Extremal climatic states simulated by a 2-dimensional model Part II: Different climatic scenarios

Different climatic simulations have been obtained by using a 2-Dim horizontal energy balancemodel (EBM), which has been constrained to satisfy several extremal principles on dissipationand convection. Moreover, 2 different versions of the model with fixed and variable cloud-coverhave been used. The assumption of an extremal type of behaviour for the climatic system canacquire additional support depending on the similarities found with measured data for pastconditions as well as with usual projections for possible future scenarios

Efeito da natureza do eletrólito e da força iônica na energia livre da reação de adsorção de níquel em solos

A adsorção é o principal processo responsável pelo acúmulo de metais pesados na superfície dos colóides do solo. O conhecimento detalhado desse fenômeno pode fornecer subsídios para o aprimoramento das práticas de remediação de solos contaminados. Avaliou-se a energia livre (deltaG0) de adsorção de Ni em amostras superficiais (0,0-0,2 m) e subsuperficiais (na maior expressão do horizonte B) de um Latossolo Vermelho acriférrico típico textura argilosa (LVwf) e de um Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico textura muito argilosa (NVef), utilizando-se soluções de NaCl e CaCl2 em três forças iônicas (1,0, 0,1 e 0,01 mol L-1). As amostras de solo receberam 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 70 mg dm-3 de Ni, na proporção solo:solução de 1:10. A adsorção de Ni pelos solos foi espontânea, visto que a deltaG0 apresentou valores negativos em todas as concentrações estudadas. Os valores de deltaG0 diminuíram com o aumento da dose de Ni adicionada. O NVef apresentou maior deltaG0 que o LVwf devido, principalmente, às suas características químicas e mineralógicas. Os horizontes superficiais apresentaram, em geral, maior deltaG0 em relação aos subsuperficiais, em razão do elevado teor de matéria orgânica encontrado em superfície. A deltaG0 foi maior para as menores forças iônicas do meio, tanto para CaCl2 quanto para NaCl.

Estudio termodinámico sobre la mineralogénesis de la Galena en la mina de Cierco (Alta Ribagorza)

Se efectúa un estudio de la mineralogénesis de la galena en la mina de Cierco (Alta Riborgaza). Se determina a partir de cálculos termodinamicos la solubilidad de la galena en una solución hidrotermal a 150ºC y 3 molal de NaCl y se estudian 10s efectos de los diferentes posibles agentes precipitantes. A partir de las mineralizaciones que acompañan a la galena, del conocimiento que se dispone de las inclusiones presentes en las mineralizaciones se efectúan posibles hipótesis sobre la formación del yacimiento.

Uma visão sobre qualidade do solo

No início da década de1990, a comunidade científica, consciente da importância do solo para a qualidade ambiental e para a sustentabilidade agrícola, iniciou a abordagem sobre Qualidade do Solo (QS). Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar o estado da arte em QS e fazer uma reflexão sobre as propostas de avaliação. A maior parte dos estudos concentra-se na identificação de um índice que seja capaz de servir como indicador de QS (IQS), para auxiliar na avaliação de terras em relação à degradação, fazer estimativas de necessidades de pesquisa e de financiamentos e julgar práticas de manejo utilizadas. Alguns autores propõem os critérios para definição de um IQS. Das abordagens sobre QS, percebe-se que existem três linhas de pensamento: busca por atributos do solo como IQS; matéria orgânica do solo como IQS; e QS como resultado de processos no sistema solo-planta. Conclui-se que o grande avanço nessa área é a abordagem sistêmica do solo, razão pela qual é mais importante identificar como obter QS, do que identificar atributos para medi-la. Sob essa análise, o sistema solo só atinge qualidade quando integrado às plantas e à biota edáfica, e a avaliação do seu funcionamento, que é a própria QS, deve ter como base os princípios da termodinâmica do não-equilíbrio, ciência que rege os sistemas abertos. Os sistemas agrícolas que favorecem a QS são aqueles que cultivam plantas intensamente, de preferência de espécies diferentes, sem o revolvimento do solo.

Stochastic resonance in noisy nondynamical systems

We have analyzed the effects of the addition of external noise to nondynamical systems displaying intrinsic noise, and established general conditions under which stochastic resonance appears. The criterion we have found may be applied to a wide class of nondynamical systems, covering situations of different nature. Some particular examples are discussed in detail.

Asymptotic analysis of the Gunn effect with realistic boundary conditions

A general asymptotic analysis of the Gunn effect in n-type GaAs under general boundary conditions for metal-semiconductor contacts is presented. Depending on the parameter values in the boundary condition of the injecting contact, different types of waves mediate the Gunn effect. The periodic current oscillation typical of the Gunn effect may be caused by moving charge-monopole accumulation or depletion layers, or by low- or high-field charge-dipole solitary waves. A new instability caused by multiple shedding of (low-field) dipole waves is found. In all cases the shape of the current oscillation is described in detail: we show the direct relationship between its major features (maxima, minima, plateaus, etc.) and several critical currents (which depend on the values of the contact parameters). Our results open the possibility of measuring contact parameters from the analysis of the shape of the current oscillation.

Stationary states and phase diagram for a model of the Gunn effect under realistic boundary conditions

A general formulation of boundary conditions for semiconductor-metal contacts follows from a phenomenological procedure sketched here. The resulting boundary conditions, which incorporate only physically well-defined parameters, are used to study the classical unipolar drift-diffusion model for the Gunn effect. The analysis of its stationary solutions reveals the presence of bistability and hysteresis for a certain range of contact parameters. Several types of Gunn effect are predicted to occur in the model, when no stable stationary solution exists, depending on the value of the parameters of the injecting contact appearing in the boundary condition. In this way, the critical role played by contacts in the Gunn effect is clearly established.

Entropy change of martensitic transformations in Cu-based shape-memory alloys

We have investigated the different contributions to the entropy change at the martensitic transition of different families of Cu-based shape-memory alloys. The total entropy change has been obtained through calorimetric measurements. By measuring the evolution of the magnetic susceptibility with temperature, the entropy change associated with conduction electrons has been evaluated. The contribution of the anharmonic vibrations of the lattice has also been estimated using various parameters associated with the anharmonic behavior of these alloys, collected from the literature. The results found in the present work have been compared to values published for the martensitic transition of group-IV metals. For Cu-based alloys, both electron and anharmonic contributions have been shown to be much smaller than the overall entropy change. This finding demonstrates that the harmonic vibrations of the lattice are the most relevant contribution to the stability of the bcc phase in Cu-based alloys.

Vacancy-driven ordering in a two-dimensional binary alloy

Domain growth in a system with nonconserved order parameter is studied. We simulate the usual Ising model for binary alloys with concentration 0.5 on a two-dimensional square lattice by Monte Carlo techniques. Measurements of the energy, jump-acceptance ratio, and order parameters are performed. Dynamics based on the diffusion of a single vacancy in the system gives a growth law faster than the usual Allen-Cahn law. Allowing vacancy jumps to next-nearest-neighbor sites is essential to prevent vacancy trapping in the ordered regions. By measuring local order parameters we show that the vacancy prefers to be in the disordered regions (domain boundaries). This naturally concentrates the atomic jumps in the domain boundaries, accelerating the growth compared with the usual exchange mechanism that causes jumps to be homogeneously distributed on the lattice.

Monte Carlo study of the relation between vacancy diffusion and domain growth in two-dimensional binary alloys

Domain growth in a two-dimensional binary alloy is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulation of an ABV model. The dynamics consists of exchanges of particles with a small concentration of vacancies. The influence of changing the vacancy concentration and finite-size effects has been analyzed. Features of the vacancy diffusion during domain growth are also studied. The anomalous character of the diffusion due to its correlation with local order is responsible for the obtained fast-growth behavior.

Monte Carlo simulation of interface alloying

An Ising-like model, with interactions ranging up to next-nearest-neighbor pairs, is used to simulate the process of interface alloying. Interactions are chosen to stabilize an intermediate "antiferromagnetic" ordered structure. The dynamics proceeds exclusively by atom-vacancy exchanges. In order to characterize the process, the time evolution of the width of the intermediate ordered region and the diffusion length is studied. Both lengths are found to follow a power-law evolution with exponents depending on the characteristic features of the model.