Photovoltaic Process Development and innovative Techniques

Photovoltaic processing is one of the processes that have significance in semiconductor process line. It is complicated due to the no. of elements involved that directly or indirectly affect the processing and final yield. So mathematically or empirically we can’t say assertively about the results specially related with diffusion, antireflective coating and impurity poisoning. Here I have experimented and collected data on the mono-crystal silicon wafers with varying properties and outputs. Then by using neural network with available experimental data output required can be estimated which is further tested by the test data for authenticity. One can say that it’s a kind of process simulation with varying input of raw wafers to get desired yield of photovoltaic mono-crystal cells.

Skicklig läs- och skrivundervisning i åk 1-3 : Om lärares möjligheter och hinder

This study focuses on teachers’ opportunities and obstacles to perform skillful reading and writing instruction. It’s about the ability to accurately identify where students are in their reading and writing process and to help them develop good reading skills. It is also about the ability to recognize signs of difficulties that students may have in their written language development and to know what efforts are needed to help them advance their reading and writing skills. The research is based on teachers’ own statements and survey responses on the external conditions for teaching and on their approach, attitudes and knowledge in reading and writing. The empirical material consists of interviews, surveys and test data. The interview study was conducted with eight teachers. The questionnaire was answered by 249 teachers, while the knowledge test was conducted of 269 teachers and 31 special education teachers. Many of the teachers in this study have lack knowledge in the structure of language and common Swedish spelling rules. Furthermore, it appears that a large part of them are unaccustomed to explaining, in detail, students’ reading development and find it difficult to systematically describe the aspects of daily literacy instruction. The overall picture is that many teachers teach without having tools to reflect on how their education really affects students’ reading and writing. These shortcomings make it difficult to conduct effective literacy instruction. Once students have learned to decode or if they have reading difficulties, many teachers seem to one-sidedly focus on getting students to read more. The consequence could be that those who would need to practice more on the technical basic of reading or comprehension strategies are left without support. Lack of variety and individuality in fluency and comprehension training can challenge the students’ reading and writing development. The teachers in the study, who have the old junior school teacher and elementary teacher education, have the highest amount of knowledge of reading and writing (the test). Good education can provide student teachers with professional skills that they may develop further in their careers. Knowledge of the meaning of phonological and phonemic awareness as well as knowledge of how to count phonemes seem to be important for knowledge of reading and writing (the test). Knowledge of basic reading processes can be obtained by systematic and structured work with students’ linguistic development, and through continuous dialogues with experienced colleagues on how and why questions. This is one important way to work also in teacher training. When essential professional skills are established in the teacher education, in practice students will obtain the school’s learning goals.

A simplified heat pump model for use in solar plus heat pump system simulation studies

Solar plus heat pump systems are often very complex in design, with sometimes special heat pump arrangements and control. Therefore detailed heat pump models can give very slow system simulations and still not so accurate results compared to real heat pump performance in a system. The idea here is to start from a standard measured performance map of test points for a heat pump according to EN 14825 and then determine characteristic parameters for a simplified correlation based model of the heat pump. By plotting heat pump test data in different ways including power input and output form and not only as COP, a simplified relation could be seen. By using the same methodology as in the EN 12975 QDT part in the collector test standard it could be shown that a very simple model could describe the heat pump test data very accurately, by identifying 4 parameters in the correlation equation found. © 2012 The Authors.

Teste de condutividade elétrica para sementes de mamoneira

The aim was to study the efficiency of electrical conductivity test in evaluating the quality of castor seeds. Emergence of seedlings was evaluated in the field, with five seed lots of cv. AL Guarany 2002. The seeds were submitted to the following tests: germination; first count of germination; accelerated aging (45 degrees C by 24 to 100% UR), emergence of seedlings in the field, rate of speed of development of seedlings and electrical conductivity, testing the periods (2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours) and the number of seeds (25,50 and 75) in 75ml of distilled water conditioning to 25 degrees C. A completely randomized design was used. The averages were compared by the Tukey test at 5%. The mean laboratory and field test data were correlated. Electrical conductivity test for 4 hours with 25 seeds and 6 hours with 50 seeds, and the rate of speed emergency proved efficient in the selection of lots vigor by providing information equivalent to the emergence of seedlings in the field.

Análise da indução de fluxo de ar por convecção livre em chaminé solar

Experiments were performed to study the effect of surface properties of a vertical channel heated by a source of thermal radiation to induce air flow through convection. Two channels (solar chimney prototype) were built with glass plates, forming a structure of truncated pyramidal geometry. We considered two surface finishes: transparent and opaque. Each stack was mounted on a base of thermal energy absorber with a central opening for passage of air, and subjected to heating by a radiant source comprises a bank of incandescent bulbs and were performed field tests. Thermocouples were fixed on the bases and on the walls of chimneys and then connected to a data acquisition system in computer. The air flow within the chimney, the speed and temperature were measured using a hot wire anemometer. Five experiments were performed for each stack in which convective flows were recorded with values ranging from 17 m³ / h and 22 m³ / h and air flow velocities ranging from 0.38 m / s and 0.56 m / s for the laboratory tests and air velocities between 0.6 m/s and 1.1m/s and convective airflows between 650 m³/h and 1150 m³/h for the field tests. The test data were compared to those obtained by semi-empirical equations, which are valid for air flow induced into channels and simulated data from 1st Thermodynamics equation. It was found that the chimney with transparent walls induced more intense convective flows than the chimney with matte finish. Based on the results obtained can be proposed for the implementation of prototype to exhaust fumes, mists, gases, vapors, mists and dusts in industrial environments, to help promote ventilation and air renewal in built environments and for drying materials, fruits and seeds

Avaliação da coluna vertebral: relação entre gibosidade e curvas sagitais por método não-invasivo

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar o alinhamento, no plano sagital, da coluna de indivíduos com alterações na medida da gibosidade, comparando com um grupo sem alterações; testar a confiabilidade do instrumento utilizado e verificar se existem correlações entre as medidas da gibosidade e os valores das curvaturas vertebrais. Foram avaliados 40 jovens, divididos em grupo controle - ausência ou presença de gibosidades inferiores a 0,5 cm na curvatura torácica e 0,7 cm na lombar (n=20) e, grupo experimental - gibosidades superiores às descritas (n=20). A gibosidade e as curvaturas no plano sagital foram mensuradas com um instrumento adaptado a um nível d'água e o teste de Adams. As coletas foram realizadas em duas datas distintas, nos dois grupos. Após aplicação do teste Mann-Whitney não foi encontrada diferença entre as ocasiões de coletas e, emparelhando-se os grupos, foi encontrada diferença apenas na medida cervical. Na verificação de existência de relação entre as medidas coletadas, foi encontrada correlação linear (Spearmann) no grupo controle - curvatura torácica e gibosidade torácica; em ambos os grupos - curvaturas torácica e lombar; e no grupo experimental - gibosidade torácica e as curvaturas lombar e sacral e, curvatura sacral e curvaturas torácica e lombar. Pôde-se concluir que a medida da gibosidade tem relações com as curvaturas no plano sagital. Por ser um método confiável, simples e acessível, pode ser reproduzido sem altos custos financeiros e sem causar prejuízo à saúde do paciente.

Physical fitness and associations with anthropometric measurements in 7 to 15-year-old school children

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Bond strength of adhesive restorations to Er : YAG laser-treated dentin

Background and Objective: evaluate the adhesion of adhesive restorations with and without a base of resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) to dentin irradiated with Er:YAG laser.Study Design/Materials and Methods: Twenty-four human molar teeth were divided into 6 groups (n=4): G1) 37% Phosphoric acid (PA) + Adhesive system (Ad) + Composite resin (CR); G2) RMGIC + CR; G3) Laser (60mJ-5Hz-20s) + PA + Ad + CR; G4) Laser (60 mJ-5 Hz-20 s) + RMGIC + CR; G5) Laser (100mJ-5Hz-20s) + PA + Ad + CR; G6) Laser (100mJ-5Hz-20s) + RMGIC + CR. Teeth were prepared, restored and cut into specimens, according to the treatment proposed and to methodology for microtensile test. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests (alpha=5%).Results:. The mean values for adhesion (MPa) and standard deviation (+/- SD) were: G1) 26.30(+/- 4.50), G2) 5.34(+/- 2.87), G3) 21.16(+/- 6.01), G4) 5.22(+/- 1.52), G5) 22.23(+/- 4.98), G6) 5.25(+/- 3.08).Conclusion: the use of Er:YAG laser did not influence on the restorations adhesion.

C programs for solving the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation in a fully anisotropic trap

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Teste de comprimento de plântula na avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja

Os testes de vigor são empregados pelas empresas produtoras de sementes, no controle interno de qualidade. Dentre estes, o teste de comprimento de plântulas tem potencial para ser usado para este fim. Assim, o trabalho objetivou verificar a possibilidade de utilização do teste de comprimento de plântulas como um método de vigor para classificar lotes de sementes de soja de acordo com a sua qualidade fisiológica. Para tanto, variou-se a forma de apresentação dos resultados médios de comprimento de plântulas e de suas partes (raiz e hipocótilo). A qualidade fisiológica de três lotes de soja (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) 48), de mesma classe de tamanho e com teor de água semelhante, foi avaliada por testes de viabilidade e vigor, realizados em laboratório e campo. Empregou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Correlacionaram-se os dados médios dos testes realizados em laboratório e em campo. O comprimento da raiz de soja foi mais sensível para diferenciar lotes, apresentando maior correlação com a emergência das plântulas de soja em campo. O comprimento de plântulas ou de suas partes distinguiram os três lotes de soja somente quando seus resultados médios foram divididos pelo número de sementes em teste, mostrando ser a forma mais eficaz para classificar lotes de alta qualidade e com diferenças sutis de vigor.

Pathogenic variation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infecting Stylosanthes spp. in a center of diversity in Brazil

Pathogenic variation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infecting species of the tropical pasture legume Stylosanthes at its center of diversity was determined from 296 isolates collected from wild host population and selected germ plasm of S. capitata, S. guianensis, S. scabra, and S. macrocephala in Brazil. A putative host differential set comprising 11 accessions was selected from a bioassay of 18 isolates on 19 host accessions using principal component analysis. A similar analysis of anthracnose severity data for a subset of 195 isolates on the 11 differentials indicated that an adequate summary of pathogenic variation could be obtained using only five of these differentials. of the five differentials, S. seabrana 'Primar' was resistant and S. scabra 'Fitzroy' was susceptible to most isolates. A cluster analysis was used to determine eight natural race clusters using the 195 isolates. Linear discriminant functions were developed for eight race clusters using the 195 isolates as the training data set, and these were applied to classify a test data set of the remaining 101 isolates. All except 11 isolates of the test data set were classified into one of the eight race clusters. Over 10% of the 296 isolates were weakly pathogenic to all five differentials and another 40% were virulent on just one differential. The unclassified isolates represent six new races with unique virulence combinations, of which one isolate is virulent on all five differentials. The majority of isolates came from six field sites, and Shannon's index of diversity indicated considerable variation between sites. Pathogenic diversity was extensive at three sites where selected germ plasm were under evaluation, and complex race clusters and unclassified isolates representing new races were more prevalent at these sites compared with sites containing wild Stylosanthes populations.

The STATFLUX code: a statistical method for calculation of flow and set of parameters, based on the Multiple-Compartment Biokinetical Model

The code STATFLUX, implementing a new and simple statistical procedure for the calculation of transfer coefficients in radionuclide transport to animals and plants, is proposed. The method is based on the general multiple-compartment model, which uses a system of linear equations involving geometrical volume considerations. Flow parameters were estimated by employing two different least-squares procedures: Derivative and Gauss-Marquardt methods, with the available experimental data of radionuclide concentrations as the input functions of time. The solution of the inverse problem, which relates a given set of flow parameter with the time evolution of concentration functions, is achieved via a Monte Carlo Simulation procedure.Program summaryTitle of program: STATFLUXCatalogue identifier: ADYS_v1_0Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADYS_v1_0Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. IrelandLicensing provisions: noneComputer for which the program is designed and others on which it has been tested: Micro-computer with Intel Pentium III, 3.0 GHzInstallation: Laboratory of Linear Accelerator, Department of Experimental Physics, University of São Paulo, BrazilOperating system: Windows 2000 and Windows XPProgramming language used: Fortran-77 as implemented in Microsoft Fortran 4.0. NOTE: Microsoft Fortran includes non-standard features which are used in this program. Standard Fortran compilers such as, g77, f77, ifort and NAG95, are not able to compile the code and therefore it has not been possible for the CPC Program Library to test the program.Memory, required to execute with typical data: 8 Mbytes of RAM memory and 100 MB of Hard disk memoryNo. of bits in a word: 16No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 6912No. of bytes in distributed Program, including test data, etc.: 229 541Distribution format: tar.gzNature of the physical problem: the investigation of transport mechanisms for radioactive substances, through environmental pathways, is very important for radiological protection of populations. One such pathway, associated with the food chain, is the grass-animal-man sequence. The distribution of trace elements in humans and laboratory animals has been intensively studied over the past 60 years [R.C. Pendlenton, C.W. Mays, R.D. Lloyd, A.L. Brooks, Differential accumulation of iodine-131 from local fallout in people and milk, Health Phys. 9 (1963) 1253-1262]. In addition, investigations on the incidence of cancer in humans, and a possible causal relationship to radioactive fallout, have been undertaken [E.S. Weiss, M.L. Rallison, W.T. London, W.T. Carlyle Thompson, Thyroid nodularity in southwestern Utah school children exposed to fallout radiation, Amer. J. Public Health 61 (1971) 241-249; M.L. Rallison, B.M. Dobyns, F.R. Keating, J.E. Rall, F.H. Tyler, Thyroid diseases in children, Amer. J. Med. 56 (1974) 457-463; J.L. Lyon, M.R. Klauber, J.W. Gardner, K.S. Udall, Childhood leukemia associated with fallout from nuclear testing, N. Engl. J. Med. 300 (1979) 397-402]. From the pathways of entry of radionuclides in the human (or animal) body, ingestion is the most important because it is closely related to life-long alimentary (or dietary) habits. Those radionuclides which are able to enter the living cells by either metabolic or other processes give rise to localized doses which can be very high. The evaluation of these internally localized doses is of paramount importance for the assessment of radiobiological risks and radiological protection. The time behavior of trace concentration in organs is the principal input for prediction of internal doses after acute or chronic exposure. The General Multiple-Compartment Model (GMCM) is the powerful and more accepted method for biokinetical studies, which allows the calculation of concentration of trace elements in organs as a function of time, when the flow parameters of the model are known. However, few biokinetics data exist in the literature, and the determination of flow and transfer parameters by statistical fitting for each system is an open problem.Restriction on the complexity of the problem: This version of the code works with the constant volume approximation, which is valid for many situations where the biological half-live of a trace is lower than the volume rise time. Another restriction is related to the central flux model. The model considered in the code assumes that exist one central compartment (e.g., blood), that connect the flow with all compartments, and the flow between other compartments is not included.Typical running time: Depends on the choice for calculations. Using the Derivative Method the time is very short (a few minutes) for any number of compartments considered. When the Gauss-Marquardt iterative method is used the calculation time can be approximately 5-6 hours when similar to 15 compartments are considered. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dilatometer tests in a Leda clay crust

The dilatometer test results have been lately applied in foundation design for prediction of settlement and bearing capacity problems. The equipment, its calibration, test procedures and test data interpretation are simple. These advantages seem to explain the increasing use of the dilatometer (DMT) test as a routine technique for subsoil investigation. The DMT test boreholes were carried out on the grounds of the National Research Council (NRC) in Ottawa. Several test results based on laboratory, and other in situ tests available in the literature for the Leda clay deposit in Ottawa area were used to provide correlations between geotechnical properties and soil index parameters as proposed by Marchetti (1980). More appropriated relationships, even though preliminaries, are presented for the crust layer.

Investigação de Intrusão de Água Salgada em Aqüífero Superficial a Partir de Medidas de Resistividade Elétrica

A site investigation program was carried out to detect salt-water intrusions in a shallow sedimentary aquifer based on electrical resistivity measurements. The site is located close to Paranaguá harbor, in the Paraná State, Brasil. At this site, high chloride concentration contaminated shallow water wells used to supply water for local industries. The site investigation program included a fieldwork, dipole-dipole electrical profiling, resistivity piezocone tests, physical-chemical analysis of sampled water and interpretation of borehole logs. The resistivity piezocone tests provided two simultaneous information; the soil stratigraphy at a very detailed level and a quasi-continuous resistivity profile. Both information adequately complemented dipole-dipole electrical profiling test data. The integration of all test data allowed identifying the contaminated areas as well as guided the location of new water wells to be installed in this area.

Effect of a post-polymerization treatments on the flexural strength and vickers hardness of reline and acrylic denture base resins

This study evaluated the effect of water-bath and microwave post-polymerization treatments on the flexural strength and Vickers hardness of four autopolymerizing reline resins (Duraliner II-D, Kooliner-K, Tokuso Rebase Fast-TR and Ufi Gel Hard C-UGH) and one heat-polymerized acrylic resin (Lucitone 550-L), processed using two polymerization cycles (short cycle - 90 minutes at 73°C and 100°C for 30 minutes; and long cycle - 9 hours at 71°C). For each material, thirty specimens (64 x 10 x 3.3 mm) were made and divided into 3 groups (n=10). Specimens were tested after: processing (control group); water-bath at 55°C for 10 minutes (reline materials) or 60 minutes (L); and microwave irradiation. Flexural strength tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min using a three-point bending device with a span of 50 mm. The flexural strengths values were calculated in MPa. One fragment of each specimen was submitted to Vickers hardness test. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test (α=0.05). L microwaved specimens (short cycle) exhibited significantly higher flexural strength means than its respective control group (p<0.05). Water-bath promoted a significant increase (p<0.05) in flexural strength of K and L (long cycle). The hardness of the tested materials was not influenced by the post-polymerization treatments. Post-polymerization treatments could be used to improve the flexural strength of some materials tested.