Differences in coronary artery plaques between target and non-target vessels

We used intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and virtual histology (VH) to assess the differences of plaque burden and composition between target coronary arteries containing the culprit lesion and non-target coronary arteries.

Senile scleral plaques imaged with enhanced depth optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE Senile scleral plaques (SSP) are sharply demarcated greyish areas located just anterior to the insertions of the horizontal rectus muscles and thus are frequently encountered during transscleral intravitreal injections. The aim of this study was to characterize SSP using enhanced depth imaging spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a cohort of patients attending intravitreal injection clinics. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study of 380 patients attending the clinic for intravitreal injections at the Department of Ophthalmology at the Bern University Hospital. Thirty-two patients with SSP were identified and the anatomical features were assessed using anterior segment OCT. RESULTS In our patient cohort, we found a SSP prevalence of 8.2%. Senile scleral plaques were easily identifiable using anterior segment OCT and were found at the insertion sites of the horizontal recti muscles. The mean horizontal diameter was 2.2 mm (±760 μm SD), the mean vertical diameter was 3.3 mm (±144 μm SD), and the average surface area was 5.3 mm(2) (±0.4 mm(2) SD). The mean senile scleral plaque thickness was 0.6 mm (±149 μm SD). The mean distance from the limbus was 2.24 mm for nasally located SSP and 3.22 mm for temporally located SSP. CONCLUSION SSP are frequently encountered during intravitreal injections as they are located just anterior to the insertion sites of the horizontal recti muscles. Because the scleral stroma is rarefied and due to calcifications within SSP, these areas should be avoided when performing multiple intravitreal injections as this may result in rupture of the sclera.

Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with the occurrence of echolucent plaques in the carotid artery in 61-year-old men.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the echogenicity of carotid artery plaques and the following risk factors: circulating oxLDL, hsCRP, the metabolic syndrome (MetS), and several of the traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional population-based study of 513 sixty-one-year-old men. The levels of circulating oxLDL were determined in plasma samples by sandwich ELISA utilizing a specific murine monoclonal antibody (mAb-4E6). High-sensitivity CRP was measured in plasma by ELISA. Plaque occurrence, size and echogenicity were evaluated from B-mode ultrasound registrations in the carotid arteries. Plaque echogenicity was assessed based on a four-graded classification scale. RESULTS A higher frequency of echolucent carotid plaques was observed with increasing levels of oxLDL and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.008 and p = 0.041, respectively). Subjects with the MetS had a significantly higher frequency of echogenic plaques than subjects without the MetS (p = 0.009). In a multiple logistic regression analysis, oxLDL turned out to be independently associated with echolucent carotid plaques. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of echolucent carotid plaques was associated with oxLDL and systolic blood pressure, and oxLDL was associated with echolucent carotid plaques independently of systolic blood pressure.

Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with echolucent plaques in the femoral artery independently of hsCRP in 61-year-old men.

OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that circulating markers of inflammation (high-sensitive C-reactive protein, hsCRP) and oxidative modification of lipids (oxidized low-density lipoprotein, oxLDL) were associated with the occurrence of echolucent rather than echogenic femoral artery plaques in a cross-sectional population based cohort of 513, 61-year-old men. BACKGROUND The relationships between circulating oxLDL, hsCRP and the occurrence of echolucent plaques in the femoral artery have not previously been investigated. METHODS The levels of circulating oxLDL and hsCRP were determined in plasma by ELISA. Plaque occurrence, size and echogenicity were measured by B-mode ultrasound in the right femoral artery. Assessment of plaque echogenicity was based on the classification (grades 1-4) proposed by Gray-Weale et al. RESULTS A higher frequency of echolucent femoral plaques was observed in subjects with the metabolic syndrome and current smokers (p=0.01 and p<0.001, respectively) as well as with increasing levels of oxLDL and hsCRP (p=0.002 and p=0.005, respectively). In a multiple logistic regression analysis oxLDL and current smokers turned out to be independent associated with the presence of echolucent femoral artery plaques. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study support our hypothesis that circulating oxLDL is a marker of an unstable echolucent plaque phenotype in the femoral artery in man.

El límite difuso. Tectónica del límite en Toyo Ito 1971-2001

La arquitectura de límites difusos resulta uno de los aspectos fundamentales de la contemporaneidad pues permite a la ciudad adaptarse al mundo relacional en el que vivimos. El estudio de la cultura japonesa ayuda a entender ese mundo de relaciones donde los conceptos espaciales admiten simultaneidad de significados. Toyo Ito nos acerca a esta realidad mediante la reflexión de una arquitectura pensada para estar en contacto con los estímulos del exterior. The architecture of blurred boundaries is one of the fundamental aspects of the contemporaneity as it allows the city to become adapted to the relational world in which we live. The study of the Japanese culture helps us to understand the world of relationships where simultaneous spatial concepts are accepted. Toyo Ito approaches us to a closer gaze of this reality by the reflection of an architecture that is thought to be in contact with exterior stimulus.

Contemporánea Indefinición Tectónica del Esqueleto

Contemporánea indefinición tectónica del esqueleto

La tectónica de Mies van der Rohe y su relación con el movimiento romántico alemán

El texto aborda tres vías distintas de investigación. Estas tres vías, aunque independientes ,surgen bajo la intuición que la tectónica de Ludwig Mies van der Rohe se debate entre la modernidad y la tradición. Esta tradición está en este trabajo analizada, bajo los principios desarrollados en el siglo XIX en la pintura de paisaje. La pintura de paisaje del XIX abre nuevos campos en la concepción del cuadro. Por un lado, la búsqueda de realidad en el lenguaje de lo representado. Por el otro, una relación directa con el observador. Estas dos vías son el hilo conductor de esta relación que se propone en esta tesis. No se trata aquí de una comparación historicista , sino de realizar una reflexión sobre el discurso estético desarrollados en el XIX y el de Mies sobre las categorías que introducen lo distante y lo próximo, en relación al observador-habitante con la creación de "un lugar". Esta asociación aparece entre la manera de estructurar el espacio del cuadro en la pintura de paisaje de Friedrich y las propuestas de espacio elaboradas por Mies en sus asentamientos con relación al paisaje y la naturaleza circundante. Es importante destacar que una obra pictórica de Friedrich no es, al menos no atiende a los mismos problemas que una obra arquitectónica y podría llegar a ser una "simpleza", la comparación. Pero se atiende mas a los métodos generales que a las soluciones concretas. Y es aquí donde encontramos mas relaciones y conexiones. El primer tema de investigación es el estudio, análisis y levantamiento de la vivienda Wolf (1925-27). En este análisis se hace hincapié en la manera de colocar la vivienda en el sitio y su relación entre los materiales empleados con los espacios creados. Se indaga en el concepto de plinto y su influencia en los modos de ver del habitante. El segundo tema de investigación se refiere a una estudio y evolución de los modos de asentarse en el sitio las viviendas de Mies. Se ha dividido en tres tipos fundamentales de colocarse en el solar. Estas tres maneras son a través del podio, del muro tectónico y del espacio elevado, que se denominado bisagra. Estos tres apoyos se desarrollan en función de las premisas enunciadas en el estudio de la vivienda Wolf; en la que se ponen como ejemplos algunas de la viviendas proyectadas por Mies. El tercer tema indaga en la relación entre el lugar y el hombre a través de la pintura de paisaje desarrollada en el romanticismo, centrándose en la figura de Caspar David Friedrich. Con un análisis de la composición y del lenguaje empleados en el cuadro, se distinguen la autonomía de las partes y su articulación. Se analizan dos cuadros de Friedrich en profundidad "Monje a la orilla del mar" (1807) y "Abadía en el robledal" (1808) se confrontan con la última vivienda construida de Mies , la casa Farnsworth (1945-51).

Aggregation and disaggregation of senile plaques in Alzheimer disease

We quantitatively analyzed, using laser scanning confocal microscopy, the three-dimensional structure of individual senile plaques in Alzheimer disease. We carried out the quantitative analysis using statistical methods to gain insights about the processes that govern Aβ peptide deposition. Our results show that plaques are complex porous structures with characteristic pore sizes. We interpret plaque morphology in the context of a new dynamical model based on competing aggregation and disaggregation processes in kinetic steady-state equilibrium with an additional diffusion process allowing Aβ deposits to diffuse over the surface of plaques.

Detection of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer’s disease by magnetic resonance microscopy

Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) theoretically provides the spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio needed to resolve neuritic plaques, the neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Two previously unexplored MR contrast parameters, T2* and diffusion, are tested for plaque-specific contrast to noise. Autopsy specimens from nondemented controls (n = 3) and patients with AD (n = 5) were used. Three-dimensional T2* and diffusion MR images with voxel sizes ranging from 3 × 10−3 mm3 to 5.9 × 10−5 mm3 were acquired. After imaging, specimens were cut and stained with a microwave king silver stain to demonstrate neuritic plaques. From controls, the alveus, fimbria, pyramidal cell layer, hippocampal sulcus, and granule cell layer were detected by either T2* or diffusion contrast. These structures were used as landmarks when correlating MRMs with histological sections. At a voxel resolution of 5.9 × 10−5 mm3, neuritic plaques could be detected by T2*. The neuritic plaques emerged as black, spherical elements on T2* MRMs and could be distinguished from vessels only in cross-section when presented in three dimension. Here we provide MR images of neuritic plaques in vitro. The MRM results reported provide a new direction for applying this technology in vivo. Clearly, the ability to detect and follow the early progression of amyloid-positive brain lesions will greatly aid and simplify the many possibilities to intervene pharmacologically in AD.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells with Defective Spindle Pole Body Outer Plaques Accomplish Nuclear Migration via Half-Bridge–organized Microtubules

Cnm67p, a novel yeast protein, localizes to the microtubule organizing center, the spindle pole body (SPB). Deletion of CNM67 (YNL225c) frequently results in spindle misorientation and impaired nuclear migration, leading to the generation of bi- and multinucleated cells (40%). Electron microscopy indicated that CNM67 is required for proper formation of the SPB outer plaque, a structure that nucleates cytoplasmic (astral) microtubules. Interestingly, cytoplasmic microtubules that are essential for spindle orientation and nuclear migration are still present in cnm67Δ1 cells that lack a detectable outer plaque. These microtubules are attached to the SPB half- bridge throughout the cell cycle. This interaction presumably allows for low-efficiency nuclear migration and thus provides a rescue mechanism in the absence of a functional outer plaque. Although CNM67 is not strictly required for mitosis, it is essential for sporulation. Time-lapse microscopy of cnm67Δ1 cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled nuclei indicated that CNM67 is dispensable for nuclear migration (congression) and nuclear fusion during conjugation. This is in agreement with previous data, indicating that cytoplasmic microtubules are organized by the half-bridge during mating.

T lymphocytes that infiltrate tumors and atherosclerotic plaques produce heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor: a potential pathologic role.

Despite significant infiltration into tumors and atherosclerotic plaques, the role of T lymphocytes in these pathological conditions is still unclear. We have demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and plaque-infiltrating lymphocytes (PILs) produce heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in vitro under nonspecific conditions and in vivo in tumors by immunohistochemical staining. HB-EGF and bFGF derived from TILs and PILs directly stimulated tumor cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro, respectively, while bFGF displayed angiogenic properties. Therefore, T cells may play a critical role in the SMC hyperplasia of atherosclerosis and support tumor progression by direct stimulation and angiogenesis.

T lymphocytes from human atherosclerotic plaques recognize oxidized low density lipoprotein.

Atherosclerosis, an underlying cause of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases, consists of focal plaques characterized by cholesterol deposition, fibrosis, and inflammation. The presence of activated T lymphocytes and macrophages and high expression of HLA class II molecules are indicative of a local immunologic activation in the atherosclerotic plaque, but the antigen(s) involved has not yet been identified. We established T-cell clones from human atherosclerotic plaques using polyclonal mitogens as stimuli and exposed the clones to potential antigens in the presence of autologous monocytes as antigen-presenting cells. Four of the 27 CD4+ clones responded to oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by proliferation and cytokine secretion; this response was dependent on autologous antigen-presenting cells and restricted by HLA-DR. All clones that responded to oxLDL secreted interferon gamma upon activation, but only one produced interleukin 4, suggesting that the response to oxLDL results in immune activation and inflammation but may not be a strong stimulus to antibody production. No significant response to oxLDL could be detected in CD4+ T-cell clones derived from the peripheral blood of the same individuals. Together, the present data suggest that the inflammatory infiltrate in the atherosclerotic plaque is involved in a T-cell-dependent, autoimmune response to oxLDL.

Quantitative analysis of senile plaques in Alzheimer disease: observation of log-normal size distribution and molecular epidemiology of differences associated with apolipoprotein E genotype and trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).

The discovery that the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is a putative risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) in the general population has highlighted the role of genetic influences in this extremely common and disabling illness. It has long been recognized that another genetic abnormality, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), is associated with early and severe development of AD neuropathological lesions. It remains a challenge, however, to understand how these facts relate to the pathological changes in the brains of AD patients. We used computerized image analysis to examine the size distribution of one of the characteristic neuropathological lesions in AD, deposits of A beta peptide in senile plaques (SPs). Surprisingly, we find that a log-normal distribution fits the SP size distribution quite well, motivating a porous model of SP morphogenesis. We then analyzed SP size distribution curves in genotypically defined subgroups of AD patients. The data demonstrate that both apoE epsilon 4/AD and trisomy 21/AD lead to increased amyloid deposition, but by apparently different mechanisms. The size distribution curve is shifted toward larger plaques in trisomy 21/AD, probably reflecting increased A beta production. In apoE epsilon 4/AD, the size distribution is unchanged but the number of SP is increased compared to apoE epsilon 3, suggesting increased probability of SP initiation. These results demonstrate that subgroups of AD patients defined on the basis of molecular characteristics have quantitatively different neuropathological phenotypes.

Geologia da região do Itatiaia (Sudeste do Brasil): morfologia e tectônica

No presente trabalho apresentamos o resultado das pesquisas geológicas efetuadas na província alcalina do Itatiaia. Decorridos 25 anos após o trabalho de LAMEGO (23) houve considerável avanço no conhecimento dos maciços alcalinos; a melhoria nas condições de acesso ao corpo intrusivo possibilitou-nos a coleta de novas informações sobre aquela região. Dada a grande extensão da área, o relevo acentuado e a floresta densa, o nosso trabalho constou da elaboração de um mapa geológico na escala 1:50.000 e coleta de dados estruturais e morfológicos de natureza geral, sem a possibilidade de nos aprofundarmos nos detalhes. Do ponto de vista da geologia regional, foram tiradas algumas conclusões interessantes: a) As rochas alcalinas não ocorrem além das imediações da cidade de Passa Quatro, contrariamente ao que se imaginava. b) Não foi confirmada a existência de rochas alcalinas na serra da Bocaina, mencionadas por DERBY (11). c) As rochas alcalinas, dadas por LAMEGO (23) como um corpo único, na realidade formam 2 corpos distintos: maciço de Passa Quatro e maciço do Itatiaia, conforme indicação de AB’SABER e BERNARDES (1). d) A área de 1450 km2 assinalada por LAMEGO (23) para as intrusivas, ficou reduzida a menos da quarta parte, ou seja, 330 km2. Na fase preliminar dos trabalhos de campo, fizemos algumas observações macroscópicas das rochas mais representativas da província alcalina: gnaisses do embasamento, rochas intrusivas dos corpos alcalinos (Itatiaia, Passa Quatro e Morro Redondo) e sedimentos clássicos senozóicos da Bacia de Resende do Rio Paraíba. O maciço do Itatiaia foi o objeto principal das nossa pesquisas, e a ele dedicamos a maior parte da intrusão, foram anotados importantes elementos morfológicos e climáticos, bem como aquele ligados aos fenômenos do processo intrusivo: diques, xenólitos, etc. Dentre os tipos litológicos) mapeados, a brecha magmática de conduto mereceu d observações mais pormenorizadas. São 10 km2 de rochas alcalinas de granulação fina, apresentando concentrações locais de fragmentos de rochas alcalinas trituradas. Parece-nos que está ligada à fase final da consolidação do maciço e ao provável abatimento do topo da intrusão. As grandes estruturas do relevo, principalmente na zona do planalto, refletem a influência de falhamentos e de intenso diaclasamento. Cristas, estruturas arqueadas e vales tectônicos condicionam as formas do relevo e o comportamento da drenagem. No estudo da tectônica regional do sudeste brasileiro, procuramos discutir as ideias de CLOOS e ARGAND, que postulam um determinismo estrutural do escudo pré-cambriano sobre as feições mais modernas. Os levantamentos epirogenéticos são dados como causadores de derrames basálticos e da evolução do magma alcalino. Mesmo os falhamentos cretáceo-terciários, que deram origem ao vale do Paraíba e afetarm as rochas alcalinas, talvez estejam solidários com as linhas de fraqueza do pré-cambriano. A intrusão magmática do Itatiaia, considerada como jura-cretácea, certamente ganhou o seu espaço através do deslocamento do seu teto através de falhas verticais do escudo cristalino. No seu resfriamento diferenciou-se uma fração rica em sílica, dando origem ao quartzo-sienito que hoje ocupa a parte central do corpo do maciço. A área rebaixada do planalto e a grande estrutura anelar foram por nós interpretadas como consequência de uma fase de colapso, ligada talvez à intrusão da brecha magmática; porém, não foi assinalada a ocorrência dos diques anelares que habitualmente se associam aos fenômenos de abatimento. Falhamentos pós-intrusivos ressaltaram morfologicamente as rochas alcalinas, afetando a área do planalto e o flanco sul da intrusão, propiciando a formação de espesso depósito de tálus dentro do Vale do Paraíba. O problema das formas do relevo do planalto, para muitos, tomadas como evidências de fenômenos glaciais de altitude durante o Pleistoceno, foi por nós discutido nos seus pontos essenciais. Os fatores climáticos foram considerados de importância secundária, pois os elementos tectônicos são os responsáveis pelos aspectos principais da morfologia.

Evolución tectónica del borde norte de la cuenca del Bajo Segura. Implicaciones en la evolución de la falla de Crevillente (sector Abanilla-Alicante)

En este estudio presentamos los resultados del análisis estructural del borde norte de la cuenca del Bajo Segura, en la cordillera Bética oriental. En este borde se desarrolla el sinclinal de Crevillente; se trata de un pliegue de propagación de falla con geometría de crecimiento y vergente al sur asociado a la falla de Crevillente (sector Abanilla-Alicante). El estudio cuantitativo de la discordancia progresiva asociada a dicho pliegue ha puesto de manifiesto que la actividad de esta falla se inició en el Tortoniense, aumentó durante el Messiniense y, a partir de ese momento se ha mantenido constante o ha disminuido durante el Plioceno y el Cuaternario. La escasez de depósitos cuaternarios deformados no implica que no exista actividad cuaternaria de la falla de Crevillente (sector Abanilla-Alicante), ya que la mayoría de los depósitos más recientes son discontinuos o se localizan al sur, alejados de la zona de máxima deformación. Por otro lado, el hecho de que la actividad de la falla del Bajo Segura, situada en el borde meridional de la cuenca, se iniciara durante el Plioceno, parece indicar una migración de la deformación hacia el sur.