policarbonato de bisfenol-A de diferentes massas molares. Filmes vazados a partir de soluções de PC em clorofórmio e amostras moldadas por compressão foram expostos a um ambiente contendo vapor de acetona. Os filmes foram expostos por diferentes períodos de tempo e analisados em equipamentos de Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura, Microscopia Óptica com luz polarizada e Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, para caracterizar a indução de cristalinidade. A indução de cristalinidade foi confirmada e a fase cristalina apresentou estrutura esferulítica. As amostras de maior massa molar mostraram maior teor de cristalinidade. O desempenho mecânico das amostras cristalinas de policarbonato mostrou diferenças, com a mudança de seu comportamento mecânico de dúctil para frágil, independente da massa molar

Microwave power effects on the properties of phosphorus-doped SiC:H films prepared using ECR-CVD

There has been a growing interest in hydrogenated silicon carbide films (SiC:H) prepared using the electron cyclotron resonance-chemical vapour deposition (ECR-CVD) technique. Using the ECR-CVD technique, SiC:H films have been prepared from a mixture of methane, silane and hydrogen, with phosphine as the doping gas. The effects of changes in the microwave power (from 150 to 900 W) on the film properties were investigated in a series of phosphorus-doped SiC:H films. In particular, the changes in the deposition rate, optical bandgap, activation energy and conductivity were investigated in conjunction with results from Raman scattering and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis. It was found that increase in the microwave power has the effect of enhancing the formation of the silicon microcrystalline phase in the amorphous matrix of the SiC:H films. This occurs in correspondence to a rapid increase in the conductivity and a reduction in the activation energy, both of which exhibit small variations in samples deposited at microwave powers exceeding 500 W. Analysis of IR absorption results suggests that hydrogen is bonded to silicon in the Si-H stretching mode and to carbon in the sp3 CHn rocking/wagging and bending mode in films deposited at higher microwave powers.

Links between energy dissipation and wear mechanisms in solid epoxy/epoxy sliding contact

This paper covers wear and energy dissipation of solid epoxy induced by the alternative rubbing between two samples of identical thermosetting polymer. Varying normal load, sliding velocity and sliding distance, the authors were able to define and discuss wear and friction laws and associated energy dissipation. Moreover, traces of several wear mechanisms were distinguished on the worn surfaces and associated with applied conditions. Observed under higher velocity, polymer softening and local state transition were explained by surface temperature estimate and confirmed by infra-red spectroscopy measurements. To conclude this study, all observed phenomena are classified into two wear scenarios according to sliding velocity. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

In-situ FTIR study on adsorption and oxidation of native and thermally denatured calf thymus DNA at glassy carbon electrodes

In-situ Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectra of native and thermally denatured calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) adsorbed and/or oxidized at a glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface are reported. The adsorption of native DNA occurs throughout the potential range (-0.2 similar to 1.3 V) studied, and the adsorbing state of DNA at electrode surface is changed from through the C=O band of bases and pyrimidine rings to through the C=O of cytosine and imidazole rings while the potential shifts negatively from 1.3 V to -0.2 V. An in-situ FTIR spectrum of native CT DNA adsorbed at GC electrode surface is similar to that of the dissolved DNA, indicating that the structure of CT DNA is not distorted while it is adsorbed at the GC electrode surface. In the potential range of -0.2 similar to 1.30 V, the temperature-denatured CT DNA is adsorbed at the electrode surface first, then undergoes electrochemical oxidation reaction and following that, diffuses away from the electrode surface. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Sorptional Behaviour of Metals on the Sediments and Humic acid of Mangrove Ecosystem

Humic substances are complex polymeric structures.No other polymers with such a wide range of properties are so widely distributed in nature.But still their moleculer structures are unknown. A structural knowledge is essential in determining their reactivity with metals.In the present work structural elucidation of humic acids from three different mangrove ecosystems of Cochin area is done with the available data from functional group analysis and various spectroscopic methods.13C NMR spectra of the solid samples with CPMAS,IR and SEM are very promising in revealing the complex structures of these polymeric substances.Sorptional studies on the sediment and humic acid of mangrove ecosystem reveals that the major portion of the organic matter is not extractable with Sodium hydroxide and humic acid only a small portion of the total organic matter. Humic acid is a good complexing agent and scavenger. Due to the nonextractable nature of the organic matter present with the sediment left after alkali extraction it is a better scavenger.

Spectroscopic and photoluminescence studies on optically transparent magnetic nanocomposites based on sol–gel glass: Fe3O4

Sol–gel glasses with Fe3O4 nanoparticles having particle sizes laying in the range 10–20 nm were encapsulated in the porous network of silica resulting in nanocomposites having both optical and magnetic properties. Spectroscopic and photoluminescence studies indicated that Fe3O4 nanocrystals are embedded in the silica matrix with no strong Si–O–Fe bonding. The composites exhibited a blue luminescence. The optical absorption edge of the composites red shifted with increasing concentration of Fe3O4 in the silica matrix. There is no obvious shift in the position of the luminescence peak with the concentration of Fe3O4 except that the intensity of the peak is decreased. The unique combinations of magnetic and optical properties are appealing for magneto–optical applications.

Investigations on some amino acid based single crystals for nonlinear optical applications and amino acid capped nanocrystals

Organic crystals possess extremely large optical nonlinearity compared to inorganic crystals. Also organic compounds have the amenability for synthesis and scope for introducing desirable characteristics by inclusions. A wide variety of organic materials having electron donor and acceptor groups, generate high order of nonlinearity. In the present work, a new nonlinear optical crystal, L-citrulline oxalate (LCO) based on the aminoacid L-citrulline was grown using slow evaporation technique. Structural characterization was carried out by single crystal XRD. It crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric, orthorhombic structure with space group P21 P21 P21. Functional groups present in the sample were identified by Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectral analysis. On studying the FTIR and Raman spectra of the precursors L-citrulline and oxalic acid, used for growing L-citrulline oxalate crystal, it is found that the significant peaks of the precursors are present in the spectra of the L-citrulline oxalate crystal . This observation along with the presence of NH3 + group in the spectra of L-citrulline oxalate, confirms the formation of the charge transfer complex

Spectroscopic and photoluminescence studies on optically transparent magnetic nanocomposites based on sol–gel glass: Fe3O4

Sol–gel glasses with Fe3O4 nanoparticles having particle sizes laying in the range 10–20 nm were encapsulated in the porous network of silica resulting in nanocomposites having both optical and magnetic properties. Spectroscopic and photoluminescence studies indicated that Fe3O4 nanocrystals are embedded in the silica matrix with no strong Si–O–Fe bonding. The composites exhibited a blue luminescence. The optical absorption edge of the composites red shifted with increasing concentration of Fe3O4 in the silica matrix. There is no obvious shift in the position of the luminescence peak with the concentration of Fe3O4 except that the intensity of the peak is decreased. The unique combinations of magnetic and optical properties are appealing for magneto–optical applications.

Structural diversity in supramolecular architectures of Mn(II) through non-covalent interactions

Two mononuclear complexes of manganese(II), [Mn(OCN)(2)(phen)(2)] 1 and [Mn(NCO)(2)(bpy)(2)] 2 [1,10-phenanthroline (phen); 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy)], have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray analysis, infra-red spectroscopy and magnetic studies. The coordination structure of complex 2 is already reported. The cyanate anions are pendent in both the complexes. In 1, cyanate anion links manganese(II) through O-atom, whereas in 2 it coordinates through N-atom. The mononuclear fragments of 1 are built up to a supramolecular lamellar 3D architecture by pi-pi interactions only. On the other hand, mononuclear fragments of 2 are assembled to a 2D supramolecular brick-wall architecture by C-H-... pi interactions.

Chemical, physical and electrical properties of aged dodecylbenzene 3: thermal ageing of mixed isomers in nitrogen and under sealed conditions

Commercial dodecylbenzene cable fluid was aged at temperatures of 105 and 135 degrees C in dry oxygen-free nitrogen. In addition, selected samples were aged at 135 degrees C under sealed conditions where air was excluded from the headspace above the oil. A variety of analytical techniques, such as ultra-violet visible and infra-red spectroscopy, acid number and water content measurements, were then used to characterize the aged oils. In addition, their electrical properties were assessed by dielectric spectroscopy. Compared with ageing in air, the ageing rate was reduced significantly and, as expected, no major oxidation peaks were detected in the infrared spectrometer. Significantly, very little absorbance at 680 nm ("red absorbers") was detected in samples aged with copper and, consequentially, no large increases in dielectric loss were recorded within the ageing times considered here. This study compliments previous investigations on cable fluid and 1-phenyldodecane aged in air and show that the same ageing indicators are valid in oils aged under conditions which more closely resemble those found in high voltage plant.

Chemical, physical and electrical properties of aged dodecylbenzene: thermal ageing of mixed isomers in air

A commercial dodecylbenzene (DDB) cable oil was aged at temperatures between 90 and 135 degrees C in air and was analyzed using various analytical techniques including optical and infra-red spectroscopy and dielectric analysis. On ageing, the oil darkened, significant oxidation features were found by infra-red spectroscopy and the acid number, water content and dielectric loss all increased. Ageing in the presence of paper or aluminum did not affect the ageing process, whereas ageing was significantly modified by the presence of copper. An absorption at 680 nm ("red absorbers") was detected by ultra-violet/visible spectroscopy followed by the production of an opaque precipitate. A reaction between copper and the acid generated on ageing is thought to produce copper carboxylates, and X-ray fluorescence confirmed that copper was indeed present in both the aged oil and the precipitate. Significantly, once red absorbers were detected, the dielectric loss increased to catastrophically high values and, therefore, the appearance of these compounds may serve as a useful diagnostic indicator. The development of acidity on ageing appears to be key in initiating the destructive copper conversion reaction and hence the control of oil acidity may be key to prolonging the life of DDB cable oils.

EPR, FT-IR and XRD investigation of soils from Parana, Brazil

Samples of Araucaria area soil from Parana state, Brazil, were separated by particle size fractionation and investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in X-Band of 9.5 GHz at room temperature and 77K, infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The paramagnetic species in the soil samples were identified by comparison with EPR spectra of some minerals studied recently by our group, several soil types and/or soil components investigated in the literature. The value of g = 2.1 (Delta H = 85 mT) indicated the presence of ferrihydrite. Hematite was identified by g = 2.1 (Delta H = 100 mT) and g = 4.3 for Fe(3+) lines of the concentrated dominium and diluted dominium. Kaolinite was identified by IR and EPR with the resonance at g = 4.3 attributed to Fe(3+) ions in isolated sites of tetrahedral and octahedral symmetry with rhombic distortion. The resonances at g = 3.7 and g = 4.9 were attributed to Fe(3+) in more highly symmetrical environment than rhombic symmetry, but not in axial symmetry. Three signals around g = 2 were attributed to radiation defects, plus additional resonances at g = 2.8 and 9.0. Signals less intense than those at g = 2.1, 3.7, and 6.5, observed for clear grains of soil, were attributed to presence of Fe(3+) in quartz which was identified by IR and XDR. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Changes on degree of conversion of dual-cure luting light-cured with blue LED

The indirect adhesive procedures constitute recently a substantial portion of contemporary esthetic restorative treatments. The resin cements have been used to bond tooth substrate and restorative materials. Due to recently introduction of the self-bonding resin luting cement based on a new monomer, filler and initiation technology has become important to study the degree of conversion of these new materials. In the present work the polymerization reaction and the filler content of dual-cured dental resin cements were studied by means of infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetry (TG). Twenty specimens were made in a metallic mold (8 mm diameter x 1 mm thick) from each of 2 cements, PanaviaA (R) F2.0 (Kuraray) and RelyX (TM) Unicem Applicap (3M/ESPE). Each specimen was cured with blue LED with power density of 500 mW/cm(2) for 30 s. Immediately after curing, 24 and 48 h, and 7 days DC was determined. For each time interval 5 specimens were pulverized, pressed with KBr and analyzed with FT-IR. The TG measurements were performed in Netzsch TG 209 under oxygen atmosphere and heating rate of 10A degrees C/min from 25 to 700A degrees C. A two-way ANOVA showed DC (%) mean values statistically significance differences between two cements (p < 0.05). The Tukey`s test showed no significant difference only for the 24 and 48 h after light irradiation for both resin cements (p > 0.05). The Relx-Y (TM) Unicem mean values were significantly higher than PanaviaA (R) F 2.0. The degree of conversion means values increasing with the storage time and the filler content showed similar for both resin cements.

Síntese e caracterização físico-química de reticulados tridimensionais derivados de poli (isopreno) contendo grupos doadores e aceptores

Foram estudadas, neste trabalho, interacões por complexos de transferência de carga, através de medidas gravimétricas do grau de inchamento de géis de poli(isopreno) reticulado,contendo grupos aceptores de carga, em presença de grupos doadores de carga, de pequeno peso molecular, dissolvidos em tolueno. Para este fim, poli(isopreno) sintético proveniente da COPERBO - Companhia Pernambucana de Borracha Sintética, após purificação em clorofórmio, foi caracterizado por espectroscopia no infra-vermelho. O seu peso molecular médio foi determinado por viscosimetria em tolueno e o valor de Mv obtido foi 8,25 x 105. Através de epoxidação da dupla ligacão e hidrólise ácida do respectivo anel oxirano, foram introduzidos no poli(isopreno), previamente purificado, grupos aceptores de carga do tipo cloranil e ácido 3,5-dinitro-benzóico, e grupos doadores de carga do tipo carbazola. Obteve-se, desta forma, copolímeros aceptores do tipo poli (isopreno - co-cloranil) e poli(isopreno-co-(3,5-dinitro-benzoato)) e copolímero doador do tipo poli(isopreno- co-carbazola). A quantidade de cada espécie introduzida foi determinada por espectroscopia no ultra violeta. Poli(isopreno) e os copolímeros contendo grupos doadores ou aceptores foram reticulados em solução utilizando 4,4'-(4,4'-difenilmetileno)-bis- 1,2,4-triazolina-3,5-diona (BPMTD). Os filmes reticulados, após retirada a fase sol, e secos à vácuo, foram submetidos a inchamento em tolueno puro e em solução de tolueno contendo grupos aceptores ou doadores de carga, nas proporções 10:1, 1:1 e 1:10 (polímero: grupo doador ou polímero: grupo aceptor de carga), a 25, 30, 35 e 40ºC. Das medidas gravimétricas do grau de inchamento, foi verificado a formação de complexos por transferência de carga entre os copolímeros aceptores e carbazola. Foi verificado ainda que copolímeros contendo grupos aceptores do tipo cloranil possuem maior tendência a formar complexos por transferência de carga do que copolímeros aceptores contendo grupos 3,5-dinitro-benzoíla.

Avaliação e valorização de recursos agrícolas: avaliação nutricional e mineral de variedades tradicionais de batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas L.) provenientes da Madeira e Açores

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de avaliar nutricionalmente variedades agrícolas regionais madeirenses e açorianas de Ipomoea batatas L. (batata-doce). No total 18 amostras foram analisadas, entre as quais 11 são variedades provindas da Madeira e outras 7 provindas dos Açores. O maior objectivo deste estudo foi comparar a composição nutricional e mineral de um conjunto de variedades de batata-doce, valorizando assim os recursos agrícolas da Madeira e Açores. A caracterização nutricional e mineral dos rizomas, produzidos nestas regiões, proporcionou informação relevante para a valorização destes recursos. Sendo um rizoma tropical consumido habitualmente pela população e disponível todo o ano, torna essencial a sua avaliação. A análise laboratorial dos rizomas permitiu determinar um conjunto de características nutricionais. De um modo geral, os valores nutricionais médios detectados em rizomas de batata-doce destas duas regiões são de 93,64 g/100g de MS para o resíduo seco, 3,01 g/100g de MS para cinzas, 3,19 g/100g de MS para fibra (ADF), 1,21 g/100g de MS para gordura bruta, 3,20 g/100g de MS para proteína, 14,00 g/100g de MS para açúcares solúveis e 59,72 g/100g de MS para o amido. A análise mineral incluiu a determinação de fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, ferro, cobre, zinco, manganês e boro. Na variedade “De cenoura” (ISOP 1028), foi quantificado o nível de pro-vitamina A pela técnica de HPLC, que foi verificado ser 12,48 mg/100g em MS de β-caroteno. Os dados obtidos na análise nutricional foram usados para construir uma base de dados no NIRS (Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy) de modo a construir um modelo de previsão que possa predizer o valor nutritivo de um grande número de amostras em tempo reduzido, com um mínimo de impacto ambiental. Posteriormente, os dados obtidos através das análises nutricionais e minerais foram introduzidos no software estatístico SPSS 19.0 para determinar correlações e similaridades.